The American Nuclear Society, in conjunction with Discovery Education, created a new K-12 STEM education program that started in middle schools across the nation in the fall of 2018. Be sure to check out www.NavigatingNuclear.com and watch the virtual field trip to Palo Verde starting Monday, October 15, 2018.

Navigating Nuclear: Energizing Our World fills a void for exciting, fact-based resources that explore nuclear process and the most current technologies that use them. Created by the American Nuclear Society, Discovery Education, and the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy, Navigating Nuclear makes the complex nuclear world easier to understand in addition to making nuclear education for K-12 students inspiring—and fun!

For more information, visit https://www.ans.org/nuclear/navigatingnuclear/

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Nuclear Fusion | Fusion energy explained with Hydrogen atom example | Physics animation video

In this video we will understand how to or more nucleons merge or fuse together to create something more powerful and meaningful.
Let us first understand the meaning of the word NUCLEAR FUSION, Nuclear meaning the process which involves Nucleus and Fusion in English means two or more entities coming together or merging together to form one single entity.
So, nuclear fusion can be simply defined as the fusion or Combination of Nuclei. Scientifically, Nuclear Fusion can be defined as a nuclear reaction, in which lighter nuclei are combined together to form heavier product nuclei with the release of enormous amount of energy.
Lighter Nuclei such as Lithium and Helium when combined together form a Heavier Nucleus. The mass of heavier nucleus is less than the initial reacting nuclei. The word 'heavier' here is phrased in terms of energy released, which is usually enormous, rather than mass. Therefore the law of conservation of energy is satisfied.
Consider the example of two hydrogen nuclei combining to form a deuterium.
The chemical equation for this reaction is1 1H + 1 1H → 2 1H + 0 +1e + 00 v.
Here, one Hydrogen atom combines with another Hydrogen atom giving Deuterium, one Positron and one Neutrino. This Deuterium in turn combines with another Hydrogen nucleus to form a Helium isotope.
That is, 21H + 1 1H → 3 2He(Helium Isotope)
If two such Helium isotopes are fused together, formation of heavier helium takes place.
In other words, 3 2He + 3 2He → 4 2He + 21 1H
These 3steps of nuclear process, where four protons are fused together to form a heavier 4 2He nucleus and enormous amount of energy is a nuclear fusion reaction.
The chemical equation for this nuclear fusion is:
41 1H → 4 2He + 2 0+1e + 2 00v + Q which is the Energy emitted in the Fusion reaction.
(4 protons when fused together give rise to 2 heavier nucleus, 2 positrons, 2 neutrinos and enormous energy.)
But how is this enormous amount of energy being liberated from such a seemingly simple nuclear reaction. To understand this, let us first calculate the loss of mass in the process.
The starting mass is that of four protons, that is 4 X 1.0078 = 4.0312amu, but the final mass of Helium nucleus is 2me= 4.001506amu.
Therefore the loss of mass is 4.0312 - 4.001506 = 0.0297 amu.
This is equivalent to an energy given by Q = (0.0297amu) X 931,5 Mev/amu =27.67 Mev.
Wow......That is a significant energy release coming from the fusion of 4 protons.
However, in spite of such substantial amounts of energy being released in nuclear fusion reactions, there are no full-time nuclear reactors built so far for fusion reaction as it is very hard to control such enormous energy released.

Disciplinary Core Idea PS1C - Nuclear Processes

Paul Andersen explains three major nuclear processes; fusion, fission, and decay. He begins with a brief discussion of the four fundamental forces in nature. He the explains how nuclei can be combined in fusion, divided through fission, and changed through radioactive decay. A discussion of the teaching progression K-12 is also included.


