In English, we have 5 (well, sometimes 6) vowel letters, but way more vowel sounds. That’s where the IPA can help us! In this episode of Crash Course Linguistics, we’ll learn about vowels, those sounds you can sing with your mouth open, and how we can represent them clearly using the IPA.

Want even more linguistics? Check out the Lingthusiasm podcast, hosted by the writers of Crash Course Linguistics: https://lingthusiasm.com/

***
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How would you measure a personality? What, exactly, is the self? Well, as you've come to expect, it's not that easy to nail down an answer to those questions. Whether you're into blood, bile, earth, wind, fire, or those Buzzfeed questionnaires, there are LOTS of ways to get at who we are and why.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Personality Types 00:00
Trait Theory of Personality 1:35
The Big 5: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, & Extraversion 3:15
Social Cognitive Perspective of Personality 4:46
Internal vs. External Locus of Control 5:54
Testing & Measuring Personality 6:15
Thematic Apperception Test 6:51
Personality Trait Inventories 7:31
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 8:05
Social Cognitive Personality Assessments 8:24
Humanistic Self-Concept Evaluations 9:01
Who or what is the self? 9:22
Review & Credits 10:17
--
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Today we’re going to talk about two types of cyclones: mid-latitude cyclones and tropical cyclones. Mid-latitude cyclones are huge weather systems that bring day-to-day weather in the mid-latitudes. They're the reason the weather is often unpredictable. We'll focus on the Northern Hemisphere and how these cyclones form along the polar front. Then, we'll shift to tropical cyclones also called hurricanes or typhoons - those smaller spinning vortices of air usually originating in the tropics that can cause widespread damage to coastal communities. We'll talk about the Bhola cyclone, which as of 2021 is the deadliest tropical cyclone in history, and we'll take a closer look at the Sundarbans in the low-lying coastal areas of Bangladesh and India to see how mangroves play a crucial role as a natural ecological barrier to these storms.

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#CrashCourse #Geography #Cyclones

Metabolism is a complex process that has a lot more going on than personal trainers and commercials might have you believe. Today we are exploring some of its key parts, including vital nutrients -- such as water, vitamins, minerals, carbs, fats, and proteins -- as well as how anabolic reactions build structures and require energy, while catabolic reactions tear things apart and release energy.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

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--

Chapters:
Introduction: Metabolism 00:00
Metabolism, Anabolism, & Catabolism 2:30
Essential Nutrients: Water, Vitamins, Minerals 3:47
Carbohydrates 4:44
Lipids 5:53
Proteins 7:15
Review 9:22
Credits 9:57

***

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Mark , Elliot Beter, Moritz Schmidt, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Jacob Ash, Jessica Wode, Today I Found Out, Christy Huddleston, James Craver, Chris Peters, SR Foxley, Steve Marshall, Simun Niclasen, Eric Kitchen, Robert Kunz, Avi Yashchin, Jason A Saslow, Jan Schmid, Daniel Baulig, Christian , Anna-Ester Volozh

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Adriene and Jacob teach you all about markets. So, in free market(ish) economies like the United States and most of the world, markets are a big deal. Markets work to produce the stuff that consumers want, and that society needs. Today we'll talk about productive and allocative efficiency, skinny jeans, price signals, and more in this information-dense installment of Crash Course.

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Even though you probably don't choose to spend a lot of time thinking about it, your pee is kind of a big deal. Today we're talking about the anatomy of your urinary system, and how your kidneys filter metabolic waste and balance salt and water concentrations in the blood. We'll cover how nephrons use glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion to reabsorb water and nutrients back into the blood, and make urine with the leftovers.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

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Chapters:
Introduction: Urinary System 00:00
What Do Kidneys Do? 1:25
Urinary System Structure 3:02
Nephrons 4:13
Glomerular Filtration 4:37
Tubular Reabsorption 5:14
Tubular Secretion 8:17
Urine 8:40
Review 9:10

***

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Today Hank kicks off our look around MISSION CONTROL: the nervous system.

