In this video, I describe the four stages of mitosis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
During metaphase, the sister chromatids align in the middle of the cell.
However for this to happen a couple of things had to happen during prophase
During prophase, the chromatin condensed into x shaped chromosomes.
Each half of the x is a sister chromatin with identical copies of the DNA
In other words, a sister chromatin is 'one-half' of the duplicated chromosome.
The two sides of the x shaped chromosome is attached at the centromere.
Centromeres are the regions of DNA where the sister chromatids are most tightly connected.
During anaphase, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
The chromosomes move away from each other during the phase of mitosis called anaphase.
Finally, in telophase, the nuclear membrane reappears and the cell pinches in the middle.

What happens in the mitochondria?
In this video I would like to talk about what happens in the mitochondria.
The mitochondria is often called in school the powerhouse of the cell. It is a structure in the cell that generates ATP which is converted into energy. Think of the mitochondria as the charging station for your cell phone. Without any power your cell phone is not very helpful.

A mitochondria looks almost like a small cell inside a cell. It has ribosomes and dna. It has the ability to duplicate.
The mitochondria has two layers, an inner membrane and an outer membrane, the matrix, and the intermembrane space.

Cellular respiration requires sugar and oxygen in order to create ATP

First, the sugar in the form of glucose is converted into two pyruvates in a process called glycolysis This occurs outside the mitochondria and produces 2 ATP

The pyruvate which earlier was sugar travels into the mitochondria and more specifically the matrix.
At this location the pyruvate helps power the krebs cycle
During this process carbon dioxide is given off and NADH and FADH2 are formed and 2 molecules of ATP

Now we move to the step in which oxygen is used.Inside the inner wall are protein pumps.
NADH and FADH2 provide energy for these pumps and hydrogen ions flow back and forth through the protein pumps and generate 34 ATP.
This is called the electron transport chain.

The waste products from powering the electron transport chain protein pumps combine with oxygen to produce water molecules.
Take a journeyto the cell
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QS274gwv_Sc
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Take a journey into a cell and learn about the cell organelles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sgSJ44hOEg

A concave mirror curves inward in the center. In this video, I use a laser to demonstrate ray of incidence, the ray of reflection,focal point,center of curvature, and the vertex

The Equinox is the date in which the day and night are equal. The Solstice is the longest day of the year? Because the Earth is tilted at a 23.5 degrees angle and also rotates and revolves around the earth the length of the day varies though out the year
During each equinox, both hemispheres receive almost equal amounts of sunlight
12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of nighttime.
Questions answered in this video?
What are the dates of the vernal equinox and the autumn equinox?
What are the dates of the summer solstice and the winter solstice?
What is the equilux?
When is the shortest day of the year?
When is the longest day of the year?

Have you ever wondered how you catch a cold? I discuss 5 ways microorganisms spread.
These include direct contact, indirect contact, airborne, oral route, insects and pests.

Learn how to create a stem and leaf plot. A stem and leaf plot is another method for organizing data so you can see patterns.
Draw the Stem and Leaf Chart
Identify the Stem
Sort your data and divide the numbers into a stem and a leaf
Provide a key

Mountain and Valley Breezes occur when the slopes of the mountain and the valley heat up and cool off at different rates. Valley breezes occur during the day and mountain breezes occur at night.

What happens during metaphase?
In this video, I would like to talk about the stage of mitosis called metaphase.
Mitosis consists of four stages and I always remember mitosis using PMAT
For Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
During metaphase the sister chromatids align in the middle of the cell.

However for this to happen a couple of things need to happen during prophase
During prophase the chromatin condenses into x shaped chromosomes.
Each half of the x is a sister chromatid and identical copies of the DNA
The two sides of the x shaped chromosome are attached at the centromere.

During metaphase spindle fibers appear These fibers create something called the spindle apparatus.
It consists of spindle fibers, centrioles, and another fiber called aster fibers
In plants, the centrioles are missing.
These spindle apparatus move to the poles of the cell.
The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatids at the kinetochore.
After the spindle fiber is attached at the kinetochore the sister chromatid is pulled along the spindle apparatus and eventually end up in the middle of the cell.

