This week Craig breaks out the crystal ball to try and figure out why our congresspeople do the things that they do. We’ll talk about the three motivating factors of congressional decisions - constituency, interest groups, and political parties - and we’ll break down how each of these factors motivates certain actions like casework, public opinion polls, and logrolling. Craig will even weigh in on which of these factors probably contributes most significantly to the actions and decisions of our congresspersons and he'll do it without even a touch of cynicism!

Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org
This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
How constituents & public opinion influence lawmakers 0:38
How interest groups influence lawmakers 2:01
How political parties influence lawmakers 3:07
Presidential power & political parties 4:20
Other influences on congressional decisions 5:20
Credits 6:05

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This week Craig Benzine discusses bureaucracies. Bureaucracies tend to be associated with unintelligible rules and time-wasting procedures, but they play an important, though controversial, role in governing. From the FDA to the EPA, these agencies were established to help the government manage and carry out laws much more efficiently - to bring rule-making and enforcement closer to the experts. But the federal bureaucracy (which is part of the executive branch) has a lot of power and sometimes acts like Congress in creating regulations and like the courts through administrative adjudications. It's all a bit problematic for that whole "separation of powers" thing. So we'll talk about that too, and the arguments for and against increased federal bureaucracy.

Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org

Chapters:
Introduction: Craig does paperwork 00:00
What is bureaucracy? 0:51
What do bureaucrats do? 1:34
Bureaucracy & division of powers 2:19
Bureaucracy & regulations 2:43
Bureaucracy & administrative adjudications 3:36
Why do we have bureaucracy? 4:15
Credits 6:25

--
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Just how small are nanomaterials? And what can we do with stuff that small? Today we’ll discuss some special properties of nanomaterials, how some can change at different sizes, and the difference between engineered nanomaterials and ones that occur naturally. We’ll also talk about some of the future research that’s needed on the use of nanomaterials.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

Check out Deep Look: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UC-3SbfTPJsL8fJAPK

***

RESOURCES:
http://www.safenano.org/knowle....dgebase/resources/fa
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/heal....th/topics/agents/sya
https://ec.europa.eu/health/sc....ientific_committees/
https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/seeing-nano
https://www.britannica.com/tec....hnology/nanotechnolo
http://www.essentialchemicalin....dustry.org/materials
https://www.britannica.com/tec....hnology/scanning-tun
http://www.hwnanomaterial.com/nanomaterials_n63
https://www.hindawi.com/journa....ls/amse/2016/4964828
https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special
https://www.zdnet.com/article/....nanotechnology-to-en
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC42403
http://news.mit.edu/2014/solid....-nanoparticles-defor
https://www.nanoscience.com/ap....plications/education
http://www.understandingnano.c....om/nanotubes-carbon.
http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2016..../10/06/smallest-tran
https://www.theverge.com/circu....itbreaker/2016/10/6/

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

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--

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Today, Craig Benzine is going to tell you about the Supreme Court's most important case, Marbury v. Madison, and how the court granted itself the power of judicial review. Judicial review is the power to examine and invalidate actions of the legislative and executive branches. It happens at both the state and federal court levels, but today we're going to focus primarily on the court at the top - the Supreme Court of the United States. Now it's important to remember that the court has granted itself these powers and they aren't found within the Constitution, but as with the executive and legislative branches, the courts rely heavily on implied powers to get stuff done.

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Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org

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https://creativecommons.org/li....censes/by/2.0/legalc

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Today, Craig is going to talk about political parties and their role in American politics. So, when most people think about political parties they associate them with the common ideologies of the voters and representatives within that party, but the goal of a party is NOT to influence policies. The role of political parties is much simpler: to win control of the government. So today, we’re going got talk about why we have political parties in the first place and then finish with the five functions they use in reaching that goal. It’s a lot to cover, so next week we’ll talk about what each political party stands for and how that has changed historically.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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This week we’re exploring aerospace engineering and its two main fields: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. We’ll explore life & buoyancy, propulsion systems, and the challenges of managing the human body in space.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

PBS Space Time: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UC7_gcs09iThXybpVg

