John Green teaches you about the so-called Dark Ages, which it turns out weren't as uniformly dark as you may have been led to believe. While Europe was indeed having some issues, many other parts of the world were thriving and relatively enlightened. John covers European Feudalism, the cultural blossoming of the Islamic world, and the scientific and artistic advances in China, all during these "Dark Ages." Along the way, John will raise questions about the validity of Europe's status as a continent, reveal the best and worst years of his life, and frankly state that science and religion were once able to coexist.

Chapters:
Introduction: Europe 00:00
Why are they called The Dark Ages? 0:50
Feudalism in Medieval Europe 1:34
Dar al Islam and the Umayyad Dynasty 3:55
The Abbasids 4:42
An Open Letter to Science and Religion 7:17
Spanish Muslims in Cordoba 8:15
China's Golden Age 9:12
Credits 10:52

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How do companies make money? What are profits? Revenues? How are prices set? This week, Jacob and Adriene are talking business. Whether you're selling cars, pizza, or glow sticks, this video has pretty much all the information you need to run a business. Well, not really, but there's a lot of good stuff in here.

***

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--

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In which John Green teaches you about the post-World War II breakup of most of the European empires. As you'll remember from previous installments of Crash Course, Europeans spent several centuries sailing around the world creating empires, despite the fact that most of the places they conquered were perfectly happy to carry on alone. After World War II, most of these empires collapsed. This is the story of those collapses. In most places, the end of empire was not orderly, and violence often ensued. While India was a (sort of) shining example of non-violent change, in places like The Congo, Egypt, Rwanda, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, things didn't go smoothly at all. John brings you all this, plus pictures of Sea Monkeys. Sadly, they don't look anything like those awesome commercials in the comic books.

Chapters:
Introduction: Decolonization 00:00
What Happens When Empires Fall? 0:33
Post-WWII Decolonization 2:24
Decolonization in India 3:14
Mohandas K. Gandhi 3:47
An Open Letter to Hunger Strikers 5:43
Indonesian Nationalism 6:40
The End of Colonization in French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) 7:51
Gamal Abdul Nasser and Egyptian Nationalism 8:35
Decolonization in Central and Southern Africa 9:16
Credits 12:10

Resources:
The Columbia History of the 20th Century https://bit.ly/3xrdpZ9

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In which John Green teaches you about the beginnings of the American Revolution in a video titled The Seven Years War. Confusing? Maybe. John argues that the Seven Years' War, which is often called the French and Indian War in the US, laid a lot of the groundwork for the Revolution. More confusing? Why does this war have two names? Why were the French and Indians fighting each other? The Seven Years' war was actually a global war that went on for nine years. I think I'm having trouble making this clear. Anyway, the part of this global war that happened in North America was the French and Indian War. The French and Indian tribes were the force opposing the British, so that's the name that stuck. Let's get away from this war, as it makes my head hurt. Other stuff was going on in the colonies in the 18th century that primed the people for revolution. One was the Great Awakening. A religious revival was sweeping the country, introducing new ideas about religion and how it should be practiced. At the same time, thinkers like John Locke were rethinking the relationship between rulers and the ruled. So in this highly charged atmosphere, you can just imagine what would happen if the crown started trying to exert more control over the colonies. The colonists would probably just rise up, right? We'll see what happens next week.

Read the Mystery Document in its entirety in the Minutes of the Provincial Province of Pennsylvania Vol. IX: https://bit.ly/3jxHcrc

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Learn about how the European struggle for dominance throughout the French and Indian War impacted natives in North America: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/french-and-indian-

Still curious? Watch this other Crash Course video!
The Seven Years War: Crash Course World History #26 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0qbzNHmfW0


Chapters:
Introduction: The Seven Years War 00:00
Causes of the Seven Years War 0:32
Mercantilism in the American Colonies 1:14
Slave Labor in the American Colonies 1:46
French vs British Tensions Rise 2:09
The Battles of the Seven Years War 3:27
Outcomes of the Seven Years War 4:43
Mystery Document 5:35
Pontiac's Rebellion and the Proclamation Line 6:57
Republicanism & Liberalism in the American Colonies 7:42
The Great Awakening 8:37
Anti-Authority Sentiments in the American Colonies 9:44
Credits 10:11