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Evans, NASA Photo taken by either Harrison Schmitt or Ron. Deutsch: „Blue Marble", Die Während Des Fluges Von Apollo 17 Zum Mond Am 7. Dezember 1972 Entstandene Fotoaufnahme Von Der Erde (in Der Zur Besseren Wiedererkennbarkeit Um 180 Grad Gedrehten Version)., December 7, 1972. Smaller version: ftp://nssdcftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/miscellaneous/planetary/apollo/a17_h_148_22727.tiff as linked and thumbnailed by http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/img....cat/midres/a17_h_148 on http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/img....cat/html/object_page and converted to JPEG and uploaded by Ed g2s 22:41, 29 December 2004 (UTC) Larger version: http://www.nasa.gov/images/con....tent/115334main_imag as converted to JPEG and published by NASA using Adobe Photoshop CS Windows 13:09, 13 May 2005 and uploaded by Tom 02:25, 31 July 2005 (UTC) Higher-resolution but uglier image: apollo17_earth.tiff as contained by ftp://nssdcftp.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/hi-res/planetary/earth/apollo17_earth.tiff.gz and converted to JPEG with 100% quality using Paint.NET v3.5.5 by Jeff G. 06:15, 17 October 2010 (UTC) Higher-resolution image for review: as17_148_22727.jpg received in an email dated Mon, 18 Oct 2010 12:18:10 -0400 from one of the NASA Catalog of Spaceborne Imaging Curators with the text "This is the highest res I have. The original was a photographic 70mm color positive which is part of a group that is being scanned at much higher resolution." This image or video was catalogued by Johnson Space Center of the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under Photo ID: AS17-148-22727. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. Català | Česky | Deutsch | English | Español | فارسی | Français | Galego | Magyar | Հայերեն | Bahasa Indonesia | Italiano | Македонски | മലയാളം | Polski | Português | Русский | Türkçe | 中文 | 中文（简体）‎ | +/−. http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:The_Blue_Ma
"File:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, March 23, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg&oldid=488928945.
"File:Deuterium-tritium Fusion.svg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed March 23, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:Deuterium-tritiu
"File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed March 23, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:GodfreyKneller-I
"File:Keplers Supernova.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, March 17, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Keplers_supernova.jpg&oldid=339667962.
"File:Nagasakibomb.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, March 23, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nagasakibomb.jpg&oldid=506130783.
"File:Starsinthesky.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, March 12, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Starsinthesky.jpg&oldid=479082988.
"File:The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100819.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed March 23, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:The_Sun_by_the_A

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NUCLEAR FISSION: In our earlier session, we have learnt about nuclear process.Now let us learn about chain reaction in the nuclear process.A nuclear process in which a heavy nucleus, when bombarded with neutrons split into two nuclei of nearly equal mass along with release of enormous amount of energy is called as nuclear fission.In the above said process, every neutron can cause fission but along with the fission, it also releases 3 more neutrons on every fission reaction.Every neutron that is released can cause another fission reaction.Thus the three neutrons released in turn releases 9 neutrons.In the similar way, reaction continues and neutrons are built up in geometric progression and fission occurs till total uranium gets exhausted in a chain manner.This process is called as chain reaction and these reactions are called as Self-sustained series of fissions.The chain reaction: is a series of nuclear fissions whereby the neutrons produced in each fission cause additional fissions.There are two stages of chain reactions are there.Uncontrolled Chain reaction. Controlled Chain reaction. Uncontrolled chain reaction:In the chain reaction, there is no control on the number of fissions taking place and such reactions are called uncontrolled chain reaction.In this chain reaction more than one of the neutrons produced in a particular fission cause further fissions. So that the number of fissions increases very rapidly. Therefore an enormous amount of energy is released within a few millionths of a second and is released as a violent explosion. An average energy of about 200MeV Mega electron volts would be release per fission.Thus, an uncontrolled chain reaction can generate an incredible amount of energy within a very short time.This is actually what happens in an 'Atom Bomb'.Controlled chain-reaction:

Dr. Baranwal will address four key points about the (1) range of issues facing the existing fleet of nuclear power plants; (2) barriers and opportunities for the deployment and construction of advanced reactors, including small modular reactor designs enabled by the DOE’s Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program; (3) challenges and opportunities in the critical fuel cycle infrastructure; and (4) challenges and opportunities for global competitiveness of U.S. nuclear technology.

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Dr. Rita Baranwal serves as the Assistant Secretary for the Office of Nuclear Energy in the U.S. Department of Energy. Prior to her current role, Dr. Baranwal directed the Gateway for Accelerated Innovation in Nuclear (GAIN) initiative at Idaho National Laboratory.

Dr. Baranwal is a Fellow of the American Nuclear Society. She has a bachelor’s degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in materials science and engineering and a master’s degree and Ph.D. in the same discipline from the University of Michigan.

How does a nuclear reactor provide energy? What causes a nuclear meltdown? And how do we make this safe?

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Nuclear power plants obtain the heat needed to produce steam through a physical process. This process, called fission, entails the splitting of atoms of uranium in a nuclear reactor. The uranium fuel consists of small, hard ceramic pellets that are packaged into long, vertical tubes.

Nuclei | Nuclear Reactor | Class 12 Physics | Learn with K12Aspire

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A boiling water reactor uses 235U, enriched as uranium dioxide, as its fuel. The fuel is assembled into rods housed in a steel vessel that is submerged in water. The nuclear fission causes the water to boil, generating steam.

In a nuclear power reactor, the energy released is used as heat to make steam to generate electricity. (In a research reactor the main purpose is to utilise the actual neutrons produced in the core. In most naval reactors, steam drives a turbine directly for propulsion.)

