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As the British Empire spread across the globe in the 16th and 17th centuries, a whole new set of challenges started to emerge.
Like how to live at the sea for many months without letting most of your sailors get sick or die!


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Sources:

The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C
By Kenneth J. Carpenter

Observations on the scurvy: with a review of the theories lately advanced on that disease ; and the opinions of Dr. Milman refuted from practice
By Trotter, Thomas, 1760-1832

Free Observations On The Scurvy, Gout, Diet, And Remedy. By Francis Spilsbury, ... The Third Edition

An Essay on the Sea-scurvy: Wherein is Proposed an Easy Method of Curing that Distemper at Sea; and of Preserving Water Sweet for Any Cruize Or Voyage. By Anthony Addington, M.D

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The Oregon Trail, was a path traveled by hundreds of thousands, extending over 2,000 miles across the unsettled American frontier from the Missouri River to Oregon City,

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Sources:
https://pastebin.com/RNjVKpim

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In medieval times, taverns were a place to socialise much like today’s pubs.
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Music Credit

Master of the Feast by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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Sources:
The Middle Ages
By Morris Bishop

Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting
By John Schofield, A. G. Vince

Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set, Volumes 1-3
By Madeleine Pelner Cosman, Linda Gale Jones
Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
By Richard W. Unger
All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World, Volume 1
By Ruth A Johnston
http://www.buildinghistory.org..../buildings/inns.shtm
http://www.godecookery.com/mtales/mtales13.htm
http://www.castlesandmanorhous....es.com/life_05_drink

WPT University Place: Ye Olde Pub: England’s Early Drinking Houses - Caroline Boswell
https://youtu.be/EPSsXUTAkIE

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The nightmares of Allied cargo shipping, the German U-Boats reigned supreme in the turbulent seas during 1940-1942. Taking one of these U-Boats as an example, the U-505 submarine sunk an impressive 8 ships and yet still was below the devastating 14:1 average of the early war years. But what did life look like beneath the 1,120 t exterior?

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Dear, I.C.B. and M.R.D Foot, editors. The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

“Type IX U-boat.” Uboataces.

“U-Boat types: Type IXC.” Uboat.

“U-boat: U-505 (Type IXC). Militaryfactory.

“Life Aboard a U-boat.” Uboataces.

”75 Facts about U-505: Life on Board” Museum of Science and Industry.

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An unexplained phenomenon

Outbreaks of this so-called dancing mania involved groups of people dancing erratically and uncontrollably, sometimes in their hundreds or even thousands.
Like a disease, the mania would spread from town to town and even country to country as if it were contagious.
Historical records are sometimes very detailed about these outbreaks which affected men, women, and children dancing often until they collapsed from exhaustion or injuries.


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The LZ-129 Hindenburg airship was built with the utmost emphasis on safety and cutting edge design, but also on grandeur and vanity, but on May 6th 1937 disaster would strike.

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Music Credit

Ride of the Valkyries (by Wagner)
Search And Destory by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Artist: http://audionautix.com/
Fur Elise (by Beethoven)

Further reading:

The Hindenburg: The Fiery Crash of a German Airship
By Kathleen W. Deady
Hindenburg Disaster
By Jill Sherman

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The Federal Bureau of Investigation is responsible for domestic policing and security in the United States, with roles that include enforcing Federal law, protection against foreign intelligence gathering and counter-espionage, forensics, undercover operations, and other law enforcement duties.
Additional functions include counter-terrorism, and to this end the FBI Hostage Rescue Team was founded.

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Thanks to the technological advances of the modern age, in 2023 life is pretty safe. In the past however, many of the things we take for granted now were likely a death sentence for our ancestors.


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Backe, Caleb. "Deadly Beauty Practices In History." 6 March, 2022. Maple Holistics.

BAUS. "Virtual Museum Time Corridor 17th Century". Accessed 27 February, 2023.

CDC. "Syphilis: The Facts." Accessed 27 February, 2023.

