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Battle of Takur Ghar, War in Afghanistan
In 2003, Chapman was posthumously awarded the Air Force Cross for his courage, selfless dedication to duty that day and extraordinary heroism.
But after a prolonged campaign, this was upgraded in 2018 to the US Armed Services highest award for bravery and valor, the Medal of Honour.

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Watch some of history's scariest stories..

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‘Toshers’ or sewer hunters were people who ventured into the filthy sewers looking for valuable items such as copper coins or gold to sell on.

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Music Credit

Long Note One by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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The successor to the KGB, the FSB is Russia's latest internal security installment, reorganised to continue protecting its civilians and to stomp out any perceived dissent.

Made up mainly of the Border Guard Service, it specialises in military and foreign counterintelligence, counterterrorism, economic state security, and internet monitoring. But how do they operate, why do members call themselves by their early predecessor name the 'chekists', and why are they still significant today?

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“Beslan school siege: Russia 'failed' in 2004 massacre” April 13, 2017. BBC News.
Bruetsch, Nickolas. "The FSB: Sword and Shield of the Federation." August 30, 2021. TheSecurityDistillery
Corera, Gordon. Russians Among Us: Sleeper Cells, Ghost Stories, and the Hunt for Putin’s Spies. New York, New York, 2020.
Dear, I.C.B. and M.R.D Foot, editors. The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Okhranka,” Encyclopedia Britannica.
“Federal Security Service” GlobalSecurity.
Leigh, Numbers. Defecting from the FSB. Kindle Edition. July 16, 2021.
Pringle, Robert. “KGB” Britannica.
The Russian Government. “Federal Security Service.”
Sinai, Joshua. “The Terrorist Threats Against Russia and its Counterterrorism Response Measures.” Connections Vol. 14, No. 4 (Fall 2015), pp. 95-102.
Sinelschikova, Yekaterina. 'Dog-headed people': What was Ivan the Terrible's ‘Oprichnina Force. August 4, 2017. RussiaBeyond.

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“Ladies from Hell”
In the history of the British Armed Forces, there have been many Regiments whose glory and fame was forged on battlefields across the world. However, there is a unit whose devotion to duty and gallantry earned it the honour to be ranked among Britain's finest. These are the men of the 3rd Battalion, the Royal Regiment of Scotland. This is the unit of Scottish Highlanders, also known as the Black Watch.


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For centuries wars are being fought with contemporary weapons and in some instances with future or prototype ones. However some old weapons, older than their current users, are being utilized. The Ukraine war has shown that some very old designs can still be used. Machine guns from a century ago, bolt action rifles older than that, submachine guns designed for WW2, anti-tank rifles as relics of the same conflict are being used, in big numbers or some rare occasions.

Each of these weapons tell us a story and serve as a testament of durability and the overall change and shift in the military doctrine as well as the consequences of the current situation. Not only that but those weapons, very crude and old, are serving on par with the latest designs, making the situation even more peculiar.

Most of those weapons have survived the harsh conditions of the biggest conflict in human history, years of storage and later wars beyond that. Some were served for decades as museum exhibits only to be called once again to fight in today's wars.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
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Stories from The Vietnam War

Brave men need no particular time or place to show their courage. In battle, it’s simply who they are, and where they are, whether they’re stone-cold sober, fueled by adrenaline, or even high on marijuana. That was precisely the case with Sergeant Peter Lemon of the U.S. Army. On April 1st, 1970, he helped defend his base against the attacking North Vietnamese soldiers even though he was under the influence of marijuana. Lemon fought them with a machine gun, an assault rifle, hand grenades, and with his bare hands. He fought so hard and bravely that he was awarded the highest decoration that could be given to an American soldier, the Medal of Honor.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
Script: Dejan Milivojevic
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Chris Kane
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Sources:

Lemon, Peter C. Beyond the Medal: A Journey from Their Hearts to Yours. Fulcrum Pub., 1997.
Above and Beyond: A History of the Medal of Honor from the Civil War to Vietnam. 1985.
Foster, Randy E. M. Vietnam Firebases: 1965-73: American and Australian Forces. Osprey, 2007.