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This week, Adriene and Jacob teach you about macroeconomics. This is the stuff of big picture economics, and the major movers in the economy. Like taxes and monetary policy and inflation and policy. We need this stuff, because if you don't have a big picture of the economy, crashes and panics are more likely. Of course, economics is extremely complex and unpredictable. Today we'll talk about GDP as a measure of a country's economic health, the basics of economic analysis, and even a little about full employment, unemployment

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Mark, Jan Schmid, Simun Niclasen, Robert Kunz, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Eric Kitchen, Christian, Beatrice Jin, Anna-Ester Volozh, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Stephen Lawless, Today I Found Out, James Craver, Jessica Wode, Sandra Aft, Jacob Ash, SR Foxley, Christy Huddleston, Steve Marshall, Chris Peters

--

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The Harlem Renaissance produced many remarkable artists, writers, and thinkers. Today we'll talk about one of the most interesting minds of the time, Zora Neale Hurston. Hurston was an anthropologist by training and spent much of her career studying and documenting the lives of Black people in the southern US. She later went on to write several remarkable novels, including Their Eyes Were Watching God, which we discussed in Crash Course Literature. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kF0U8kIMp4&t=1s

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

VIDEO SOURCES

Susan Reverby, Examining Tuskegee: The Infamous Syphilis Study and Its Legacy (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2009).
Susan Reverby ed., Tuskegee’s Truth’s: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).
Harriet A. Washington, Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Penguin Random House, 2008).
“Alice Walker ~ Alice Walker Shines Light on Zora Neale Hurston | American Masters | PBS.” 2014. American Masters. January 30, 2014. https://www.pbs.org/wnet/ameri....canmasters/alice-wal
Burke, Marion C. 2012. “Zora Neale Hurston’s ‘Sweat’ and the Black Female Voice: The Perspective of the African-American Woman.” Inquiries Journal 4 (05). http://www.inquiriesjournal.co....m/articles/646/zora-
Hemenway, Robert E. n.d. “UI Press | Robert E. Hemenway | Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography.” Accessed June 23, 2021. https://www.press.uillinois.ed....u/books/catalog/75wf
“John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | Zora Neale Hurston.” n.d. Accessed June 23, 2021. https://www.gf.org/fellows/all....-fellows/zora-Neale-
“Zora Neale Hurston | Biography, Books, Short Stories, & Facts.” n.d. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed June 23, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Zora-Neale-Hu
Salamone, Frank A. "His Eyes Were Watching Her: Papa Franz Boas, Zora Neale Hurston, and Anthropology." Anthropos 109, no. 1 (2014): 217-24. Accessed July 4, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43861696.
https://www.c250.columbia.edu/....c250_celebrates/rema
Propaganda and aesthetics : the literary politics of Afro-American magazines in the twentieth century. Johnson, Abby Arthur. / Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press, 1979

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Hank veers away from human anatomy to teach us about the (mostly) single-celled organisms that make up two of the three taxonomic domains of life, and one of the four kingdoms: Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists. They are by far the most abundant organisms on Earth and are our oldest, oddest relatives.

References:
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.....ma.ultranet/BiologyP
http://www.cod.edu/people/facu....lty/fancher/prokeuk.
http://www.genomenewsnetwork.o....rg/articles/03_00/ga
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/cour....ses/bio106/protista.
:http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/p....rotista/basalprotist
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/p....rotista/testaceafilo
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/p....rotista/slimemolds.h
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/p....rotista/alveolates.h
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/p....rotista/rhodophyta.h

Table of Contents
1) Archaea 03:23
a) Methanogens 04:02
b) Extremophiles 04:24

2) Bacteria 05:24:2
3) Gram Positive 06:50
a) Proteobacteria 07:15
b) Cyanobacteria 07:30
c) Spirochetes 07:42
d) Chlamydias 07:52

4) Protists 08:12
a) Protozoa 09:03
b) Algae 09:54
c) Slime Molds 11:13


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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Black American Women were struggling with both racism and misogyny as they fought for their rights. Black Women formed clubs and organized to make sure civil and political rights were extended to ALL Black people, not just Black men. These clubs were grass-roots organizations of middle-class women who were often only one generation removed from slavery. Today we'll learn about the origins of these clubs and some of the notable women who drove this movement.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

SOURCES:
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Josephine-St-
https://www.nps.gov/people/jos....ephine-st-pierre-ruf
Paula Giddings, Where and When I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, Inc., 1984).
Deborah Gray White, Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894-1994 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1999).
Roger Streitmatter, Raising Her Voice African-American Women Journalists Who Changed History University Press of Kentucky 2014


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#crashcourse #history #blackhistory

Hank tells us the background story and explains the importance of the science of classifying living things, also known as taxonomy.