***

RESOURCES:
https://www.history.com/topics/space-race
https://www.spacex.com/mars
https://www.princeton.edu/~asm....its/Bicycle_web/Bern
https://www.livescience.com/47....702-aerospace-engine
https://www.bls.gov/ooh/archit....ecture-and-engineeri
https://www.real-world-physics....-problems.com/hot-ai
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k....-12/airplane/bgp.htm
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://www.nasa.gov/audience/....forstudents/5-8/feat
https://www.nasa.gov/hrp/bodyinspace
https://www.space.com/25452-ze....ro-gravity-affects-a
https://www.space.com/21353-sp....ace-radiation-mars-m
http://www.planetary.org/blogs..../guest-blogs/2018/04
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/g....oddard/the-fact-and-
https://www.space.com/16907-wh....at-is-the-temperatur
https://www.wired.com/2010/11/....1110mars-climate-obs
http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/sp....ace/9909/30/mars.met
https://www.nasa.gov/audience/....forstudents/k-4/stor
http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/8965.aspx
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/t....he-next-generation-o
http://curious.astro.cornell.e....du/about-us/150-peop
https://engineering.purdue.edu..../~propulsi/propulsio
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k....-12/airplane/inlet.h


***

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Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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Today we’re talking about heat transfer and the different mechanisms behind it. We’ll explore conduction, the thermal conductivity of materials, convection, boundary layers, and radiation.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

***

RESOURCES:
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k....-12/airplane/thermo1
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.g....su.edu/hbase/thermo/
http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.....edu/cosmic_classroo
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.g....su.edu/hbase/thermo/
https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/beat-the-heat/en/
http://www.weather.gov/jetstream/heat
https://physics.info/conduction/
https://physics.info/convection/
https://physics.info/radiation/
http://thermopedia.com/content/781/
Çengel, Yunus A., and Michael A. Boles. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. 8th ed., McGraw-Hill Education.

***

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Mark Brouwer, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court. Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters
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And now we return to blood vessels. In this episode, we start discussing what blood pressure is, how it can become "high", and what that means for our health. One of the more interesting points is that your body has ways of dealing with high blood pressure, but they're not ways we want our bodies to operate on a full-time basis. And why can't we butter our bacon? WHY!?!?!

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Chapters:
Introduction: High Blood Pressure 00:00
Cardiac Output - How Blood Flows 1:36
Blood Pressure & Resistance 2:17
Blood Flow Formula 3:07
Short Term Blood Pressure Regulation 3:54
Long Term Blood Pressure Regulation 5:44
Chronic High Blood Pressure 6:22
Review 8:15
Credits 8:42

***

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***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***

TO: Hunter Boyajian
FROM: Chase Boyajian

In the darkest times, hope is something you give yourself.

--

TO: The World
FROM: Andrew Johnstone

Lets all make a podcast

***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***

Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:

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This week Craig is going to give you a broad overview of elections in the United States. So as you may have noticed, there are kind of a lot of people in the U.S, and holding individual issues up to a public vote doesn't seem particularly plausible. So to deal with this complexity, we vote for people, not policies, that represent our best interests. But as you'll see, this process was not thoroughly addressed in the Constitution, so there have been a number of amendments and laws at the state level implemented to create the election system we all know and (maybe) love today.

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Continuing with last week's calculus introduction, Shini leads us through how integrals can help us figure out things like distance when we have several other essential bits of information. Say, for instance, you wanted to know how far your window was off the ground. You can figure that out by using integrals, a tennis ball, and a stopwatch! It's all here in this episode of Crash Course Physics!


***
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

***

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--

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So, what is geography? In our first episode of Crash Course Geography, we will endeavor to answer this seemingly simple question with the help of a similarly simple factoid: that the US imports more than 3 billion pounds of bananas from Guatemala each year. But as it turns out, beneath the kinds of factoids we usually associate with Geography are much grander stories that really are Geography. So let's go a little bananas as we explore the sordid history of the Chiquita banana.

