Our unit on the philosophy of religion and the existence of god continues with Thomas Aquinas. Today, we consider his first four arguments: the cosmological arguments.

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Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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Hank explains speciation - the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise - in terms of finches, ligers, mules, and dogs.

Table of Contents
1) Species 0:30
2) Hybrids 1:52
3) Reproductive Isolation 2:48
a) Post-Zygotic 3:31
b) Pre-Zygotic 3:51
4) Allopatric Speciation 4:23
5) Sympatric Speciation 6:03
6) Biolography 6:32
7) Dogs 8:37

This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"bird tweet.aif" by tigersound
"ForestBirds.wav" by HerbertBoland
"morning_in_the_forest_2007_04_15.wav" by reinsamba
"AMBIENT LOOP - Perfectly Clear - Wilderness Hillside - FILTERED.mp3" by Arctura
"oceanwavescrushing.wav" by Luftrum

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LIGHT! Let's talk about it today. Sunlight, moonlight, torchlight, and flashlight. They all come from different places, but they’re the very same thing: light! It’s what makes it possible for us to see the world around us, so it’s worth a close, hard look. For instance, how does light travel? When you flip that switch in the bathroom to brush your teeth, how does light move from the light bulb, to the mirror, and into your eyes?

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In which John Green teaches you about the economic malaise that beset the United States in the 1970s. A sort of perfect storm of events, it combined the continuing decline of America's manufacturing base with the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 and brought about a stagnant economy, paired with high inflation. Economists with a flair for neologisms and portmanteau words called this "stagflation," and it made people miserable. Two presidential administrations were scuttled at least in part by these economic woes; both Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter are considered failed presidents for many reasons, but largely because of an inability to improve the economy. (hint: In reality, no one person can materially change something as big as the world economy, even if they are president, but one person sure can make a handy scapegoat!) So, by and large, the 70s were a pretty terrible time in America economically, but at least the decade gave us Mr. Green.

Crash Course is no longer available on DVD, sorry to disappoint.

Chapters:
Introduction: The 1970s 00:00
Economics in the 1970s 1:02
The End of the Gold Standard 2:32
The Decline of American Manufacturing 2:54
Oil Shocks 4:12
Stagflation and the Misery Index 5:16
Gerald Ford's Presidency 5:49
Jimmy Carter's Presidency 6:52
Mystery Document 7:15
Nuclear Power 8:51
Carter's Foreign Policy 9:17
The Economic Crisis of the 1970s 11:18
Credits 12:44
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Hank explores different ways of understanding identity – including the Indiscernibility of Identicals, and essential and accidental properties. In what ways does affect identity? In what ways does it not? What does it mean for a thing to persist over time?

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In our final episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank discusses the ideas of Aggression and Altruism. These two things are difficult to understand and explain so sit tight and get ready to run the gauntlet of human emotions.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

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Chapters:
Introduction: Robber's Cave Experiment 00:00
Conflict vs. Cooperation 2:26
Aggression 3:05
Genetic, Neurological, & Biochemical Reasons for Aggression 3:26
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis 4:24
Altruism 5:17
Bystander Effect 5:48
Why do we help others? 6:57
Social Exchange Theory & the Norm of Reciprocity 7:19
Social Responsibility Norm 7:47
Conflict & Self-Interest 8:09
Review & Credits 9:37

--
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Today we are talking about death, looking at philosophical approaches from Socrates, Epicurus, and Zhuangzi. We will consider whether it’s logical to fear your own death, or the deaths of your loved ones. Hank also discusses Thomas Nagel, death, and Fear of Missing Out.

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Orientation photos via Pitzer College, Creative Commons CC BY 2.0: https://www.flickr.com/photos/pitzercollege/

All other images and video either public domain or via VideoBlocks, or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Music plays a big part in many of our lives. Whether you just like to listen or you enjoy playing an instrument, music is powerful. So what is music? How does it work? What are the physics of music? In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini talks to us about how music functions in terms of waves and how these waves interact with our ears.

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If you're like us, you love the sound of a brunch buffet. But not everything you eat at that glorious buffet is going to be turned into energy. Your body has to work with different forms of food in different ways. In this episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank takes us through more about our metabolism including cellular respiration, ATP, glycogenesis, and how insulin regulates our blood sugar levels.

Looking for a refresher on ATP and Celluar Respiration? Check out this video from Crash Course Biology: https://youtu.be/00jbG_cfGuQ

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--

Chapters:
Introduction: Brunch Buffets 00:00
Cellular Respiration 2:03
Absorptive State 3:26
Basal Metabolic Rate 4:18
Insulin Regulates Blood Glucose Levels 4:40
Lipoproteins: LDL and HDL Cholesterol 6:17
Postabsorptive State 7:04
Insulin & Diabetes 8:10
Review 9:05
Credits 9:30

***

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Fatima Iqbal, Penelope Flagg, Eugenia Karlson, Alex S, Jirat, Tim Curwick, Christy Huddleston, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Today I Found Out, Avi Yashchin, Chris Peters, Eric Knight, Jacob Ash, Simun Niclasen, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian, Caleb Weeks, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver, and Markus Persson

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Crash Course Black American History explores arts and culture! Learn about the art, literature, and political thought innovations of the Harlem Renaissance, the literature of Toni Morrison and Zora Neale Hurston, the origins of rap and hip-hop, and the poetry of Phillis Wheatley.