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Chapters:
Introduction: Hank's Morning Routine 00:00
Nervous System Functions: Sensory Input, Integration, and Motor Output 1:17
Organization of Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems 2:16
Neurons & Glial Cells 3:42
Central Nervous System Glial Cells: Astrocytes, Microglial, Ependymal, and Oligodendrocytes 4:17
Peripheral Nervous System Glial Cells: Satellite and Schwann 4:56
Cool Neuron Facts! 5:15
Neuron Structure 6:20
Classifying Neuron Structures: Multipolar, Bipolar, and Unipolar 7:00
Classifying Neuron Functionality: Sensory (Afferent), Motor (Efferent), Interneurons (Association) 7:47
Review 9:42
Credits 10:14

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I'm sure you've heard of Isaac Newton and maybe of some of his laws. Like, that thing about "equal and opposite reactions" and such. But what do his laws mean? And how do they help us understand the world around us? In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini talks to us about just that.

***
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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This week Hank introduces skepticism, exploring everything from the nature of reality through the eyes of a 17th century philosopher and, of course, The Matrix.

--

PBS Digital Studios wants to get to know you better! If you have 10 minutes, we'd really appreciate it AND you'll be entered for a chance to win a t-shirt! https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/pbsds2016

--

Images and video via VideoBlocks or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons by 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

"The Matrix" stills copyright 1999 Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc.

“Crowd with Violin Playing” by Freesound user alukahn: http://freesound.org/people/alukahn/sounds/144139/


--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

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This week on Crash Course Theater, Mike is acting like theater started in Greece. Well, for the western theater, this is true. The earliest recorded drama in the west arose in Athen, and these early plays grew out or religious ritual. Namely, they evolved from the worship of Dionysus, god of wine, fertility, and RITUAL MADNESS. That's right. I said RITUAL MADNESS

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Anatomy & Physiology continues with a look at your biggest organ - your skin.

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Chapters:
Introduction: All About Skin 00:00
Skin Layers: Epidermis, Dermis, & Hypodermis 1:30
Types of Epidermal Cells: Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans Cells, and Merkel Cells 2:15
Layers of Skin: Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, and Stratum Basale 4:15
Layers of the Dermis: Papillary, Reticular, and Hypodermis 6:59
Review 8:48
Credits 9:18

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Next stop in our tour of your sensory systems? VISION. With a little help from an optical illusion, we take a look inside your eyes to try to figure out how your sense of vision works -- and how it can be tricked.

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Chapters:
Introduction: Optical Illusions 00:00
How Does Light Work? 1:31
Structure of the Eye 2:31
Layers of the Eye: Fibrous, Vascular, and Inner Layers 3:33
The Retina 4:56
Rods and Cones 6:07
How do Optical Illusions Work? 7:15
Review 8:33
Credits 9:14

***
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***
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Slavery was inherently cruel and unjust, and it was cruel and unjust to different people in different ways. Today, Clint Smith teaches you about the experience of enslaved women, and how their experience of slavery was different than men. Women had a unique vantage point to understand slavery, and were particularly vulnerable to some terrible abuses under the institution.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

SOURCES
- Samuel H. Williamson & Louis Cain, "Measuring Slavery in 2016 dollars," MeasuringWorth, 2020.
-"A Prelude to War: The 1850s." African American Lives: The Struggle for Freedom, by Clayborne Carson et al., Pearson Longman, 2005, pp. 221-222.
-Modern History Sourcebook: Sojourner Truth: "Ain't I a Woman?", December 1851
-Quoted in Deborah Gray White, Ar' n't I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South, rev. ed. (New York: Norton, 1999), 102.

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#crashcourse #history #blackhistory

Today we conclude our unit on Philosophy of Religion and Hank gets a little help from Indiana Jones to explain religious pragmatism and Pascal’s Wager, fideism, and Kierkegaard’s leap to faith.

--

“Indiana Jones” © Copyright Walt Disney Studios
All other images and video via VideoBlocks or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Hank calls in a friend to do his push-ups for him today to explain how skeletal muscles work together to create and reverse movements. Hank and Claire also demonstrate the role size plays in motor units, the three-phase cycle of muscle twitches, and how the strength and frequency of an impulse affect the strength and duration of a contraction. This episode also explains twitch summation, tetanus, and isotonic vs. isometric movements.