Metaphase is the shortest stage of mitosis but is important because it helps ensure that new cells have correct copies of the chromosomes.
Take a journey to the cell
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QS274gwv_Sc

Learn the basics of Lichen and Moss. In many places on Earth, you will find Lichen and Moss living beside each other. Although they may look similar they are very different. Lichen are actually a symbiotic relationship between fungi and cyanobacteria. Moss are nonvascular plants.

Learn how to easily memorize the global winds.
Polar easterlies, westerlies, and trade winds.
Memorize the location, name, and direction that that flow.
Includes the tropical easterlies.
Use the mnemonic device Every wind together in order to help remember the global winds.

This video on Global Winds may help
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oCdqGkn-B1E

When telling time there are different ways you can tell someone what time it is.
For example, when the small hand is on the three and the large hand is on the five could be called 3:05 o five past three.
In this video, I go over common phrases used when telling time.

Diffraction is the bending of light as it passes around the edge of an object or through a slit.
Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different.
When a wave passes through a slit it spreads out in waves as it passes through the slit.

Learn about the arctic and alpine tundra.
The tundra is a very cold and dry biome.The arctic tundra is found in North America, Asia, and Europe and circles the arctic ocean and stretches southward down to the taiga.The alpine tundra occurs at any latitude and is found at high elevations of 10,000 feet and
above.
The alpine tundra is found above the tree line and does not have any trees
Because of the high elevation, the alpine tundra has a climate and rainfall similar to the arctic tundra.

Let’s take a look at the difference between specular reflection and diffuse reflection.
Specular reflection reflects all light that arrives from a given direction at the same angle, whereas diffuse reflection reflects light in many different directions.
I also review the law of reflection and the difference between the incident ray and reflective ray.

Picture of spheres
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Specular_reflection#

Transcript
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/....2020/07/specular-and

This video is about biomes of the world. I include great video and pictures of the following biomes, Desert, Rainforest, Taiga, Deciduous Forest, Grasslands, Savana and the Tundra.

0:24 Desert Biome This tundra can be hot or cold but what it has in common is the small amount of rainfall this biome receives.

3:46 Tropical Rainforest This biome is the complete opposite of the desert because of the amount of rainfall this biome receives.It has a very large diversity of plants and animals.

7:01 Taiga The taiga is cold and contains coniferous trees.

9:42 Deciduous forest This biome contains trees that drop their leaves.

11:50 Temperate Grassland The grassland has lots of grass and very few trees.

14:06 Savanna The savanna is home to very large animals like an elephant and giraffe.

16:19 Tundra The tundra is cold and is found near the arctic circle.

MooMooMath and Science upload a new Math and Science video every day.

You may also enjoy ....
Introduction to Biomes
https://youtu.be/cXo9YczQBo4

In this video I would like to talk about physical and chemical changes. Physical changes are changes in appearance only.
A new substance is not created and new chemical bonds are .not formed or broken.
For example, take this stack of paper, and wading it into smaller pieces is a physical change.It still has the same properties as the original paper.
Cutting someone's hair is a physical change.
The hair has the same properties as the original hair.
Phase changes are physical changes.
When ice goes to solid,liquid ,then a gas and back it is a physical change.
Most mixtures are a physical change.
Mixing salt and water is a physical change because you can separate it later.
Chemical changes on the other hand create a new substance.
It involves breaking or making new chemical bonds.
between atoms.
Chemical changes leave behind clues or indicators of a chemical change.
Here are 5 indicators of a chemical change.
First if you see burning or fire it is a chemical change.
A temperature change without heating or cooling is a chemical change.
An explosion is a chemical change. They are also pretty cool.
A change in color is a chemical change.
A change in odor is a chemical change and anytime you have bubbles of fizzing you have a chemical change.
Thanks for watching physical and chemical changes,, MooMooMath and Science uploads a new Math and Science video everyday.

