In which John Green teaches you about what is often called the Reagan Era. Mainly, it covers the eight years during which a former actor who had also been governor of the state of California was president of the United States. John will teach you about Reagan's election victory over the hapless Jimmy Carter, tax cuts, Reagan's Economic Bill of Rights, union-busting, and the Iran-Contra among other things. Learn about Reagan's domestic and foreign policy initiatives, and even a little about Bonzo the Chimp.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Ronald Reagan signaled a shift to conservative values on the role of government, discussed in his "Time for Choosing" Speech: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/from-a-time-for-ch
America turned to President Reagan for comfort in times of tragedy, including following the Challenger Disaster: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/ronald-reagan-on-t

Chapters
Introduction: The Reagan Era 00:00
Reagan's Election in 1980 1:00
Reagan's Supporter Base 1:41
Reagan's Vision of "Freedom" 2:21
Lowered Tax Rates 4:00
Mystery Document 4:20
Supply-Side/Trickle-Down Economics 5:31
Government Spending in the Reagan Era 6:36
1980s Wall Street 7:20
Growing Economic Inequality 8:17
Reagan's Moderate Policies 8:59
Reagan & the End of the Cold War 9:49
The Iran Contra Affair 12:22
Credits 13:47

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Now that we’ve talked a little bit about how sociology works, it’s time to start exploring some of the ideas of the discipline’s founders. First up: Émile Durkheim. We’ll explain the concept of social facts and how Durkheim framed sociology as a science. We’ll introduce the idea of common consciousness and how Durkheim believed it binds society together. We’ll also talk about Durkheim’s studies on suicide and how he applied his concepts to a specific social problem.

Crash Course is made with Adobe Creative Cloud. Get a free trial here: https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud.html

***

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--

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This week, we’re on to reading Ralph Ellison’s great novel about the black experience in America after World War II, Invisible Man. John will teach you about Ellison’s nameless narrator, and his attempts to find his way in a social order that dehumanizes him and renders him invisible at every turn. Ellison’s novel follows its hero from his childhood in the south to his many attempts to make sense of the world in New York City, and it takes him through, explosions, activism, and riots.

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--

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The Sound! The Fury! Today, we're talking about Shakespeare's Scottish play, Macbeth. So, was Macbeth really predestined to do all the murdering and bad kinging and other terrible stuff? That's the big question in Macbeth, and it's one of the ideas we're going to talk about today, among many. Also, Yoda joins us for the open letter.

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Today we’re going to talk about Bayes Theorem and Bayesian hypothesis testing. Bayesian methods like these are different from how we've been approaching statistics so far, because they allow us to update our beliefs as we gather new information - which is how we tend to think naturally about the world. And this can be a really powerful tool, since it allows us to incorporate both scientifically rigorous data AND our previous biases into our evolving opinions.

CORRECTION: At 2:09 the righthand side of the equation should not have P()'s, it should just be the raw numbers.

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This week, we're talking about theories of Myth. We'll look at the different ways mythology has been studied in the last couple of millenia, and talk about the diffeent ways people have interpreted myth, academically.

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In which John Green teaches you about Vikings! That's right, one of our most requested subjects, the Vikings, right here on Crash Course. So what's the deal with Vikings? Well, the stuff you've heard about them may not be true. The Vikings weren't just pagan raiders striking terror into the hearts of defenseless European Christendom. They were some of the greatest travelers of their time, and they weren't always traveling to steal. In a lot of cases, they were traveling to trade. John will teach you about Viking trade goods, Norse Mythology, and yes, there will be blood, guts, and dragons. OK?

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In which John Green teaches you about Kurt Vonnegut's most famous novel, Slaughterhouse-Five. Vonnegut wrote the book in the Vietnam era, and it closely mirrors his personal experiences in World War II, as long as you throw out the time travel and aliens and porn stars and stuff. Slaughterhouse-Five tells the story of Billy Pilgrim, a World War II veteran who was a prisoner of war, survived the Battle of the Bulge and the fire-bombing of Dresden, goes home after the war, and has trouble adapting to civilian life (this is the part that's like Vonnegut's own experience). Billy Pilgrim has flashbacks to the war that he interprets as being "unstuck in time." He believes he's been abducted by aliens, and pretty much loses it. You'll learn a little about Vonnegut's life, quite a bit about Dresden, and probably more than you'd like about barbershop quartets as a metaphor for post-traumatic stress.

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From the ancient Egyptian game of Senet to the Aztec’s Patolli, games have been played since the beginning of civilization. Today, your host Andre Meadows is going to take a look at a few of these games, including some that are actually still played today, and talk about how they’ve influenced our modern board and video games and why they have had such staying power.

