The thing about European History is that it tends to leak out of Europe. Europeans haven't been great at staying put in Europe. As human beings do, the people of Europe were very busy traveling around to trade, to spread religion, and in a lot of cases to try and conquer other people. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Europeans developed a bunch of tools and techniques that would allow them to travel around the world, in numbers and force heretofore unseen on the planet. And a lot of the results weren't great for the people who already lived in the places Europeans were "visiting."

Sources
Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe. Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration. New York: W. W. Norton, 2006.

Smith, Bonnie G. Modern Empires: A Reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.


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In which Stan Muller talks about some of the problems in Intellectual Property law as it exists today. He'll also teach you a little about how IP law applies to everyone's favorite media platform, YouTube. Lastly, he'll do a little prognosticating, and try to predict how IP law might change in the future.

Destin's Freebooting Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6A1Lt0kvMA

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Joseph G. O'Connor III, Damian Shaw, Kenzo Yasuda, Brendan M. Sullivan, Nick Glorioso, Stephen DeCubellis, Vanessa Benavent, SHS Physics, Scott Nedrow, Matthew Palka (Errrbody Palka!) :D

TO: Everyone
FROM: Me

You CAN'T be 'Based off' of anything! BASED ON!

FROM: denial

Nou Ani Anquietas. Hic Qua Videum.


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We’ve heard from so many teachers and students who are using Crash Course videos to help with learning amid all this uncertainty, and we are very grateful. Here is some widely applicable, evidence-based public health advice that we put together with the help of our friends at Operation Outbreak and the Sabeti Lab at Harvard.

This video is supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through Operation Outbreak and the Sabeti Lab at Harvard University and at Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard.

Complexly also has other great channels like Healthcare Triage with Dr. Aaron Carroll and SciShow that are providing in-depth updates on COVID-19.
SciShow: https://www.youtube.com/c/SciShow
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#crashcourse #covid-19 #reopening

Crash Course Big History is back! It turns out, we couldn't tell all of the 13.8 billion years of the history of the universe in 10 Crash Course Episodes. So, Big History host Emily Graslie has returned to add 6 more episodes that look at why the stuff we studied in Big History matter. Today, we're starting with a look at why Cosmic Evolution matters. What exactly does the process of the big bang, the formation of stars, and the birth of planets mean to our lives? Let's find out together.

Learn more at http://www.bighistory.com

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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Today, we're going to talk about one of the earliest animal senses, one that every life form we've ever found seems to have -- chemosensation -- or our sense of taste and smell. We'll discuss how animals use these senses to explore their environment and communicate, and how that pair of nostrils of yours is an example of convergent evolution. Also, before we wrap up our discussion of animal senses we're going to talk about a couple so specialized that seem straight from the pages of comic books -- the ability to sense electric and magnetic fields!

🦔🐒🐝🐛🐘🐍🐀🐠 🐢🐋🐅🦓🦇🦜🐜🪱🦑 🦀🐊

Learn more about Rae here! https://www.raewynngrant.com​​
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James Cameron rocketed onto the action film scene with 1984's "The Terminator" and followed that up with a highly anticipated sequel to the 1979 film, "Alien." His film, "Aliens," would go on to not only be a financial success, but a critical one and has become a staple of action, science fiction, and effects filmmaking.

But, "Aliens" also rewards a deeper look through a critical lens in both some positive and not so positive ways.

***Alien and Aliens are the property of 20th Century Fox.

Check out all 15 films we'll be talking about below!!!

***Film Selection***
Citizen Kane
Aliens
Where Are My Children?
Selma
In the Mood For Love
Do the Right Thing
Lost In Translation
Apocalypse Now
Pan's Labyrinth
The Limey
Three Colors: Blue
The Eagle Huntress
Moonlight
Beasts of No Nation
2001: A Space Odyssey

***

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

The Latest from PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

***

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Today we’re going to talk about recommender systems which form the backbone of so much of the content we see online from video recommendations on YouTube and Netflix to ads we see on Facebook, Twitter, and well, everywhere else. We’ll talk about their types of systems - content-based, social, and personalized recommendations - and take a closer look at what they're good at, but also why they often fail.

