The structure and function of the small intestines. This coiled organ which is part of the digestive system is found roughly behind your belly button.
How large is the small intestine? About 22 or 23 feet long.
The intestines are divided into 3 parts. The duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum
The small intestines also contain hairlike projections called villi that help absorb nutrients

Learn how biogeochemical cycles work. Important elements along with molecules like water are conserved by moving between living factors called biotic factors and abiotic factors which are nonliving factors. You can remember the elements that have biogeochemical cycles using CHNOPS
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur.
Each of these elements has its own unique cycle and path from biotic and abiotic factors.

Biogeochemical Cycles
https://moomoomath.com/how-the....-earth-recycles-elem

The hydrologic cycle (water cycle) recycles water on earth. The water cycle drives our weather and allows life to exist on earth. Let ’s start with the evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean.
As moist air is lifted, it cools and water vapor condenses to form clouds. In fact, clouds are made up of tiny water droplets and ice crystals that are so small they can float in the air.
This moisture in the atmosphere may be transported around the globe until it returns to the surface as precipitation.
Precipitation may take the form of rain, snow, sleet or hail. Once the water reaches the ground, one of two processes may occur, some of the water may evaporate back into the atmosphere or the water may penetrate the surface and become groundwater. The groundwater may take several different paths.
Groundwater either seeps its way to into the oceans, rivers, and streams, or into an aquifer which is a body of saturated rock through which water can easily move, or it may be released back into the atmosphere through transpiration.
Transpiration occurs when leaves from trees and other vegetation give off water vapor through pores in their leaves.
Some water on the earth’s surface is not absorbed by plants or become groundwater and becomes surface runoff, which empties into lakes, rivers and streams and is carried back to the oceans, where the cycle begins again.

Biogeochemical Cycles - How the Earth Recycles
https://moomoomath.com/how-the....-earth-recycles-elem

Estuaries are bodies of water in which salt and fresh water mix.
Estuaries have been called the "nurseries of the seas because they provide a safe area for fish, birds, and other animals to raise their young.

Estuaries can be classified based on their geographical features. The four main types include bar-built , coastal plain, tectonic esturary, and
fjord type estuary.

Updated version
https://youtu.be/ost7xq2MjVQ

Heat is the transfer of energy from objects of different temperatures. As objects warm-up or cool down their kinetic energy changes. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
In this video, I focus on three ways heat can be transferred,
Conduction, Convection, and Radiation.
Conduction involves direct contact between objects and usually occurs among solids.

Convection is caused by unequal heating and the density of the different objects causes movement of fluid away from the heat source.

Radiation occurs without objects touching and occurs in space.
For example, the energy of the sun warms objects on Earth due to radiation.

I show several examples or demonstrations for each type of heat transfer.

Conduction, Convection, Radiation
https://moomoomath.com/conduct....ion-convection-radia

Macromolecules are large molecules that help keep the cell alive. What are macromolecules? You may also hear the term biomolecules to describe these large molecules
Cells of animals and most living organisms have four main macromolecules that help keep their cells alive and functioning properly.
The four main macromolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Transcript
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/....2020/07/beginners-gu

Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation

Anaerobic respiration, also called fermentation, occurs when cells need energy but there is no oxygen for aerobic respiration. As a result, cells convert glucose into either ethanol or lactic acid.
Alcoholic respiration occurs in plants and yeast.
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in animals.

In this video, I review the major types of weathering of rocks.
Weathering of rocks is a physical or chemical change that changes the characteristics of rock on earth.
There are two major types
Physical weathering which involves breaking rocks into smaller fragments caused by environmental factors
Chemical weathering changes which involve rocks being changed into new substances or new minerals chemically.
Thanks for stopping by MoMooMath and Science. You can find additional information on weathering here.
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/....2020/04/physical-and

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Weathering-Erosion-Deposition
https://youtu.be/fLDjARWZmCA

Acceleration is the measure of the change in velocity over time. The change in velocity can be a change in speed, direction or both.

The formula for average acceleration is
Final velocity-Initial Velocity over Time it takes to change

Acceleration is expressed in meters per second squared

Learn how to divide decimals. The key is to make sure the divisor doesn't have a decimal. You can always move the decimal to the right, but if you move the decimal for the divisor you need to also move the decimal of the dividend.

You may enjoy ...
How to multiply decimals
https://youtube.com/shorts/dIWA9g1xCvY

Protein synthesis in simple terms. I cover the steps of transcription and translation. The overall process involves DNA unzipping when RNA polymerase attaches and a strand of RNA is created. Rna is different than DNA because it contains the base Uracil instead of Thymine. This step is called transcription.
I next show the difference between transcription and translation by showing how the mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome.
At the ribosome codons and anticodons put the amino acids together in the correct order to form the protein.