***

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In which John Green teaches you about Hamlet, William Shakespeare's longest and most-performed play. People love Hamlet. The play that is, not necessarily the character. Hamlet is a Tragedy with a capital T (I guess I don't have to point that out since you can see clearly in the text that the T was capitalized). By Tragedy, I mean virtually everyone dies at the end. John will talk a little bit about the history of the play and the different versions of it that have appeared in the centuries since it was written. You'll also learn about some of the big themes in the play, get a brief plot overview, and the all-important connections between Prince Hamlet and Simba, the Lion King. Seriously though, The Lion King is totally just a Hamlet musical with animals instead of people.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly​ or at your local bookseller.

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Get Help: If you think you have an eating disorder, please contact http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/ for help!
***
In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank walks us through the troubling world of Eating and Body Dysmorphic disorders. There's a lot going on here and, even though we still have a lot of dots to connect, a lot we can learn to help ourselves and each other.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Eating Disorders 00:00
Eating Disorder Statistics 01:55
Anorexia Nervosa 2:39
Bulimia Nervosa 4:17
Binge-Eating Disorder 5:04
Causes of Eating Disorders 5:17
Social & Cultural Components of Eating Disorders 5:37
Body Dysmorphic Disorders 6:35
Eating Disorders & the Brain 8:03
Genetic, Familial, & Environmental Factors 8:34
Review & Credits 9:21
--
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Today we transition between units on language and aesthetics with a discussion of nonexistent and imaginary objects. Is it possible to make true assertions about things that aren’t real? We’ll explore Meinong’s Jungle and the concept of a universe of discourse.

--

House of Cards, Copyright ©2013 Netflix
Harry Potter, Copyright ©Warner Brothers
Hogwarts photo by Rob Young via WikiMedia Commons, CC BY 2.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Hogwarts_C

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

--

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As the New Hollywood gained steam in the late 70s and early 80s, another revenue stream opened its doors: home video. From Betamax to Laserdisc to Bluray to streaming services, home video revolutionized how we ingest movies. In this episode of Crash Course Film History, Craig gives us an overview of it all.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Want to know more about Craig?
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The Latest from PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

***

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Women have always played important roles in Native societies. In this episode of Crash Course Native American History, Lily Gladstone helps us unpack the ways Native women have shown up, as war heroes and peacemakers, and as matriarchs and activists.

Introduction: Divine Women 00:00
Matriarchal Societies 0:37
Native Women at War 2:01
Jikonsaseh 3:05
Ideas about Gender 4:48
Effects of Colonization 5:53
Violence Against Women Today 8:08
Native Activism 9:24
Review & Credits 12:42

Special thanks to "100 Years: One Woman's Fight for Justice" for use of their footage of Elouise Cobell / https://www.videoproject.org/100-Years.html

Sources:
https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/1g1BpQk_2qXtFeQ

Want to know more about how this series was made? Learn more here: https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/17yp3u28s40Tdjy

***
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For the next half of this series, we will be discussing Human Geography — so we’ll still be looking at the Earth, but specifically, how human activity affects and is influenced by the Earth. Naturally, we thought the best place to start was to discuss how we name things in the first place! As it turns out, a name carries so much history of a place but also represents the political power and evolving perception of that space. So today, we’re going to tell the story of the highest point in North America - a mountain known by many names including Mount McKinley and Denali.

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#CrashCourse #Geography #HumanGeography

*This video was published in 2015 and therefore does not reflect recent historical events, nor context about the ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine.*

In which John Green teaches you about the conflict in Israel and Palestine. This conflict is often cast as a long-term beef going back thousands of years, rooted in a clash between religions. Well, that's not quite true. What is true is that the conflict is immensely complicated, and just about everyone in the world has an opinion about it. John is going to try to get the facts across in under 13 minutes.

Note: We mispronounced the Arabic word "nakba" at 6:06. Sorry about that!

Citation 1: Arthur James Balfour, Balfour Declaration (letter to Baron Rothschild, leader of British Jewish community). 1917.