CTPA. "Cosmetic Safety." Accessed 27 February, 2023.

De Abreu, Kristine. "Apocalypse Then: The Volcanic Winter of 536AD." July 18, 2022. ExplorersWeb.

Degroot, Dagomar. "Small climate changes can have devastating local consequences – it happened in the Little Ice Age." July 27, 2021. The Conversation.

Eschner, Kat. "Fearing a Smallpox Epidemic, Civil War Troops Tried to Self-Vaccinate." May 1, 2017. Smithsonian.

Finance. "Scotland to Panama Flight Duration." Accessed 27 February, 2023.

Greschko, Michael. "Colossal volcano behind 'mystery' global cooling finally found." August 23, 2019. NationalGeographic.

Grist, Kerry. "Dangerous Beauty: Hazardous Chemicals and Poisons in Historic Cosmetics." 29 July 2022. ScienceMuseumGroup.

Johnson, Ben. "The Darien Scheme." Accessed 27 February, 2023.

Kelly, DB. "The Deadly Great Frost of 1709 Is Still a Mystery." Last modified 13 January, 2022. Grunge.

Lanchester, John. "How the Little Ice Age Changed History." March 25, 2019. The New Yorker.

Laumonier, Lucie. "A Medieval Peasants’ Winter." rused 27 February, 2023.

Maley, Sonny. "The Darien Scheme." May 2005. GLA.

Maloney, T.R., Dilkes-Hall, I.E., Vlok, M. et al. "Surgical amputation of a limb 31,000 years ago in Borneo." Nature 609 (September 2022): 547–551.

Oosthoek, K. Jan. "Little Ice Age." June 5, 2015. EH Resources.

Pattenden, Miles. "Volcanoes, plague, famine and endless winter: Welcome to 536, what historians and scientists believe was the ‘worst year to be alive'." February 1, 2022. The Conversation.

Seladi-Schulman, Jill. "What Is the Periosteum?" Last modified September 26, 2018. Healthline.

Shuster, Sam. "Painless amputation: history of a discovery
that wasn’t made." BMJ (19-26 December 2009).

Smith College. "The Effects of the Little Ice Age (c. 1300-1850)." Accessed 27 February, 2023.

Wischhover, Cheryl. "The Most Dangerous Beauty Through the Ages." December 17, 2013. TheCut.

Zapata, Mariana. "How Civil War Soldiers Gave Themselves Syphilis While Trying to Avoid Smallpox." November 30, 2016. Atlas Obscura.

Known as ‘Big Daddy’ by his supporters and ‘The Butcher’ by his critics, Idi Amin went from being a dirt-poor illiterate boy from a town in north-west Uganda so remote nobody knows its name, to becoming the third president of Uganda, a speaker on the global political stage. He was infamous for his ruthless stomping down of perceived traitors, expulsions of non-Africans, his widespread terror, and his taking joy in humiliation.

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1998, Offshore of Sokcho, Gangwon-do. One tangled boi South Korean fishing boat against one highly advanced stealth North Korean Submarine controlled by an experienced crew. What happened here?

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Today around 250,000 veterans are still disabled by a mysterious disease known as Gulf War Syndrome, a medical anomaly with a distinctive set of symptoms that strangely only affects soldiers who served in the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
For decades the causes of this peculiar chronic illness baffled and divided scientists, as they debated whether the malady had a psychological or biological explanation, and it is only recently, over 30 years after the end of the conflict, that some of them have claimed to have found a definitive answer.


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The name, Eagle’s Nest, was given to the structure by a French
ambassador named André François-Poncet, who recalled later of his time at the chalet as enlightening into the Nazi party and was startled at how quickly Hitler had come to power. The name stuck and many now remember kehlsteinhaus as Eagle’s Nest. It is also remembered for primarily being a place of reception and even a few weddings. Hitler once remarked that it offered him an excellent opportunity to amaze visitors with German engineering and entertain the most important guests.