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What does M.A.D. mean? M.A.D. refers to the full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides, resulting in one clear, obvious outcome – mutually assured destruction. The policy of M.A.D. rests on the idea that if two countries or continents are equally as capable of destroying one another through nuclear attack, then there is no incentive for either side to pull the trigger, or remove it. Instead, nuclear-capable countries keep each other in check with the knowledge of the MAD doctrine, and that any sort of “first move” would result in global nuclear devastation.

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Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
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Sources:
Mutual Assured Destruction
Robert Jervis
Foreign Policy
No. 133 (Nov. - Dec., 2002), pp. 40-42 (3 pages)
Published By: Slate Group, LLC

Nuclear Superiority or Mutually Assured Deterrence: The Development of the US Nuclear Deterrent
David S. McDonough
International Journal
Vol. 60, No. 3, Canada in the World: Annual John W. Holmes Issue on Canadian Foreign Policy (Summer, 2005), pp. 811-823 (13 pages)
Published By: Sage Publications, Ltd.

Between Assured Destruction and Nuclear Victory: The Case for the "Mad-Plus" Posture
Robert J. Art
Ethics
Vol. 95, No. 3, Special Issue: Symposium on Ethics and Nuclear Deterrence (Apr., 1985), pp. 497-516 (20 pages)
Published By: The University of Chicago Press

https://history.state.gov/mile....stones/1961-1968/cub

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Part 1 of The Iranian Embassy Siege: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plEm4bv5ByQ

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Created by Daniel Turner

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Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
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So Princip was to blame for World War I. Or… was it the driver Leopold Lojka who took the wrong turn? The passengers who did not tell Lojka of the new route? Perhaps, it was Ferdinand for wanting to console the injured? Or, the policemen for reacting too slow? Count Harrick who lended his uncovered limousine? Danilo ilić who gave the tools and the instructions to the assassins? Or perhaps, those who had been calling for a preventive war against Serbia for years, like the Austrio-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph, General Conrad von Hötzendorf, and Berchtold? The Serbian Prime Minister Pašić for not censoring newspapers celebrating the assasination? Kaiser Wilhelm II and the German government for giving their war approval to the Habsburgs? The aggressively long arms race of the European powers since the 1890s? The extraordinary industrial, demographic, cultural, political, imperial, nationalist preconditions of the previous decades? ‘Yes’.

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Bibliography:

Armstrong, Hamilton Fish. “Confessions of the Assassin Whose Deed Led To The World War”, Current History (1916-1940), vol. 26, no.5 (1927): pp. 699-707.

Pickering, Paula, and John R. Lampe, Noel R. Malcolm, Heather Campbell, Thinley Kalsang Bhutia, Gloria Lotha, et. al. “Bosnia and Herzegovina Under Austro-Hungarian Rule.” Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Bradshaw, Sidney Fay. “The Black Hand Plot That Led To The World War.” Current History (1916-1940) vol. 23, no.2 (1925): pp 196-207.

Dedijer, Vladimir. Sarajevo: 1914. Belgrade: Prosveta, 1966.

Dedijer, Vladimir. The Road to Sarajevo. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1966.

Dijkhuizen, Bryan. “Why Did the Black Hand of Serbia Want to Kill Franz Ferdinand?” Accessed July 28th, 2022. Historyofyesterday.

Foster, Samuel. “Sarajevo Incident (Version 1.1).” Last modified February 14, 2019. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.

MacMillan, Margaret. The War That Ended Peace: How Europe Abandoned Peace for the First World War. London: Profile Books, 2013.

Malmberg, Ilkka. "Tästä alkaa maailmansota". Helsingin Sanomat monthly supplement (June 2014): pp. 60–65.

Mortel, Gordon. The Month that Changed the World: July 1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

R.W.S.W. “The Sarajevo Murder Trial.” The Slavonic Review, vol.4, no.12 (March, 1926): pp. 645-656.

Simpson, John. Unreliable Sources: How the Twentieth Century Was Reported. London: Pan Macmillan, 2010.

TimeMaps. “Europe 1914 CE”. Accessed July 28th, 2022.

Cooper, Howard. “Chance, Fate, Luck: How The History Of The World Turned On The Randomness of A Sunny Morning One Hundred Years Ago.” European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe vol. 48, no.1 (Spring, 2015): pp. 142-146.