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett & Laura Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin ,Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

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What exactly is culture? This week we’re going to try to answer that, and explain the difference between material and non-material culture. We’ll look at three things that make up culture: symbols, values and beliefs, and norms. We’ll explore Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (and some of its problems) and how language influences culture. Finally, we’ll talk about the three types of norms – folkways, mores, and taboos – which govern our daily life.

Crash Course is made with Adobe Creative Cloud. Get a free trial here: https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud.html

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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Les Aker, Bob Kunz, Mark Austin, William McGraw, Jeffrey Thompson, Ruth Perez, Jason A Saslow, Eric Prestemon, Malcolm Callis, Steve Marshall, Advait Shinde, Rachel Bright, Ian Dundore, Tim Curwick, Ken Penttinen, Dominic Dos Santos, Caleb Weeks, Frantic Gonzalez, Kathrin Janßen, Nathan Taylor, Yana Leonor, Andrei Krishkevich, Brian Thomas Gossett, Chris Peters, Kathy & Tim Philip, Mayumi Maeda, Eric Kitchen, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Andrea Bareis, Moritz Schmidt, Jessica Wode, Daniel Baulig, Jirat
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On today’s episode...CATS. Also: Hank talks about some philosophy stuff, like a few of the key concepts philosophers use when discussing belief and knowledge, such as what defines an assertion and a proposition, and that belief is a kind of propositional attitude. Hank also discusses forms of justification and the traditional definition of knowledge, which Edmund Gettier just totally messed with, using his Gettier cases.

Many thanks to Index the cat for his patience in the filming of this episode.
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Images and video via VideoBlocks or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons by 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
“Ancient Aliens” copyright 2010 The History Channel
Classroom image via Public Domain Images http://www.public-domain-image.com/

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Today we wrap up the first half of our series on physical geography by taking a closer look at natural hazards - which are physical processes like heat waves and cyclones, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and floods and droughts. And when these natural events cause significant harm to humans, we call them natural disasters. So today we'll explore the ways geographers analyze and track these events, and take a closer look at the human impact of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans and The Boxing Day Tsunami on the Andaman and Nicobar islands.

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Brian Zachariah, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Oscar Pinto-Reyes, Erin Nicole, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Jaime Willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Katie Dean, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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#CrashCourse #Geography #NaturalHazards

Grumpy Professor Hank admits to being wrong about how everything is chemicals. But he now wants you to listen as he blows your mind with a new sweeping statement: everything (yes, really everything this time) is energy. What?!

This week, Hank takes us on a quick tour of how thermodynamics is applied in chemistry using his toy trebuchet as an example because he is a proud nerd.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents
Everything Is Energy 0:00
Forms of Energy 1:07
Potential Energy 2:11
Chemical Energy 1:55
Energy Is Constant & Law of Thermodynamics 2:49
System & Surroundings 5:03
Energy Transfer 4:57
Work 3:25
Heat 4:05
Trebuchets 0:48

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How do the groups that you're part of affect you? How do you, in turn, affect those groups? Today we are talking about how people in society come together with a look at social groups. We’ll look at what social groups are, the different kinds of groups that exist, group dynamics, leadership, conformity, networks and more!

Crash Course is made with Adobe Creative Cloud. Get a free trial here: https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud.html


***


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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Les Aker, Bob Kunz, mark austin, William McGraw, Jeffrey Thompson, Ruth Perez, Jason A Saslow, Shawn Arnold, Eric Prestemon, Malcolm Callis, Steve Marshall, Advait Shinde, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Sam Hickman, Ian Dundore, Asif Ahmed, Tim Curwick, Ken Penttinen, Dominic Dos Santos, Caleb Weeks, Frantic Gonzalez, Kathrin Janßen, Nathan Taylor, Yana Leonor, Andrei Krishkevich, Brian Thomas Gossett, Chris Peters, Kathy & Tim Philip, Mayumi Maeda, Eric Kitchen, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Andrea Bareis, Moritz Schmidt, Jessica Wode, Daniel Baulig, Jirat
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Now that you have a solid understanding of the media landscape, it’s time to equip you with the essential skills for navigating it.