References:
http://anthro.palomar.edu/anim....al/table_kingdoms.ht
http://www.strangescience.net/linn.htm
http://www.newyorker.com/repor....ting/2009/01/19/0901
http://linnaeus.c18.net/Doc/lbio.php
http://faculty.fmcc.suny.edu/mcdarby/animals&plantsbook/History/02-Explaining-Life-Classification.htm
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.g....su.edu/hbase/biology
http://tolweb.org/Eukaryotes/3
http://www.livescience.com/459....3-greatest-mysteries
http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/cour....ses/bio141/lecguide/

Table of Contents
1) Taxonomy 0:00
2) Phylogenetic Tree 1:24
3) Biolography 2:26
4) Analogous/Homoplasic Traits 3:48
5) Homologous Traits 4:03
6) Taxa & Binomial Nomenclature 4:56
7) Domains 5:48
a) Bateria 6:04
b) Archaea 6:44
c) Eukarya / 4 Kingdoms 6:54
-Plantae 7:56
-Protista 8:23
-Fungi 8:56
-Animalia 9:31

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We've been talking about the unavoidables recently. Last time, we covered Death. This time, it's taxes. So, what are taxes? Why do we pay taxes? What is all that tax money used for? This week, Adriene is going to cover all that and more. We'll talk about types of taxes, progressive and regressive taxes, tax brackets, and we'll even get into a few historical scenarios where bad tax policy led to revolutions.

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--

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In which John Green teaches you about the beginning of the so-called Age of Discovery. You've probably heard of Christopher Columbus, who "discovered" America in 1492, but what about Vasco da Gama? How about Zheng He? Columbus gets a bad rap from many modern historians, but it turns out he was pretty important as far as the history of the world goes. That said, he wasn't the only pioneer plying the seas in the 1400s. In Portugal, Vasco da Gama was busy integrating Europe into the Indian Ocean Trade by sailing around Africa. Chinese admiral Zheng He was also traveling far and wide in the largest wooden ships ever built. Columbus, whether portrayed as a hero or a villain, is usually credited as the great sailor of the 15th century, but he definitely wasn't the only contender. What better way to settle this question than with a knock-down, drag-out, no holds barred, old-fashioned battle royal? We were going to make it a cage match, but welding is EXPENSIVE.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Notable Sailors of the 15th Century 0:39
Zheng He, Chinese Admiral 1:23
Reasons for China's 15th Century Naval Expeditions 2:57
Vasco da Gama, Portuguese Explorer 4:24
Vasco da Gama's Motivations and Strategies 5:05
Myths about Christopher Columbus 6:33
An Open Letter to the Line of Demarcation 7:21
Christopher Columbus's First Voyage 8:15
Who Was the Greatest Mariner of the 15th Century? 9:29
Credits 10:00

Resources:
The Age of Reconnaissance by JH Parry - An explanation of the technologies that made these voyages possible, and a nice detailed record of many of the important voyages. https://bit.ly/3uCvKRg

When China Ruled the Sea by Louise Levathes: A history of the Ming dynasty's ventures into maritime exploration. https://bit.ly/3jB0Rqb

Unknown Seas by Ronald Watkins: A highly readable account of Vasco da Gama's introduction of Europe into the Indian Ocean trade. https://bit.ly/3M0QvMh

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Hank guides us through the process of natural selection, the key mechanism of evolution.