Winter, Jay. The Cambridge History of the First World War: Volume I Global War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

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While Alexander Fleming’s antibiotics and the practice of vaccinations often get the limelight, the banal everyday habit of personal hygiene is just as vital to our health, regardless if you are wrapped up warm in blankets at home or covered in less warm blankets of mud on the battlefield. Here we take a look at the essentials often preached to U.S. soldiers in the present day. While hygiene has been discussed since people cared about how they looked, the methods of staying clean and healthy have varied dramatically throughout time. Learn of modern soldiers’ responsibilities, daily routines, their focus on sanitation, all of which have been meticulously detailed to keep fighters on the field instead of under them.

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Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)

Script Writer:

Luke Ursone

Narrator:

Bryan 'Lazlo' Beauregard


Bibliography
Boardman, John. Alexander the Great: From His Death to the Present Day. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019.
Odierno, Raymond T, and Gerald B O'Keefe. “Field Hygiene and Sanitation - United States Army.” Field Hygiene and Sanitation. Headquarters, Department of the Army, May 2015.

Oldstone-Moore, Christopher. “Why Alexander the Great Told His Men to Shave off Their Beards.” The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, February 9, 2016.

Parker, Geoffrey, and Simon Adams. The Thirty Years' War. London: Routledge, 2007.

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The Type seven and Type nine were the striking force of the Kriegsmarine during the Battle of the Atlantic - a German attempt to cut off the British Isles and force the Allies to surrender.
In the first years of war, the Germans used them to cut off supply lines that were bringing weapons and equipment from the United States to United Kingdom.

When attacking, German U-boats were using so called “Wolfpack” tactic.


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Music Credit: Dance of the U-boat by Aakash Gandhi

Sources:
David and Hugh Lyon, World War II Warships, 1976
Eberhard Moeler, Werner Brack, The Encyclopedia of U-Boats from 1904 to the Present, 2004
Chris Bishop, The Encyclopedia Weapons of World War II, 1998
Gordon Williamson, Kriegsmarine U-boats, 2002

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👑 They may have been the Rulers of England but they sure were Rotten! 🤢 👑
Warning contains excessive farts, burps and nose picking

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)

Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/

Music Credit:

Agnus Dei X - Bitter Suite by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Lord of the Land by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1400022

Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Chanter - Vadodara by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100571

Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Renaissance by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Journey in the New World by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Source: http://www.twinmusicom.org/son....g/258/journey-in-the

Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org

The river Nile was life in ancient Egypt, providing a fundamental source of water and fertile silt while simultaneously offering protection and spiritual strength.
Ancient Egyptians monitored the Nile and regulated their daily and annual activities based on its waters.


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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner

Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/

Music Credit:

Desert City by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/r....oyalty-free/index.ht
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Gods drawings by Jeff Dahl
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


Sources:

The Origin of the Ancient Egyptian Calendar
H. E. Winlock
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
Vol. 83, No. 3 (Sep. 10, 1940)

A Brief History of Egypt
By Arthur Goldschmidt

The Global Water Crisis: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook
By David E. Newton

The Politics of Trade: Egypt and Lower Nubia in the 4th Millennium BC
By Jane Roy

The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Volume A: To 1200
By Richard Bulliet, Pamela Crossley, Daniel Headrick, Steven Hirsch, Lyman Johnson

Lucan's Egyptian Civil War
By Jonathan Tracy


Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology, Volume 1
By Marshall Cavendish Corporation

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner

Narrator:

Chris Kane
www.vocalforge.com


Music Credit
Micheal Joseph

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In 1945, Tony Stein would take part in the bloody amphibious landing at Iwo Jima.
He was one of only a handful of Marines to be issued with the new experimental modified 'Stinger' machine gun.


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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner

Writer:
Conan White

Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/

Music Credit:

Drums of the Deep Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Impact Intermezzo by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/r....oyalty-free/index.ht
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

All This - Scoring Action by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300001
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Hero Down by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100880
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Sources:

Hallas, James H., Uncommon Valor on Iwo Jima: The Stories of the Medal of Honor Recipients in the Marine Corps' Bloodiest Battle of World War II, Rowman & Littlefield, 2016

Iwo Jima
By Eric M. Hammel

The Six Marine Divisions in the Pacific: Every Campaign of World War II
By George B. Clark