A lot of people talk about it, but what is it anyway?
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"What does the future of nuclear science look like?" Find out from Sarah Don, a graduate student in Nuclear Science and Engineering and a senior operator at the MIT Nuclear Reactor. (http://web.mit.edu/nrl/www/)
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Will, Sam, and Sam (aka the Yellow Cake Boys), graduate students in nuclear engineering and management at MIT, talk about the basics and misconceptions of nuclear energy.

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This webinar was sponsored by the American Nuclear Society (ANS), the Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) Nuclear Innovation: Clean Energy Future (NICE Future) initiative, the CEM Clean Energy Education and Empowerment (C3E) initiative and the International Youth Nuclear Congress (IYNC). The webinar presented new ways experts are growing the next generation of young minds with innovative approaches to STEM education. Starting with a discussion of successful new programs in the United States, the webinar previewed upcoming webinars in the series focusing on other countries.

Did you know that a nuclear reactor isn't the same thing as a nuclear power plant? What a nuclear reactor can do might surprise you.
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Los Alamos National Lab (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4QhJEX6DiQ)

Reactor fuel image from Neutron Radiography of Irradiated Nuclear Fuel at Idaho National Laboratory (https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/

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Nuclear Reactor - Understanding how it works | Physics Elearnin video


Nuclear reactors are the modern day devices extensively used for power generation as the traditional fossil fuels, like coal, are at the breach of extinction. A nuclear reactor is the source of intense heat which is in turn used for generation of power in nuclear power station. Its mechanism is similar to that of a furnace in a steam generator; the steam is used to drive the turbines of the electric generator system.
A nuclear reactor consists of three crucial components: Fuel elements, moderator and control rods.
Fuel elements come usually in the shape of thin rods of about 1cm in diameter and contain fissionable nuclei, like Uranium (235 92U or 238 92U). These rods vary in number according to the size of the reactor, in large power reactor thousands of fuel elements are placed close to each other. This region where these fuel elements are placed is called the reactor core. These fuel elements are normally immersed in water which acts as a moderator.
The objective of a moderator is to slow down the energy neutrons in a nuclear reactor which are produced during the nuclear fission process by the fuel elements. Thermal neutrons, which are neutrons with energy of about 0.04 electron volts, are capable of producing fission reaction with 235 92U. During the fission reaction process, new neutrons are given out which have energies of about 1 MeV. These neutrons of typically escape from participating in another fission process as they are accompanied by enormous energy release. In f -ct, the probability of these neutrons produce another fission reaction is 500 times less than as compared to that of a thermal neutron. This is where moderator is extremely useful. Moderator has the capability to slow down, or in other words moderate, the speed of these high-energy neutrons, so that they can in turn be used for a chain reaction to trigger multiple fission reactions of other 235 92U nucleus.
Commonly, ordinary or heavy water is used as moderator in nuclear reactors because of the deuterons present in them which are capable of slowing the neutron speed. Water molecules in the moderator are useful in slowing down the high-energy neutrons which leave the fuel-element after nuclear fission. These high-energy neutrons collide with water molecules thereby losing out on some energy with every collision and therefore slow down substantially. A new fission reaction can now be triggered using this slow neutron by striking it with the fuel element.
The third and of the most prominent part of a nuclear reactor are the control rods. In order to get a steady output of energy from the nuclear reactor, every single nuclear fission reaction should trigger another fission reaction and ensure the availability of a spare neutron released to trigger the chain reaction. By controlling the number of spare neutrons available at any given time, the rate of the nuclear fission chain reaction can be controlled. This control on the fission reaction can be maintained using the control rods.
The main function of the control rods is to absorb any excess or spare neutron in the moderator in order to prevent any further fission reaction. Usually such control rods are made of Boron or Cadmium. To increase the rate of fission reactions, these rods can be removed from the moderator. A steady output of energy can be thus maintained by inserting or removing the control rods in the nuclear reactor.
Now that we know the components of a nuclear reactor, let us understand the working of a nuclear reactor. It is usually enclosed in a shield made of thick concrete walls. It consists of a reactor core, pump and heat exchanger. The reactor core and pump are in placed in contact with the water, which is usually the heat exchanger used in reactors. Due to the enormous amount of heat released dusing nuclear fission reaction, this surrounding water gets heated up and changes to steam, which is in turn used to turn the turbines. Thus huge heat energy gets converted into electrical energy. Water is continuously flown in and out of the nuclear reactor using the pump.
Thus a nuclear reactor successfully generates nuclear energy from fission reaction.