***

Resources:

NAMLE on Media Literacy https://namle.net/publications..../media-literacy-defi

Digital divide persists even as lower-income Americans make gains in tech adoption http://www.pewresearch.org/fac....t-tank/2017/03/22/di

The numbers behind the broadband ‘homework gap’ http://www.pewresearch.org/fac....t-tank/2015/04/20/th

McDonald's: you can sneer, but it's the glue that holds communities together https://www.theguardian.com/bu....siness/2016/jun/08/m

Digital Na(t)ives? Variation in Internet Skills and Uses among Members of the ‘‘Net Generation’’* http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.462.7343&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Stanford researchers find students have trouble judging the credibility of information online https://ed.stanford.edu/news/s....tanford-researchers-

FCC net neutrality process ‘corrupted’ by fake comments and vanishing consumer complaints, officials say https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/11/24/fcc-net-neutrality-process-corrupted-by-fake-comments-and-vanishing-consumer-complaints-officials-say/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.d8b6a55f90f8

Teaching Adolescents How to Evaluate the Quality of Online Information https://www.edutopia.org/blog/....evaluating-quality-o

When teens create the news: examining the impact of PBS/news hour student reporting labs https://mediaeducationlab.com/....sites/default/files/

London School of Economics EU Kids Online: September 2011 http://www.lse.ac.uk/media%40l....se/research/EUKidsOn

***

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Mark Brouwer, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft, Steve Marshall
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So, electric current works like a river... kinda... Instead of flowing based on elevation, electric current works a little differently. But it's a good metaphor. In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini talks to us about electric current, voltaic cells, and how we get electric charge.

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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Today, Craig Benzine is going to dive into the factors that influence judicial decisions. As you may have noticed, the Supreme Court recently handed down some pretty big decisions on same-sex marriage (in Obergefell v Hodges) and the Affordable Care Act (in King v. Burwell). Now, it's important to remember that these decisions are not made in a vacuum, but influenced by the other branches of government, political affiliations, and past court decisions. We’re also talk about a judge’s judicial philosophy - that is their relative restraint or activism in making decisions on laws. Judicial restraint is often equated with conservatism, but as we’ll show you, this is not always the case.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org

All attributed images are licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 2.0

https://creativecommons.org/li....censes/by/2.0/legalc

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Here it is, folks: the end. In our final episode of Crash Course Astronomy, Phil gives the course a sendoff with a look at some of his favorite topics and the big questions that Astronomy allows us to ask.

Thank you for watching.

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Watching in 2021 or later? Learn about the James Webb Space Telescope's long journey to launch here: https://youtu.be/ieR7R2UzQC8

Want to learn more about some of the strangest planets in the universe? Check out this video from our sister channel, SciShow Space: https://youtu.be/FIJ8dOwPyC4

--
Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Are We Alone in the Universe? 00:00
The Search for Earth-like Exoplanets 1:14
Is There Alien Life in the Universe? 4:43
SETI: The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence 6:16
Let's Explore the Universe! 8:29
--
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Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Exoplanet, thick atmosphere - Artist’s Impression http://www.nasa.gov/images/con....tent/681727main_kepl [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle]
Exoplanet, Earth-like - Artist’s Impression http://www.gemini.edu/images/p....io/News/2014/pr2014_ [credit: NASA Ames/SETI Institute/JPL-CalTech]
James Webb Space Telescope http://www.stsci.edu/~levay/pr....esres/jwst/jwst05_ne [credit: Northrop Grumman Space Technology]
Hubble's High-Definition Panoramic View of the Andromeda Galaxy http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ [credit: NASA, ESA, J. Dalcanton, B.F. Williams, and L.C. Johnson (University of Washington), the PHAT team, and R. Gendler]
Bennu's Journey http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=2 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab]
Wedding Lanterns https://www.flickr.com/photos/....jirka_matousek/12431 [credit: Jirka Matousek]
Balloon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Project_Echo#/media/ [credit: NASA]
Naked-eye Venus photo taken by Phil Plait
Cygnus Reentry https://www.flickr.com/photos/....astro_alex/147606600 [credit: ESA/NASA]
Moon http://www.eso.org/public/arch....ives/images/large/po [credit: G. Gillet/ESO]
Progress M-10M reentry plasma trail https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Progress_M [credit: NASA]
Alien Worlds https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/si....tes/www.cfa.harvard. [credit: David Aguilar / CfA]
Beyond the Visible: The Story of the Very Large Array https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqX9vLj3_7w [credit: NRAO]
Barred spiral bares all http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1035a/ [credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA]
Hi hello https://www.flickr.com/photos/....bencanales/874589076 [credit: Ben Canales, http://www.thestartrail.com/]

How do traits get passed down in our DNA? And what do genes have to do with cat fur? In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll untangle the simplest patterns of inheritance, and reassure our redheaded friends—you’re not going anywhere.

Chapters:
Are Redheads Going Extinct? 00:00
Alleles & Traits 1:32
Patterns of Inheritance 4:50
Autosomal Dominance 5:56
Incomplete Dominance 7:51
Codominance 8:47
Review & Credits 10:20

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL8dPuuaLjXt

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLkcbA0DkuFj

Sources: https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Ch