Follow Alizé!
Twitter: https://twitter.com/alizecarrere
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/alizecarrere/
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Website: https://www.alizecarrere.com/

[SOURCES]

http://sethrainforestecosystem.....weebly.com/the-rain
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.....com/essay/plantatio
https://www.tripsavvy.com/moun....t-everest-facts-1458
https://time.com/3923694/mount....-everest-nepal-earth
https://sajana1231.wordpress.c....om/2011/05/02/enviro
https://adventure.howstuffwork....s.com/outdoor-activi
https://theodora.com/wfbcurren....t/guatemala/guatemal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_origin
https://www.nytimes.com/1991/0....4/19/world/cholera-k
https://www.history.com/topics..../inventions/history-
https://www.farmingindia.in/banana-cultivation/
http://new-ag.info/en/country/profile.php?a=842
https://www.worldatlas.com/art....icles/where-do-ameri
https://insteading.com/blog/gl....obal-agriculture-thr
https://fews.net/sites/default..../files/documents/rep
https://www.mapsofworld.com/la....t_long/guatemala-lat
https://www.touropia.com/volcanoes-in-guatemala/
https://www.touropia.com/touri....st-attractions-in-gu
https://www.findlatitudeandlon....gitude.com/l/Tikal%2

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Vincent LaBarca, Bjartur Thorlacius, Scott Harrison, Alexander Thomson, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Sam Ferguson, Jirat, Brian Thomas Gossett, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Jessica Wode, Caleb Weeks, Mark, Patty Laqua, Stephen Saar, John Lee, Eric Prestemon
__

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In which Craig Benzine talks about the structure of the U.S. court system and how exactly it manages to keep things moving smoothly. You'll learn about trial courts, district courts, appeals courts, circuit courts, state supreme courts, and of course the one at the top - the U.S. Supreme Court. It’s all quite a bit to manage with jurisdictions and such, but it's important to remember that the vast majority of cases never even make it to court! Most are settled out of court, but also terms like mootness and ripeness are used to throw cases out altogether. Today, we're going to focus on how cases make it to the top, and next week we’ll talk about what happens when they get there.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org

All Flickr.com images are licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 2.0
https://creativecommons.org/li....censes/by/2.0/legalc

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Oh my, Craig has his work cut out for him this week. The process of how a bill becomes a law can be pretty complex, fraught with potential bill-death at every corner. As if just getting through committee isn’t difficult enough, bills have to navigate a series of amendments and votes in both houses, potentially more committees, further compromise bills, and even more floor votes, just to end up on the chopping block of the President. And then in one fell swoop, the President can stop a bill in its tracks with a veto! But then again, a presidential veto isn’t necessarily a bill’s end either.

As you can see we’ve got to lot to cover, and we’ll be the first to admit this has been covered before, and extraordinarily well might we add, by the folks at School House Rock. But we’ll give it our best shot - without the singing of course. Well, not too much singing anyway.

Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org
This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

Chapters:
Introduction: How a Bill Becomes a Law 00:00
Bill introduction 0:49
Committee referral 1:02
Senate rules 1:35
The bill passes the other chamber 1:59
Conference committee 2:19
The President signs the law 2:39
Vetos & Pocket Vetos 2:45
Overriding a veto 3:15
Why do so few laws get passed? 3:57
Places a bill can die 4:14
Veto gates 5:02
Why Congress has so many procedural hurdles 5:52
Credits 6:28

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Ever feel like there's an international team of bad guys changing all of the easily remembered chemical names and turning them into test-failing, number-infused, pain-in-the-neck names? Well... you're not wrong. IUPAC exists, but try to keep in mind that they're doing it for the greater good. In this episode, Hank talks about IUPAC, prefixes, suffixes, ranking, numbers for carbon chains, and cis or trans double bonds.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Common Functional Groups: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....unctional_group#Tabl
--
Table of Contents

IUPAC 0:00
Every Organic Compound Has Only One Name 1:02
Prefixes 2:16
Suffixes 2:47
Ranking Functional Groups 4:18
Lowest Possible Numbers for Carbon Chains 1:54
Cis or Trans for Double Bonds 6:35
--

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This week Craig Benzine takes a first look at the judicial branch. It's pretty easy to forget that the courts, and the laws that come out of them, affect our lives on a daily basis. But how exactly these decisions are made and where each law's jurisdiction starts and ends can get pretty complicated. So complicated in fact that you may want to smash something. But don't worry, Craig will clear the way.