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--

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#CrashCourse #MachineLearning #ArtificialIntelligence

We interrupt your normally scheduled Crash Course content to bring a new and exciting project we're calling 'Recess'! These short, fully animated episodes are going to pop up a few times a year and will shed light on amazing stories from past or current Crash Course subjects that for one reason or another didn't make it into the shows. We're hoping they inspire you to get back into a series you may have drifted away from, or spark an interest in a subject you didn't even know you found cool! So kick back, relax, and enjoy some Recess time.

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Mark Brouwer, Nickie Miskell Jr., Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, Robert Kunz, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Daniel Baulig, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, Alexander Tamas, Justin Zingsheim, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft, Steve Marshall
--

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In which John Green teaches you how to assess the sources of information you find on the internet. The growing suspicion of expertise is a growing problem on the internet, and it can be very difficult to figure out which sources are authoritative. In this episode John offers some strategies to help you identify credible sources and take into account a source's point of view.

Special thanks to our partners from MediaWise who helped create this series:
The Poynter Institute
The Stanford History Education Group (sheg.stanford.edu)

Follow MediaWise and their fact-checking work across social:
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MediaWise is supported by Google.

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--

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There is no denying the effect that our environment has on us. Things like water and air pollution are detrimental to our health. In this episode of Crash Course Public Health, we’ll take a look at some of the ways our environment impacts us, why marginalized and low-income populations are disproportionately exposed to environmental pollution, and what we can do about it.

Check out our shared playlist with APHA: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLDjqc55aK3k

Vanessa’s channel: https://www.youtube.com/braincraft

Sources: https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/1OHJiQ1njj5jWJC

Chapters:
Introduction: The Environment and Your Health 00:00
Defining our Environment 2:09
Air Pollution 3:43
Water Pollution 6:27
The Neighborhood Factor 8:11
Environmental Justice 11:59
Climate Change 12:11
Review & Credits 13:28

***
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There was a lot of bad stuff going on in Europe in the 17th century. We've seen wars, plagues, and unrest of all types. But, there is some good news. Huge advances were underway in the scientific community in Europe at this time. In this video we'll look at the progress of knowledge with Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, Harvey, Newton, and more.

Sources
-Hunt, Lynn et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.
-Porter, Roy and Mikulás Teich, eds. The Scientific Revolution in National Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
-Shapin, Steven. The Scientific Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

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--

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You may have noticed that the internet is terrible at religious discourse. Well, this is not a new phenomenon. In the early 16th century, the Roman Catholic church dominated Christianity in Europe, and the institution was starting to show some cracks. Tensions mounted and protests grew, and eventually, the Protestant Reformation happened. Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, but the Reformation doesn't exactly begin with Luther, and it certainly doesn't end with him. Today, we're looking at how and why the Catholic church in Europe split, first into two sects, and eventually into a LOT of sects.

#crashcourse #europeanhistory #history

Sources:
Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 6th ed. (Boston: Bedford St Martins, 2019 ch. 14.
Kelley, Donald R. Beginning of Ideology: Consciousness and Society in the French Reformation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981) ch. 1.
Smith, Bonnie G. Women in World History since 1450 (London: Bloomsbury, 2019) ch. 3.

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--

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We're still leading up to World War II, but first we gotta talk about the rise of the dictators. Today we talk about the rise of militaristic dictatorships in Germany, the Soviet Union, Japan, and Spain, and the economic depression that set the stage for their rise.

Sources
-Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martins, 2019.
-Kershaw, Ian. Hitler, A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010.
-Kotkin, Stephen. Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941. New York: Penguin, 2017.
-Slezkine, Yuri. The House of Government: A Saga of the Russian Revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017.
-Smith, Bonnie G. Europe in the Contemporary World, 1900 to the Present. 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury, 2020.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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#crashcourse #europeanhistory #history

We try not to get into too much great man history here at Crash Course, but we have to admit: Napoleon Bonaparte is a pretty big deal. Join us as we track the rise, further rise, fall, rise, fall, mortal fall, and posthumous rise of Napoleon. This guy changed France, he changed Europe, and in a lot of ways he changed the world.