Table of Contents:
1) Natural Selection 1:27
2) Adaptation 2:56
3) Fitness 3:36
4) Four Principals 3:54
a. Variations 4:01
b. Heritability 4:17
c. "The Struggle for Existence" 4:25
d. Survival and Reproductive Rates 5:00
5) Biolography 5:59
6) Modes of Selection 7:40
a. Directional Selection 8:17
b. Stabilizing Selection 8:56
c. Disruptive Selection 9:27
7) Sexual Selection 10:22
8) Artificial Selection 11:24

References:
http://curiosity.discovery.com..../topic/ecology-and-e
http://www.globalchange.umich.....edu/globalchange1/cu
http://blogs.scientificamerica....n.com/observations/2
http://www.aibs.org/bioscience....-press-releases/reso
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.....edu/faculty/michael.
http://www.irac-online.org/about/resistance/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolut....ion/library/01/6/l_0
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/....evolibrary/article/e

This video uses the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"20071104.forest.04.binaural.mp3" by dobroide
"ForestBirds.wav" by HerbertBoland

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In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, we get to meet the brain. Hank talks us through the Central Nervous System, the ancestral structures of the brain, the limbic system, and new structures of the brain. Plus, what does Phineas Gage have to do with all of this?

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Phrenology 00:00
Localized Parts of the Brain Control Different Functions 1:01
Basics of the Central Nervous System 2:15
The Curious Case of Phineas Gage 2:50
Brain Structures 5:15
Ancestral Structures of the Brain 5:37
"Old Brain" - Brain Stem, Medulla, Pons, Thalamus, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum 6:17
Limbic System - Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Pituitary Gland 7:31
Gray Matter & Brain Hemispheres 8:32
Cerebral Cortex 9:31
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal Lobes 10:06
Specialized Regions: Motor Cortex, Somatosensory Cortex, & Association Areas 10:32
Review & Credits 11:39
--

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Today we're going to tell the story of a quiet revolution in the 1960s that shifted our entire understanding of how the Earth works. We currently believe that the Earth's broken outer shell rises from the mantle and folds back in - kind of like a dance of creative destruction and reconstruction - giving us our continents and oceans, mountains and valleys, volcanoes, and earthquakes. And it would take a group of scientists all over the world to get us this grand unifying theory of plate tectonics.

SOURCES
Petersen, et al 2011. Fundamentals of Physical Geography. Cengage
Christopherson, R.W. 2010. Elemental Geosystems. Prentice Hall. 6th edition
Strahler, A. 2011. Introducing Physical Geography. Wiley and Sons. 5th Edition
http://metrocosm.com/earth-19000bc-3000ad.html
https://dinosaurpictures.org/ancient-earth#750
https://earthsky.org/space/ear....th-as-seen-from-spac
https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov..../explorations/lewis_
https://www.nationalgeographic.....org/encyclopedia/ri
ttps://www.ck12.org/earth-science/Oce....an-Ocean-Convergent-
https://www.reference.com/scie....nce/oceanic-oceanic-
http://www.geosci.usyd.edu.au/....users/prey/ACSGT/ERe

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#CrashCourse #Geography #Tectonics

In which John Green teaches you about the Mughal Empire, which ruled large swaths of the Indian Sub-Continent from 1526 to (technically) 1857. While John teaches you about this long-lived Muslim empire, he'll also look at the idea of historical reputation and how we view people from history. Namely, he'll look at the reputations of Mughal emperors Akbar I and Aurangzeb. Traditionally, Akbar I is considered the emperor that made the Mughal Empire great, and Aurangzeb gets the blame for running the whole thing into the ground and setting it up for decline. Is that really how it was, though? It turns out, it's complicated.

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Language is complicated, especially in organic chemistry. This episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry is all about nomenclature. We'll dive into IUPAC systematic naming of organic molecules, and get to practice with the help of three trusty steps!

Episode Sources:
IUPAC Organic Chemistry Nomenclature for organic compounds, https://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/

Series Sources:
Brown, W. H., Iverson, B. L., Ansyln, E. V., Foote, C., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2018.
Bruice, P. Y., Organic Chemistry, 7th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2014.
Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren., S., Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Jones Jr., M.; Fleming, S. A., Organic Chemistry, 5th ed.; W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2014.
Klein., D., Organic Chemistry; 1st ed.; John Wiley & Sons, United States, 2012.
Louden M., Organic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Roberts and Company Publishers, Colorado, 2009.
McMurry, J., Organic Chemistry, 9th ed.; Cengage Learning, Boston, 2016.
Smith, J. G., Organic chemistry; 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2020.
Wade., L. G., Organic Chemistry; 8th ed.; Pearson Education, Inc., United States, 2013.