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Thought Café's series on the subject: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCGAL9TcH76MBKR5hy

A massive asteroid named Apophis could come dangerously close to Earth in 2029. It’s bigger than the Empire State Building and powerful enough to wipe out entire cities. This compilation explores the world’s most powerful natural disasters and space threats - from killer asteroids and megaquakes to waking supervolcanoes and tsunamis that could drown continents. Some of them already happened, others are just waiting for the right moment.
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Think you’ve got a genius brain? Let’s put it to the test! These 17 riddles will twist your logic, mess with your mind, and make you question everything you thought you knew. Some look easy… until they’re not. Only the sharpest thinkers make it to the end without giving up. Are you one of them? Get ready to pause, think, and challenge yourself — because these brain teasers are about to prove just how clever you really are. 😉🧩

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Think you’re good at solving riddles? Let’s find out. 🧩 These 20 brain-twisting puzzles will make you question everything you thought you knew. Some are sneaky, some are funny, and a few might just break your brain — in the best way possible. From classic logic traps to modern mind-benders, get ready to pause, think, and maybe yell “ohhh!” when the answer finally clicks. Ready to turn your brain inside out? Let the riddle madness begin! 🧠⚡

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Think fast — the clock’s ticking and these riddles don’t play fair. Can you beat the timer and outsmart puzzles that twist logic, hide tricks, and sneak up on your assumptions? Test your wits with quick-fire brainteasers, clever traps, and one-true-answer moments that’ll make you say “ohhh” — or “no way!” Ready to prove you’ve still got it? Hit play and don’t blink. 🧠⏳ (No calculators allowed — we mean it.)

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If you think your brain never lies to you, I can prove it wrong. In this video, we’re diving into 15 optical illusions that will totally mess with your mind — the kind that make you question everything you see. From spinning rooms that stay still to pictures that move when they shouldn’t, each illusion reveals just how easily our brains can be fooled. Get ready to test your perception, challenge your logic, and maybe even freak yourself out a little. Watch till the end — one of these illusions has even tricked scientists!

Credit:
m33gs / Reddit
Straight_Random_2211 / Reddit
Unknown Author / Reddit
Unknown Author / Reddit
Ebonystealth / Reddit
Beautiful_Pass_8704 / Reddit
crubiom / Reddit
Sad_Cow_577 / Reddit
crubiom / Reddit
melaniefarris / Reddit
EndersGame_Reviewer / Reddit
Unknown Author / Reddit
Admirable_Flight_257 / Reddit
CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/:
Hering illusion: By Fibonacci, https://commons.wikimedia.org/....w/index.php?curid=17
CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0:
Chubb Illusion: By Kiril kovachev, https://commons.wikimedia.org/....w/index.php?curid=90
CC BY-SA 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0:
Steve Harvey September 2008: By Dideo - https://flic.kr/p/5kDqky, https://commons.wikimedia.org/....w/index.php?curid=80
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This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.

magine standing before the Great Pyramid, the last of the Seven Wonders still standing, and realizing — we might finally know how it was built. A groundbreaking discovery in Egypt has uncovered ancient ramps, tools, and inscriptions that reveal how workers lifted and moved those massive stones with a level of engineering brilliance that still stuns modern scientists. But that’s not all — archaeologists are also uncovering hidden chambers, lost tombs, and sealed tunnels that could completely rewrite what we know about ancient Egypt. This isn’t just about stones and sand — it’s about genius, ambition, and mysteries buried for over 4,000 years finally coming to light.
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This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.

Ever visited another country and thought, “Wait… people actually do this?” 🌍 From Japan’s ultra-polite culture to America’s obsession with free refills, and Europe’s total chill about stuff that might shock others — every place has its own “totally normal” quirks. Let’s dive into the funniest, weirdest, and most surprising things other countries think are just everyday life… but would leave you completely baffled!

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This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.

From planes that lost parts mid-air and still landed safely to incredible engineering feats that changed aviation forever - these are the real stories that sound too wild to be true. Some of these moments pushed pilots, passengers, and machines to their absolute limits… and somehow, they made it through.
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This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.

The world is full of strange things that look harmless but can be seriously dangerous.
From methane bubbles and glowing skies to weird sea creatures and deadly plants, nature always sends warning signs. This video reveals what scientists say you should never ignore when you see something unusual. Learn how to spot danger before it’s too late and understand the science behind the world’s strangest phenomena. Stay curious, stay alert, and remember - if you see something odd, there’s always a reason.
Animation is created by Bright Side.
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Check our Bright Side podcast on Spotify and leave a positive review! https://open.spotify.com/show/....0hUkPxD34jRLrMrJux4V
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For more videos and articles visit: http://www.brightside.me
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This video is made for entertainment purposes. We do not make any warranties about the completeness, safety and reliability. Any action you take upon the information in this video is strictly at your own risk, and we will not be liable for any damages or losses. It is the viewer's responsibility to use judgement, care and precaution if you plan to replicate.