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“Adolf Hitler and the Kehlsteinhaus.” Das Kehlsteinhaus, May 12, 2016.
Institute, Wyman. “Special Feature: Hitler in ‘Homes & Gardens.’” The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies, April 2, 2020.
Kershaw, Ian. Hitler: 1889-1936: Hubris. New York: Norton, 2000.
Steves, Rick. “The Bavarian Background of Hitler's Eagle's Nest.” Rick Steves, June 20, 2022.
Wilson, James. Hitler's Alpine Headquarters. Pen and Sword, 2022.

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The shark-face was made famous early in the war by the legendary 1st American Volunteer Group, who were nicknamed the ‘Flying Tigers’.


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Credit:
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Music Credit:

Dangerous by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Source: http://incompetech.com/music/r....oyalty-free/index.ht

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Five Armies by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100875

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Sources:

Angelic Encounter: A Flying Tiger Son's Story
By Sam Hom - 2002

Aircraft of the Luftwaffe, 1935-1945: An Illustrated Guide
By Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage - 2009

Warbirds of World War II
Jeffrey L Ethell - 2013

Aircraft Nose Art
From World War I to Today
By Jeffrey L. Ethell, Clarence Simonsen · 2003

A World War 1 Adventure
The Life and Times of Rnas Bomber Pilot Donald E. Harkness
By House of Harkness V. · 2014

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For its proponents, NATO’s Article V is a brotherhood of musketeers - an armed attack against one is an attack against all. For its opponents, Article V is a means of ensuring NATO’s unhindered expansion. The purpose and significance has varied immensely since its ratification in 1949, especially after having been first triggered in 2001, continuing its omnipresence in the minds of world leaders today.

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Pruitt, Sarah. "What Is NATO’s Article 5?" Last modified Mar 14, 2022. History.

"Collective defence and Article 5." Last modified Sep 20, 2022. NATO.

Yon Ebright, Katherine. "NATO’s Article 5 Collective Defense Obligations, Explained." Last updated Nov 15, 2022. Brennan Center.

#shorts

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In the morning of 10th April 1912 passengers began boarding the Titanic in Southampton, England, with many crowds gathering to watch the ship depart. Only days into the maiden voyage the Titanic was sinking after hitting an iceberg..

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Music Credit

Bittersweet by Silent Partner
Progressive Moments by Ugonna Onyekwe
Eyes of Glory by Aakash Gandhi

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Bryan Lazlo Beauregard


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Dining for the nobility during the Tudor period was about much more than just food. The size of a household and the quantity and variety of food provided were an important way of demonstrating wealth and influence.

Let's explore the diet of King Henry VIII!

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner

Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/

Music Credit:

Renaissance by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Master of the Feast by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/r....oyalty-free/index.ht
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

sources:

Breverton, T. 2016. The Tudor Cookbook: From Gilded Peacock to Calves' Feet Pie. Amberley Publishing Limited

Henry VIII: King and Court
By Alison Weir

The Tudor Kitchen: What the Tudors Ate & Drank
By Terry Breverton

The Tudor Kitchen: What the Tudors Ate & Drank
By Terry Breverton

Groom, S. 2013. At the King’s Table: Royal Dining Through the Ages. London: Merrell

Weir, A. 2011. Henry VIII: King and Court. London: Vintage Books
https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/

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A Creeping Barrage also known as the Rolling barrage was an artillery tactic of World War One.
It included the gradual advance of artillery fire in order to provide cover for the infantry pushing forward towards the enemy trenches.
However, it was difficult to carry out in practice.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner

Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/

Music Credit:

'All This - Scoring Action', 'Devastation and Revenge' by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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The year was 1822 and appeared in the Missouri Republican newspaper was an ad requiring 'One Hundred enterprising young men......' to trap beaver along the Missouri river for a period of up to three years.
One of the men to apply was Hugh Glass, a 40 year old frontiersman from Pennsylvania.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner

Script: Conan White

Narrator:

Chris Kane
www.vocalforge.com


Music Credit

Act Three - Tenebrous Brothers Carnival by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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