Sources
-Al-Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman, Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabarti’s Chronicle of the French Occupation of 1798, Shmuel Moreh, ed. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 1993.
-Bell, David A. Napoleon: A Concise Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
-Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.
-Sperber, Jonathan. Revolutionary Europe, 1780-1850. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2017.

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We've talked about a lot of revolutions in 19th Century Europe, and today we're moving on to a less warlike revolution, the Industrial Revolution. You'll learn about the development of steam power and mechanization, and the labor and social movements that this revolution engendered.

SOURCES

Hobsbawm, Eric. Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movements in the 19th and 20th Centuries. New York: W. W. Norton, 1965.

Hunt, Lynn. et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.

Kent, Susan Kingsley. A New History of Britain since 1688: Four Nations and an Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.

Riello, Giorgio. Cotton: The Fabric That Made the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Smith, Bonnie G. et al. World in the Making: A Global History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.


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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

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In which John Green teaches you about the election of 1860. As you may remember from last week, things were not great at this time in US history. The tensions between the North and South were rising, ultimately due to the single issue of slavery. The North wanted to abolish slavery, and the South wanted to continue with it. It seemed like a war was inevitable, and it turns out that it was. But first, the nation had to get through this election. You'll learn how the bloodshed in Kansas and the truly awful Kansas-Nebraska Act led directly to the decrease in popularity of Stephen Douglas, the splitting of the Democratic party, and the unlikely victory of a relatively inexperienced politician from Illinois, Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln's election would lead directly to the secession of several southern states, and thus to the Civil War. John will teach you about all this, plus Dred Scott, Roger Taney, and John Brown.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Lincoln and Douglass debates of the 1850s fueled the argument over state's rights to decide on slavery and culminated when the two ran against one another in the Election of 1860: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/the-election-of-18
In response to Lincoln's election, the South seceded from the Union and the Civil War began: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-south-secedes

Learn more about the Dred Scott Decision in Crash Course Black American History #16: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VffLWl8asY

Chapters:
Introduction: The Civil War 00:00
The Fugitive Slave Law 0:45
Railroads 2:26
The Kansas-Nebraska Act 3:04
How the Republican Party Formed 3:54
Public Opinion on Free vs. Slave States 4:22
The New Republican Party Gains Traction 5:45
How Kansas Became a State 6:31
The Dred Scott Decision 7:32
Mystery Document 9:14
John Brown & Harpers Ferry 10:25
The Election of 1860 11:13
The Start of the Civil War 12:14
Credits 13:40

In 1789, the French Monarchy's habit of supporting democratic popular revolutions in North America backfired. Today, we're talking about the French Revolution. Across the world, people were rising up to throw off monarchies, and Louis didn't see the writing on the wall until it was too late. Today we'll talk about how the French Revolution unfolded, and what (if anything) was really accomplished. You'll learn about stuff like the National Assembly, the Tennis Court Oath, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, the guillotine, Robespierre, and a bunch of other kind of unbelievable details.

Hatian Revolutions - CC World History: https://youtu.be/5A_o-nU5s2U

Sources
Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.


Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Indika Siriwardena, Avi Yashchin, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haixiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, David Noe, Shawn Arnold, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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#crashcourse #history #europeanhistory

In which John Green teaches you about the presidency of Andrew Jackson So how did a president with astoundingly bad fiscal policies end up on the $20 bill? That's a question we can't answer, but we can tell you how Jackson got to be president, and how he changed the country when he got the job. Jackson's election was more democratic than any previous presidential election. More people were able to vote, and they picked a doozie. Jackson was a well-known war hero, and he was elected over his longtime political enemy, John Quincy Adams. Once Jackson was in office, he did more to expand executive power than any of the previous occupants of the White House. He used armed troops to collect taxes, refused to enforce legislation and supreme court legislation, and hired and fired his staff based on support in elections. He was also the first president to regularly wield the presidential veto as a political tool. Was he a good president? Watch this video and draw your own conclusions.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. One of Andrew Jackson's most lasting and memorable policies was that of Indian removal: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/andrew-jackson-s-s
Jackson’s promotion of this cause led to the infamous Trail of Tears: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/excerpt-from-trail