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Chapters:
Introduction: Heavy Lifting 00:00
How Muscles Push & Pull 1:13
Functional Muscle Groups: Prime Movers, Antagonists, and Synergists 2:27
Motor Units 3:49
3 Phases of Muscle Twitches: Latent, Contraction, Relaxation 4:41
Graded Muscle Responses 5:22
Temporal Summation vs Tetanus 6:19
Multiple Motor Unit Summation (Recruitment) 7:07
The Size Principle of Recruitment 7:52
Isotonic vs Isometric Movements 8:50
Review 9:28
Credits 9:59


***

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***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***

TO: Ariela
FROM: Gavi

I love you so much, stay awesome as always!

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TO: Josiah P.
FROM: Amy P.

I love you!

***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***

Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:

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In this episode, Hank welcomes you to the new age, to the new age, welcome to the new age. Here he'll talk about transmutation among elements, isotopes, calculating half-life, radioactive decay, and spontaneous fission.

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--
Table of Contents

Radioactivity
Transmutation Among Elements and Isotopes
Calculating Half-Life
Radioactive Decay
Spontaneous Fission
--

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Empire, imperialism, and colonialism are all interrelated tactics of geopolitics that are used to achieve similar goals of one state maintaining economic, political, or even cultural dominance over other territories. Today, we’re going to unravel the impacts of colonialism at different times throughout history from Taiwan to Myanmar as we examine the longstanding impacts of these relationships. We’ll also take a look at how some countries today, like Thailand, have taken the control of the narrative through culinary colonization.

SOURCES

General:
Getis, Bjelland, and Getis. Introduction to Geography, 15 ed. McGraw-Hill Education. 2017. ISBN: 978-1-259-57000-1

Gregory, Derek, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, and Sarah Whatmore, eds. 2009. The Dictionary of Human Geography. 5th ed. Willey-Blackwell. ISBN: 978-1-4051-3288-6

For a free and open source option for Intro to Human Geography, see: https://humangeography.pressbooks.com/

For a free and open source option for World Regional Geography, see: https://worldgeography.pressbo....oks.com/front-matter

Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam: 2020 edition.  The Princeton Review.

Taiwan: 
http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/7376/402.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/16493/
https://www.brookings.edu/rese....arch/taiwans-economi
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-....factbook/countries/t
https://eh.net/encyclopedia/th....e-economic-history-o
https://journals.openedition.o....rg/chinaperspectives

Condensed history of Asian Empire:
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/....main_pop/kpct/kp_190

Mongolia:
https://www.nationalgeographic.....com/culture/article
https://geohistory.today/mongo....l-empire-effects-rus

Myanmar:
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-....factbook/countries/b
https://www.bbc.com/news/world....-asia-pacific-129928
https://www.newmandala.org/col....onialism-and-ethnic-
https://newint.org/features/2008/04/18/history/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Myanmar

Thailand
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-....factbook/countries/t
https://arrow.tudublin.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140&context=dgs

Qing Dynasty
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty

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Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie, Jaime Willis, Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Caleb Weeks
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#CrashCourse #Geography #Colonization

What is an underground economy? Whether you call it a black market, a grey market, or just the shop down the street, its about connecting people with goods outside of official channels. Some stuff happens in the underground economy because it's illegal, but a lot of the money that moves around this way is exchanged for pretty mundane goods and services. We'll talk about how these things work, and the awesome ways that economists figure out where all that money is.

In the penultimate episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank explains your adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system's humoral response guards extracellular terrain against pathogens. Hank also explains B cells, antibodies, and how vaccines work.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Chapters:
Introduction: Adaptive Immune Responses 00:00
How B Cells Identify Antigens 2:14
B Cells Become Effector Cells & Memory Cells 4:05
How Antibodies Fight Antigens 5:22
Active and Passive Humoral Immunity 6:03
How Vaccines Work 6:27
Review 8:30

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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

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Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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How did we get here? Well, in terms of Atomic Chemistry, Hank takes us on a tour of the folks that were part of the long chain of other folks who helped us get to these deeper understandings of the world. From Leucippus to Heisenberg to you - yes, YOU - the story of Atomic Chemistry is all wibbly-wobbly... and amazing.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

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Table of Contents

Leucippus, Democritus & Atomic Theory 0:09
Discharge Tubes 1:52
Ernest Rutherford & The Nucleus 4:22
Chemistry = Math 7:22
Niels Bohr Model 5:32
Heisenburg & Quantum Theory 6:35
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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