Translation Practice
https://youtu.be/_t1f1vRnCEo

Mesozoic EraIn this video I would like to talk about the Mesozoic era on the geologic time scale.
The Mesozoic era is part of the Phanerozoic Eon along with the Paleozoic and Cenozoic eras.
Mesozoic means “middle animals” and is a time of rapid change.
This era has also been called the age of reptiles and age of dinosaurs
The Mesozoic era was roughly 65 million years to 250 million years ago.
Let’s hit several highlights of this era
The Mesozoic era began after a mass extinction.
The shape of the continents looked different. At the beginning of this era, there was a super
Continent called Pangea. Over time this supercontinent broke apart and the continents started drifting apart.
The climate was warmer than today
The first mammals appear but are very small and they don’t begin to thrive until the Cenozoic era.
Dinosaurs also appear and begin to scatter and prosper.
The dinosaur population peaks during this era.
However, at the end of this era, the dinosaurs die off
The first birds appear and begin to scatter throughout the world.
The dominant plant is a cone-bearing tree and plants
At the end of this era, flowering plants begin to appear
So there we go the Mesozoic era,
Dinosaurs and cone-bearing plants

3 Laws of motion
in this video, I cover real-life examples of the three laws of motion.
Law 1 or the law of Inertia—states that matter wants to resist any change in motion
The speed or motion of an object will not change unless an outside force acts on it.
For example, this bowling ball would travel in straight line forever, but the friction of the floor, and air, plus the pins are outside forces and change the velocity of the bowling ball.
Astronauts appear to float in space because there is very little gravity pulling down on them So when they change their velocity upward the force of gravity is not pulling down on them and they can float.

If you are driving a car and it hits another car, the car stops but the people inside keep moving forward.
The outside force has acted on the car and not the person in the car. This is the same way a catapult works. The lever stops but the object keeps moving.

Law 2 of Motion

Newton’s 2nd Law: “The acceleration of an object depends on the force acting on it_ and the mass of the object

There is an equation associated with this law:

F= ma
Force = mass multiplied by acceleration

Think of shopping for groceries. The mass of an empty shopping cart is less than a full shopping cart so takes much less force to push the empty cart compared to pushing a cart that is filled up with stuff

Law Three

Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion --“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

As the boy jumps down on the trampoline the trampoline pushes back in the opposite direction and causes the boy to go in the opposite direction.

As the balloon hits the ground the ground pushes back in an opposite direction which causes the balloon to change direction and move in the opposite direction.

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Wetlands are transitional lands between lands and other bodies of water.
There are four main types of wetlands
Marsh
Swamp
Fen
Bog
You may also enjoy: Freshwater Ecosystems
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BwP1zxnKb14

Your vision allows you to see the world around you.
Light passes through your cornea through your pupil, which is controlled by your cornea to your retina.
Your brain then takes this information and converts it to an image.
Key Vocabulary covered
Iris, cornea, pupil, rods, cones, retina, vision, occipital lobe, optic nerve
Transcript of the video
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/....2020/02/how-does-hum

After passing through the small intestine food travels into the large intestine.
Your large intestine is roughly 9 feet in length but gets it’s name because it has a larger diameter than the small intestine.
Your large intestine is also called the colon.
The large intestine is divided into several sections.

Transcript
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/....2021/01/all-about-la

Difference between Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Organic compounds contain carbon. There are at least four important organic compounds, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon and usually are more simple compounds.
There are some compounds that contain carbon and are inorganic like carbon dioxide.
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For more Life Science videos and summaries see,
http://www.moomoomath.com/Midd....le-School-Science-an

Introduction to metabolism | Biology|
You may have heard that you have a fast metabolism or a slow metabolism

But what exactly is your metabolism?

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions within the cells of living things.
Take a look at this summary of all of the chemical reactions taking place in a human.
The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into pathways in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, with the help of enzymes.
An example of a pathway is cellular respiration in which glucose and oxygen are transformed into carbon dioxide water and ATP which is used for energy

You can break metabolism down into three main categories.

The chemical reactions used for the conversion of food to energy
The conversion of food into building blocks used to make items like proteins
The chemical reactions needed for the elimination of waste

Enzymes are crucial to metabolism Enzymes help speed up chemical reactions The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products.
Almost all chemical reactions in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life
There are over 5000 chemical reactions that occur in plants,animals, and microbes that are controlled by enzymes.

Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from three basic classes of molecule: amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids
Many chemical reactions focus on making these molecules during the construction of cells and tissues, or by breaking them down and using them as a source of energy during digestion and cellular respiration.

These chemicals can also be joined together to make DNA and proteins.

So there you go metabolism the sum of chemical reactions that take place in living things.
Take a journey to the cell
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QS274gwv_Sc

The relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthsis

What are diatoms?
Diatoms are a major group of algae and are among the most common types of phytoplankton.

Diatoms are unicellular organism, although they can form colonies
They have cell walls made of glass

Diatoms belong to kingdom Protista

There are at least 100,000 species of diatoms have been discovered,
Diatoms exist in large numbers in most bodies of water throughout the world. In fact, just one quart of seawater can contain millions of diatoms
They are primary producers and create and are a very large food source in the ocean


Diatoms are autotrophs and produce energy by photosynthesis.As a result,, diatoms need sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. They are found in the ocean, fresh water, and even moist topsoil

Many Diatoms are microscopic, but some measure a millimeter across.

Diatoms contribute enormous amounts of oxygen to our atmosphere.

Two basic forms of these organisms exist. They are known as Centrales Centrales have radial symmetry and are most often found in oceans and are wheel-shaped. They can be found drifting near the surface, sunlight and absorbing nutrients.Pennales tend to be elongated

Many Pennales live in fresh water streams, swamps, ditches, or on the bottoms of shallow regions of oceans and estuaries.

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Plankton
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NiiJ7X322U&t=20s