Updated video Physical and Chemical Changes
https://youtu.be/W5tifZPNo_Y

More on Physical and Chemical Changes
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/....2017/03/physical-and

Physical and Chemical Properties
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/....2023/01/physical-and

What is a chemical Reaction?
https://moomoomath.com/what-is....-a-chemical-reaction

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Please watch: "Study Skills Teacher's Secret Guide to your Best Grades"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3bsg8gaSbw
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For more Life Science videos and summaries see,
http://www.moomoomath.com/Midd....le-School-Science-an

Confused about Science variables? In this video, I use 5 experiments in order to help you gain an understanding of Science variables. For example, which car cooler is the coolest temperature in the summer. The different colors are your independent variable and what you are measuring which is temperature is your dependent variable. Your control variables would be same location, measuring the temperature the same way.
Does eating bananas lower your blood pressure? What would be your variables in this experiment?

An outlier is a number in a data set that is much smaller or larger than the other numbers in the data set.

Transcript
Welcome to MooMooMath where we upload a new Math video everyday. In this video I would like to talk about what an outliers and how the affect measure of center.
An OUTLIER is when one data value is much greater
or much less than the rest of the data values in the
set.
An OUTLIER may affect a measure of center.
Determine how the outlier affects the median and the mean in the
following quiz scores.
55, 88, 90, 93, 94
Indentify the outlier yes it is 55
Next Find the median
Determine how the outlier affects the median by finding the median WITHOUT the outlier included.
MEDIAN = WITHOUT THE OUTLIER
Is as follows.
Did the median change? By how much? 1.5
Next, Calculate the mean
Determine how the outlier affects the mean by finding the mean
WITHOUT the outlier included.
MEAN = WITHOUT THE OUTLIER
Did the mean change? yes By how much? 7.25
Which measure of center changed MORE with the outlier?
The mean
WHEN THERE IS AN OUTLIER, IT IS BEST TO USE THE
MEDIAN
No outlier use mean when finding the measure of center
of comparing the measure of center
Thanks for watching MooMooMath uploads a new Math video everyday

|what is an outlier in math | what does outlier mean in math|

For more middle school videos see..
http://www.moomoomath.com/middle-school-math.html

-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Please watch: "Study Skills Teacher's Secret Guide to your Best Grades"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3bsg8gaSbw
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Cenozoic EraIn this video I would like to talk about the Cenozoic era on the geologic time scale.
The Cenozoic era is the most recent era and is part of the Phanerozoic Eon along with the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
The Cenozoic era lasted roughly 65 million years.
The Cenozoic era is most often described as the “ age of mammals” but could also be called the
“Age of flowering plants” or the age of insects.
Let’s hit several highlights of this era
Although the first mammals appear in the Mesozoic era they begin to thrive during the Cenozoic era and spread throughout the world.
Birds become more diverse and becoming more diverse.
In addition flowering plants also begin to thrive and spread to all corners of the Earth
Along with insects.
Apes and Humans also appear
During this era, the Earth is cooler and ice ages occur and the formation of glaciers.
In addition, the continents have moved into their modern location and several mountain ranges including the Alps, Himalayas, and the Rocky mountains

In this video I cover different types of graphs and when they should be used.
For example, a bar graph is best or putting numbers in categories..

A Circle Graph is best to show different parts of the whole.
A Double bar Graph
can be used when you have two or more sets of data.
A Box Whiskers Plot is great to measures of variation
A histogram can show the frequency of data divided into intervals
A line Graph can graph change over time.
A line Plot can be used to show the frequency data on a number line

Video Guide
00:00 Introduction to types of graphs
1:01 When to use a Bar Graph
1:14 Line Graph can show data over time
1:26 A Circle graph shows parts of a whole.
1:43 Double bar graph is used to compare objects
2:03 When to use a histogram.
2:28 When to use a box and whiskers plot. It is helpful to show variation.
2:48 When to use a line plot.