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In which John Green teaches you about the early days of the Civil Rights movement. By way of providing context for this, John also talks a bit about wider America in the 1950s. The 1950s are a deeply nostalgic period for many Americans, but there is more than a little idealizing going on here. The 1950s were a time of economic expansion, new technologies, and a growing middle class. America was becoming a suburban nation thanks to cookie-cutter housing developments like the Levittowns. While the white working-class saw their wages and status improve, the proverbial rising tide wasn't lifting all proverbial ships. A lot of people were excluded from the prosperity of the 1950s. Segregation in housing and education made for some serious inequality for African Americans. As a result, the Civil Rights movement was born. John will talk about the early careers of Martin Luther King, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, and even Earl Warren. He'll teach you about Brown v Board of Education, the lesser-known Mendez vs Westminster, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and all kinds of other stuff.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Civil Rights Movement gained national attention with the murder of Emmett Till in 1955: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/emmett-till
That same year, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus, beginning the Montgomery bus boycott: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/rosa-parks-and-the
A young preacher named Martin Luther King Jr. gained national fame rallying support for the Montgomery bus boycott: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/martin-luther-king
The end of segregation also began in the South with the Showdown in Little Rock in 1957: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/showdown-in-little

Want to learn more about the Civil Rights movement? Check out these videos from Crash Course Black American History:
School Segregation and Brown v Board (#33): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBlqcAEv4nk
Emmett Till (#34): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HljsKwpv3g
The Montgomery Bus Boycott (#35): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylOpide9dus
Martin Luther King, Jr (#36): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmeUT7zH62E
---Crash Course Black American History will be uploading new videos through 2022!---

Chapters:
Introduction: The 1950s 00:00
The American Suburbs 2:01
The "Era of Consensus" 3:05
Segregation 4:10
Desegregating Schools 5:18
Mystery Document 6:50
The Aftermath of Brown vs. Board of Education 7:50
Rosa Parks & the Montgomery Bus Boycotts 8:29
Martin Luther King, Jr. 9:32
The Little Rock Nine 9:54
The Emergence of the Civil Rights Movement 10:30
Credits 11:25


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Much like a cell membrane, our atmosphere forms a protective boundary between outer space and the biosphere that allows for all life to exist on Earth’s surface. Today, we’re going to talk about its composition and layers (the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere), follow the path of a sunbeam of light as it travels through space and (potentially) reaches Earth’s surface, and discuss how the greenhouse effect can be both a good and bad thing!

Sources
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/....10.1056/NEJM19730913
Bryant, R.H. 1990. Physical Geography. Rupa and Co.
Christopherson, R.W. 2010: Elemental Geosystems. Prentice Hall

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Christine Phelan, Nick, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Laura Damon, Andrei Krishkevich, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Brian Thomas Gossett, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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#CrashCourse #Geography

In which John Green teaches you about the poetry of Langston Hughes. Langston Hughes was a poet and playwright in the first half of the 20th century, and he was involved in the Harlem Renaissance, which was a cultural movement among African Americans of the time that produced all kinds of great works in literature, poetry, painting, sculpture, music, and other areas. The Harlem Renaissance mainly happened in Harlem, the traditionally black neighborhood in upper Manhattan in New York City. Langston Hughes was primarily known as a poet, but he was involved deeply in the movement itself as well. John will teach you a bit about Hughes's background, and he'll examine a few of his best-known poems.

Learn more about Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance in Episode #26 of Crash Course Black American History: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKaegbtcE00

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly​ or at your local bookseller.

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Population ecology is the study of groups within a species that interact mostly with each other, and it examines how they live together in one geographic area to understand why these populations are different in one time and place than they are in another. How is that in any way useful to anyone ever? Hank uses the example of the West Nile virus outbreak in Texas to show you in this episode of Crash Course: Ecology.

Table of Contents
1) Density & Dispersion 02:03
2) Population Growth 03:07
3) Limiting Factors 03:45
a) Density Dependent 06:16
b) Density Independent 07:11
4) Exponential & Logistical Growth 08:04
5) How to Calculate Growth Rate 09:33

References:
http://www.latimes.com/news/na....tion/nationnow/la-na
http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/id....cu/disease/arboviral
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito
http://www.nature.com/scitable..../knowledge/library/p
Campbell Biology 9th ed.

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