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***
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Waves are cool. The more we learn about waves, the more we learn about a lot of things in physics. Everything from earthquakes to music! Ropes can tell us a lot about how traveling waves work so, in this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini uses ropes to talk about how waves carry energy and how different kinds of waves transmit energy differently.

--

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--

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Over the next few episodes we’re going to talk about the history of video games. Today, we’re going to start with the first re-programmable computers in the 1940’s. Now, these computers were serious tools. They were for codebreaking and calculating artillery tables during World War II - but like most tools we human use, we eventually looked for ways to make them playthings. And over the next three decades the advances of computer technology and the tentative curiosity of many engineers and programmers would inspire a new culture and eventually the first true coin-operated video game in 1971.

You can play SpaceWar! yourself here:
http://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/


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Alyssa Nolden, Mark, SR Foxley, Kristina Lavoie, Sandra Aft, Eric Kitchen, Simun Niclasen, Eric Knight, Ian Dundore, Brian Thomas Gossett, Nicholas Bury, Daniel Baulig, Jessica Wode, Moritz Schmidt, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Alex S, Brian Roberds, Mayumi Maeda, Jeffrey Thompson, Montather, Noora Althani, Steve Marshall, Kathy & Tim philip, Robert Kunz, Jason A Saslow, Jirat, Jacob Ash, Christy Huddleston, and Chris Peters.

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This week Craig looks at the expressed powers of the President of the United States - that is the ones you can find in the Constitution. From appointing judges and granting pardons, to vetoing laws and acting as the nation’s chief diplomat on foreign policy, the Commander in Chief is a pretty powerful person, but actually not as powerful as you might think. The Constitution also limits presidential powers to maintain balance among the three branches of government. Next week we'll talk about the President's powers NOT mentioned in the Constitution - implied powers.

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Chapters:
Introduction: Presidential Power 00:00
Qualifications to become President 1:41
Presidential powers 2:33
Commander-in-Chief 3:26
Diplomatic powers of the President 4:11
State of the Union 4:38
Other formal powers of the President 5:03
Credits 5:56

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So we ended last episode at the start of the 20th century with special purpose computing devices such as Herman Hollerith’s tabulating machines. But as the scale of human civilization continued to grow as did the demand for more sophisticated and powerful devices. Soon these cabinet-sized electro-mechanical computers would grow into room-sized behemoths that were prone to errors. But is was these computers that would help usher in a new era of computation - electronic computing.

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Last week we introduced the idea of socialization and today we’re talking a little more about how it works, including an introduction to five main types of socialization. We’ll explore anticipatory socialization from your family, the “hidden curriculum” in schools, peer groups, the role of media in socialization, and we’ll discuss total institutions and how they can act as a form of re-socialization.

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References:

Coleman, James S. 1961. The Adolescent Society: The Social Life of the Teenager and Its Impact on Education. NY: The Free Press

Hill, David, et al. "Media and young minds." Pediatrics (2016): e20162591.

Vittrup, Brigitte, and George W. Holden. "Exploring the impact of educational television and parent–child discussions on children's racial attitudes." Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 11.1 (2011): 82-104.

Kearney, Melissa S., and Phillip B. Levine. "Media influences on social outcomes: The impact of MTV's 16 and pregnant on teen childbearing." The American Economic Review 105.12 (2015): 3597-3632.

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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Les Aker, Bob Kunz, mark austin, William McGraw, Jeffrey Thompson, Ruth Perez, Jason A Saslow, Shawn Arnold, Eric Prestemon, Malcolm Callis, Steve Marshall, Advait Shinde, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Sam Hickman, Ian Dundore, Asif Ahmed, Tim Curwick, Ken Penttinen, Dominic Dos Santos, Caleb Weeks, Frantic Gonzalez, Kathrin Janßen, Nathan Taylor, Yana Leonor, Andrei Krishkevich, Brian Thomas Gossett, Chris Peters, Kathy & Tim Philip, Mayumi Maeda, Eric Kitchen, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Andrea Bareis, Moritz Schmidt, Jessica Wode, Daniel Baulig, Jirat
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