Chapters:
Introduction: the Age of Jackson 00:00
Democracy in the United States 0:32
Economics during the Era of Good Feelings 1:56
The Monroe Doctrine 2:48
John Quincy Adams 3:17
The Missouri Compromise 3:56
Martin Van Buren, "The Little Magician", and other Presidential Nicknames 4:58
Andrew Jackson's Presidential Campaign 6:16
The Democratic Party 7:15
The Whig Party 7:41
Jackson's Tariffs 8:28
The Indian Removal Act & The Trail of Tears 9:37
American Banking Under Jackson 10:40
Mystery Document 10:56
Jackson Ends the Second U.S. Bank 12:00
Inflation and the Panic of 1837 12:53
Legacy of the Age of Jackson 13:54
Credits 14:35

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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In 1848, Europe experienced a wave of revolutions. Last week we covered some of the reform movements that presaged these uprisings. This week, we're learning about what the people wanted from the revolutions, who was involved, and how many of those goals were accomplished. We'll look at revolutions in the Austrian Empire, Hungary, Italy, the German States, and the region formerly known as Poland.

Sources:
-Johann Nepomuk Höfel (1788-1964)-'the first uncensored newspaper are sold in street of Vienna after the revolution of 1848'-watercolour Wien-Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien
-Hunt, Lynn et al. The Challenge of the West: Peoples and Cultures from 1320 to the Global Age. Lexington MA: D. C. Heath, 1995.
-Judson, Pieter M. The Habsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.
-Kent, Susan Kingsley. A New History of Britain: Four Nations and an Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
-Smith, Bonnie G. Changing Lives: Women in European History Since 1700. Lexington MA: D. C. Heath, 1989.
-Sperber, Jonathan. Revolutionary Europe, 1780-1850. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2017.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Indika Siriwardena, Avi Yashchin, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haixiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Tim Curwick, David Noe, Shawn Arnold, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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#crashcourse #history #europeanhistory

During World War II, Nazi Germany undertook the imprisonment and summary execution of many of its own citizens, and citizens of the nations they occupied. One of the groups that came under assault was the European Jewish population. More than six million Jewish people were killed in a systematized genocide. Five million more people died in the same time frame as a result of Nazi persecution. In addition to the Jews, Roma people, homosexuals, political dissidents, Polish people, Slavic people, black people, and many other perceived enemies were imprisoned and killed by the regime.

Sources
-Bergen, Doris. War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2016.
-Browning, Christopher. Ordinary Men: Reserve Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: Harper, 2017.
-Gross, Jan. Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
-Hanebrink, Paul. A Specter Haunting Europe: The Myth of Judeobolshevism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2018.
-Mazower, Mark. Hitler’s Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe. New York: Penguin, 2008.
-Naimark, Norman m. Genocide: A World History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
-Smith, Bonnie G. Europe in the Contemporary World, 1900 to the Present, 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury, 2020.

In other news, we've partnered with Arizona State University for a new bunch of video series! Check out Study Hall: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLNrrxHpJhC8

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, William McGraw, Siobhan Sabino, Jason Saslow, Jennifer Killen, Jon & Jennifer Smith, DAVID NOE, Jonathan Zbikowski, Shawn Arnold, Trevin Beattie, Matthew Curls, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Ian Dundore, Kenneth F Penttinen, Eric Koslow, TimothyJ Kwist, Indika Siriwardena, Caleb Weeks, HAIXIANGN/A LIU, Nathan Taylor, Andrei Krishkevich, Sam Ferguson, Brian Thomas Gossett, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Justin Zingsheim, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Jessica Wode, Nathan Catchings, Yasenia Cruz, Jirat
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Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
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CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids