Now that we've talked about your blood vessels, we're going to zoom in a little closer and talk about your blood itself. We'll start by outlining the basic components of blood -- including erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma -- as well as the basic process of hemostasis that stops bleeding, and how antigens are responsible for the blood type that you have. By the end of this episode, you should be totally prepared for your next blood drive.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

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Chapters:
Introduction: Let's Talk Blood 00:00
How Blood Donation Works 2:00
Blood Components: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets, and Plasma 3:00
Plasma - Electrolytes 3:38
Plasma Proteins 4:03
Hemostasis: How Bleeding Works 4:30
Antigens & Blood Types 6:21
Review 9:05
Credits 9:32

***

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Nachos are delicious. And versatile because today they're also going to help us learn a thing or two about your digestive system. Nachos can provide us with energy and raw materials, by first ingesting something nutritious, propelling it through the alimentary canal where it will be mechanically broken down, and chemically digested by enzymes until my cells can absorb their monomers and use them to make whatever they need. And eventually, there will be pooping.

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Chapters:
Introduction: Why We Eat Food 00:00
Digestive System: Your Body's Disassembly Line 2:18
Structure of the Digestive System 4:18
Ingestion 6:24
Propulsion 7:00
Mechanical Breakdown 7:38
Digestion 8:01
Absorption 8:30
Defecation 8:50
Review 9:50
Credits 10:27

***

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Mark , Elliot Beter, Moritz Schmidt, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Jacob Ash, Jessica Wode, Today I Found Out, Christy Huddleston, James Craver, Chris Peters, SR Foxley, Steve Marshall, Simun Niclasen, Eric Kitchen, Robert Kunz, Avi Yashchin, Jason A Saslow, Jan Schmid, Daniel Baulig, Christian , Anna-Ester Volozh

***

Episode co-sponsors:
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Mikael Modin - http://www.msf.org/
Jeremy Bradley

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e=mc2... it's a big deal, right? But why? And what about this grumpy cat in a box and probability? In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini attempts to explain a little more on the topic of quantum mechanics.

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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Literally, ‘mise-en-scene’ means “placing on stage.” But in film, mise-en-scene encompasses everything the camera is capturing. The artists and crafts-people who work in Production Design, Wardrobe, and Hair and Makeup are responsible for setting the stage of a film and making sure the characters fit on that stage. In this episode of Crash Course Film Production, Lily Gladstone talks us through the roles involved in designing the world of a film.


***

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

The Latest from PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

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In the second half of our look at the endocrine system, Hank discusses chemical homeostasis and hormone cascades. Specifically, he looks at the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, or HPT axis, and all the ways your body can suffer when that system, or your hormones in general, get out of whack.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Chapters:
Introduction: Graves Disease & Hyperthyroidism 00:00
Hormone Cascades 2:35
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) Axis 3:25
Thyroid Disorders & Autoimmune Dysfunction 6:37
Review 8:21
Credits 8:57

***

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BAHHHHHH! Did I scare you? What exactly happens when we get scared? How does our brain make our body react? Just what are Neurotransmitters? In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank takes us to the simplest part of the complex system of our brains and nervous systems: the neuron.
--
Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--

Chapters:
Introduction: Brain Chemicals 00:00
Neurons 1:31
Parts of a Neuron 2:07
Synapses 3:08
Neurotransmitters 3:58
Excitatory Neurotransmitters 4:48
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters 5:10
More Neurotransmitters 5:30
Hormones 6:08
Nervous vs. Endocrine Systems 6:44
Endocrine System Glands 7:19
The Pituitary Gland 7:58
How the Nervous & Endocrine Systems Work Together 8:33
Credits 9:33

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Today Craig is going to talk about a topic that makes voters and politicians alike ANGRY! We're going to talk about Gerrymandering - that is the process in which voting districts are redrawn in a way to favor one party during elections. As you'll see, this is why election outcomes on Census years (which tend to be when districts are redrawn) are a really big deal. So we'll talk about how some of these cockamamie voting districts come to be and explain how Gerrymandering can affect the outcomes (and misrepresent voters) during elections. But even with all these rage-inducing and bizarre district maps, it's important to remember that it isn't ALL political scheming, but also a reflection of the tendency for Democrats to live in urban areas.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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All attributed images are licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 4.0
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Today we're going to talk about SPAAAAAACE, but not like stars and satellites and stuff. Instead, we're going to talk about geographic space. In geography, we can look at the world and the places and spaces we inhabit with four distinct lenses: space as a container, topologically, socially, and how we perceive it. On this journey, we'll make stops in Antarctica, Haiti, and China as we introduce the tools you'll need from surveying and remote sensing to community-created maps to help us better understand and navigate our world.

If you want to help create maps for your community visit:
https://www.openstreetmap.org
https://tasks.hotosm.org

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Eric Prestemon, Mark, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Isaac Liu, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Jirat, Brian Thomas Gossett, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Jessica Wode, Caleb Weeks
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In the 1920s, there was a blossoming of all kinds of art made by African Americans in the New York neighborhood Harlem. Let's call it a renaissance. While all the arts were having a great run, some extremely interesting things were happening in the theater. Writers like Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were writing plays, and black theater companies were drawing larger audiences than ever before.

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Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Jennifer French Lee, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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Molecules come in infinite varieties, so in order to help the complicated chemical world make a little more sense, we classify and categorize them. One of the most important of those classifications is whether a molecule is polar or non-polar, which describes a kind of symmetry - not just of the molecule, but of the charge. In this edition of Crash Course Chemistry, Hank comes out for Team Polar and describes why these molecules are so interesting to him.

You'll learn that molecules need to have both charge asymmetry and geometric asymmetry to be polar, and that charge asymmetry is caused by a difference in electronegativities. You'll also learn how to notate a dipole moment (or charge separation) of a molecule, the physical mechanism behind like dissolves like, and why water is so dang good at fostering life on Earth.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

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--
Table of Contents
Charge Asymmetry & Geometric Asymmetry 01:33
Difference in Electronegatives 01:49
Hank is Team Polar 00:33
Dipole Moment 03:49
Charge Separation of a Molecule 04:12
Like Dissolves Like 04:41
Water is Awesome 05:10

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Our next stop in our tour of the ethical lay of the land is utilitarianism. With a little help from Batman, Hank explains the principle of utility, and the difference between act and rule utilitarianism.

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios


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In order to understand how we study the universe, we need to talk a little bit about light. Light is a form of energy. Its wavelength tells us its energy and color. Spectroscopy allows us to analyze those colors and determine an object’s temperature, density, spin, motion, and chemical composition.

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

--

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Light is a Wave 0:31
Electromagnetic Spectrum 1:32
How is Light Made? 3:19
Atomic Structure 4:47
Spectroscopy 7:14
Redshift vs Blueshift 8:26
Review 9:50

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--

PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Wavelengths http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/e....ducators/gammaraybur [credit: Imagine the Universe! / NASA]
Observatories across spectrum http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/I....mages/science/observ [credit: Imagine the Universe! / NASA]
Red hot spiral hotplate http://freefoodphotos.com/imag....elibrary/cooking/sli [credit: freefoodphotos.com]
The Crab Nebula http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N....ebula#/media/File:Cr [credit: NASA, ESA, J. Hester and A. Loll (Arizona State University)]
Building the Space Telescope Imaging Spectograph http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/h....u/gallery/db/spacecr [credit: NASA]
VST images the Lagoon Nebula http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L....agoon_Nebula#/media/ [credit: ESO/VPHAS+ team]
Jupiter http://www.nasa.gov/images/con....tent/414987main_pia0 [credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute]
Venus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A....tmosphere_of_Venus#/ [credit: NASA - NSSDC Photo Gallery Venus]
Ring Around SN 1987a, image 1 http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo9714e/ [credit: Jason Pun (NOAO) and SINS Collaboration]
Ring Around SN 1987a, image 2 http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo9714a/ [credit: George Sonneborn (GSFC) and NASA/ESA]

COLLISIONS! A big part of physics is understanding collisions and how they're not all the same. Mass, momentum, and many other things dictate how collisions can be unique. In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini sits down to lead us through an understanding of collisions. Plus, she brings along our old friend Sir Isaac Newton.

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

--

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We've reached the grand finale of our four-part series on human reproduction: BABIES! Today Hank walks you through the stages of pregnancy, beginning with how a zygote develops into blastomeres to a morula to a blastocyst, and finally to an embryo and a fetus. He also explains some of the amazing anatomical changes that take place in the mother and the hormonal sequence of events that lead to labor.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Chapters:
Introduction: How Did You Get Here? 00:00
Cleavage Stage: Zygote, Blastomeres, Morula, Blastocyst1:34
Implantation 3:08
The Placenta 4:50
Embryonic Stage 5:07
Female Anatomical Changes During Pregnancy 5:30
Hormonal Sequences Leading to Labor 7:12
Stages of Labor: Dilation, Expulsion, Placental Delivery 8:35
Review 9:34

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Join Phil for a tour of our capital-M Moon, from surface features, inside to the core, and back in time to theories about its formation.

This episode is brought to you by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

--

Chapters:
Introduction: The Moon 00:00
How Big is the Moon? 0:54
Internal Structure of the Moon 1:56
The Moon's Surface: Highlands and Maria 2:15
How the Moon Formed: The Giant Impact Hypothesis 3:42
The Moon's Craters 6:32
Water on the Moon? H2O Yeah! 8:06
Review 9:06

--

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Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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--


PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Moon Phase 47.7% http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=3 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio]
The Blue Marble http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=57723 [credit: Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Image by Reto Stöckli]
Dramatic Moonset http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1023a/ [credit: G.Gillet/European Southern Observatory]
Structure of the Moon: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M....oon#mediaviewer/File [credit: Kelvin Song via WikiMedia Commons]
Crater Science Investigations: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center]
Lunar crater Daealus http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Lunar_crate [credit: NASA]
Mare Humorum http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Mare_Humoru [credit: NASA]
Luna 3: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/img....cat/html/object_page [credit: NASA]
Farside!: http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/298 [credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University]
Theia Earth Collision: http://io9.com/the-incredibly-....violent-history-of-e [credit: Ron Miller, used with permission]
Earth Seen From Early Moon: http://io9.com/the-incredibly-....violent-history-of-e [credit: Ron Miller, used with permission]
Moon Struck: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
Tycho: http://www.nasa.gov/images/con....tent/417417main_tych [credit: NASA/Goddard/Arizona State University]
Double crater on the moon: http://www.esa.int/spaceinimag....es/Images/2006/09/Do [credit: ESA/SPACE-X (Space Exploration Institute)]
Stream of Craters: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pa....ges/LRO/multimedia/l [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Arizona State University]
Full Moon: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M....oon#mediaviewer/File [credit: Gregory H. Revera]
Rille on the valley floor, photographic mosaic from Apollo 15: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S....chroter%27s_Valley#m [credit: NASA]
New Views of Lunar Pits: http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/230 [credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University]
Crater Erlanger: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pa....ges/Mini-RF/multimed [credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University]

In this episode of Crash Course Astronomy, Phil takes you through the cause and name of the Moon's phases.

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

--
Chapters:
Why does the Moon Have Phases? 00:00
New Moon 2:26
Waxing Crescent 4:17
First Quarter 4:35
Waxing Gibbous 5:15
Full Moon 5:32
Waning Gibbous, Third Quarter, and Waning Crescent 6:26
Earthshine 7:20
Review 8:58

--

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--

PHOTOS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M....oon#mediaviewer/File
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/m....ultimedia/display.cf
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M....oon#mediaviewer/File
http://global.jaxa.jp/press/20....08/04/img/20080411_k
http://global.jaxa.jp/press/20....08/04/20080411_kaguy
http://www.esa.int/Our_Activit....ies/Operations/First
http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Sachin_Niga
https://www.flickr.com/photos/....badastronomy/1439741

How can Daenerys Targaryen help us understand personal identity? Find out as Hank continues our exploration of personal identity, learning about Hume’s bundle theory and Parfit’s theory of survival through psychological connectedness.

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

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So what does perception even mean? What's the difference between seeing something and making sense of it? In today's episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank gives us some insight into the differences between sensing and perceiving.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Perception: Your Mind's Eye 1:06
Perceptual Set 1:53
Optical Illusions 3:13
Form Perception & Figure-Ground Relationships 3:44
Rules of Grouping: Proximity, Continuity, & Closure 4:53
Depth Perception 5:40
Binocular vs. Monocular Visual Cues 6:11
Motion Perception 7:50
Perceptual Constancy 8:15
Review & Credits 9:12
--

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Stan Muller teaches you a few things about copyright enforcement and talks about the exceptions to copyright enforcement. While there are several, the one you've probably heard of is Fair Use, and it's a pretty tricky one. We'll try to explain it and teach you just why fair use is so loosey-goosey.

Citation1: 17 USC 503
Citation 2: Hargreaves, Ian. Digital Opportunity: A Review of Intellectual Property and Growth. UK Intellectual Property Office. P 5
Citation 3: Iowa State Univ. Research Found., Inc. v. American Broadcasting Cos., 621 F.2d 57 (2d Cir. 1980)
Citation 4: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enters., 471 U.S. 539, 551, 105 S. Ct. 2218, 85 L. Ed. 2d 588 (1985) (quoting) Joseph McDonald, Non-Infringing Uses, 9 Bull. Copyright Soc'y 466, 467 No. 355 (1962)

Links We Promised:
Copyright Office Fair Use Index: http://copyright.gov/fair-use/
Best Practices Documents:
http://www.cmsimpact.org/fair-use/best-practices
http://infringementnation.com

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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Steve MarshallAnna-Ester Volozh, Sandra Aft, Brad Wardell, Christian Ludvigsen, Robert Kunz, Jason, A Saslow, Jacob Ash, Jeffrey Thompson, Jessica Simmons, James Craver, Simun Niclasen, SR Foxley, Roger C. Rocha, Nevin, Spoljaric, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jessica Wode, Sofie Harning, Sour Bags & Totes, Don Phillips, Christian Dodson, Christian Dodson (once again), Christian Dodson (again), Christian Dodson (NO EDGE), tuseroni, Amy Guerrero

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Next stop on our tour of engineering’s major fields: electrical engineering. In this episode we’ll explore the history of telecommunications, electric power and lighting, and computers. We’ll introduce topics like magnetism, electrical conduction, telegraphy, lighting, and computers.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

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RESOURCES:
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/William-Gilbe
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/h....istoric_figures/gilb
http://www.sparkmuseum.com/BOOK_GRAY.HTM
http://people.seas.harvard.edu..../~jones/es154/lectur
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Claude-Chappe
http://people.seas.harvard.edu..../~jones/cscie129/pap
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/William-Fothe
http://ethw.org/William_Fothergill_Cooke
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/te....chnology/connecting-
http://www.history.com/this-da....y-in-history/first-t
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Samuel-F-B-Mo
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Alexander-Gra
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Heinrich-Hert
https://www.livescience.com/45....641-science-of-world
https://definitions.uslegal.co....m/r/radio-act-of-191
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Sir-Humphry-D
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Zenobe-Theoph
http://www.history.com/topics/....inventions/thomas-ed
http://www.history.com/news/as....k-history/what-was-t
http://www.computerhistory.org..../fellowawards/hall/m
http://www.pbs.org/transistor/....album1/addlbios/hoff
http://www.intel4004.com/
https://www.wired.com/2009/12/....1223shockley-bardeen
https://www.history.com/topics..../inventions/inventio

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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark Brouwer, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft
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