Continuing with last week's calculus introduction, Shini leads us through how integrals can help us figure out things like distance when we have several other essential bits of information. Say, for instance, you wanted to know how far your window was off the ground. You can figure that out by using integrals, a tennis ball, and a stopwatch! It's all here in this episode of Crash Course Physics!


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Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

***

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So, what is geography? In our first episode of Crash Course Geography, we will endeavor to answer this seemingly simple question with the help of a similarly simple factoid: that the US imports more than 3 billion pounds of bananas from Guatemala each year. But as it turns out, beneath the kinds of factoids we usually associate with Geography are much grander stories that really are Geography. So let's go a little bananas as we explore the sordid history of the Chiquita banana.

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[SOURCES]

http://sethrainforestecosystem.....weebly.com/the-rain
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.....com/essay/plantatio
https://www.tripsavvy.com/moun....t-everest-facts-1458
https://time.com/3923694/mount....-everest-nepal-earth
https://sajana1231.wordpress.c....om/2011/05/02/enviro
https://adventure.howstuffwork....s.com/outdoor-activi
https://theodora.com/wfbcurren....t/guatemala/guatemal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_origin
https://www.nytimes.com/1991/0....4/19/world/cholera-k
https://www.history.com/topics..../inventions/history-
https://www.farmingindia.in/banana-cultivation/
http://new-ag.info/en/country/profile.php?a=842
https://www.worldatlas.com/art....icles/where-do-ameri
https://insteading.com/blog/gl....obal-agriculture-thr
https://fews.net/sites/default..../files/documents/rep
https://www.mapsofworld.com/la....t_long/guatemala-lat
https://www.touropia.com/volcanoes-in-guatemala/
https://www.touropia.com/touri....st-attractions-in-gu
https://www.findlatitudeandlon....gitude.com/l/Tikal%2

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In which Craig Benzine talks about the structure of the U.S. court system and how exactly it manages to keep things moving smoothly. You'll learn about trial courts, district courts, appeals courts, circuit courts, state supreme courts, and of course the one at the top - the U.S. Supreme Court. It’s all quite a bit to manage with jurisdictions and such, but it's important to remember that the vast majority of cases never even make it to court! Most are settled out of court, but also terms like mootness and ripeness are used to throw cases out altogether. Today, we're going to focus on how cases make it to the top, and next week we’ll talk about what happens when they get there.

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Oh my, Craig has his work cut out for him this week. The process of how a bill becomes a law can be pretty complex, fraught with potential bill-death at every corner. As if just getting through committee isn’t difficult enough, bills have to navigate a series of amendments and votes in both houses, potentially more committees, further compromise bills, and even more floor votes, just to end up on the chopping block of the President. And then in one fell swoop, the President can stop a bill in its tracks with a veto! But then again, a presidential veto isn’t necessarily a bill’s end either.

As you can see we’ve got to lot to cover, and we’ll be the first to admit this has been covered before, and extraordinarily well might we add, by the folks at School House Rock. But we’ll give it our best shot - without the singing of course. Well, not too much singing anyway.

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Chapters:
Introduction: How a Bill Becomes a Law 00:00
Bill introduction 0:49
Committee referral 1:02
Senate rules 1:35
The bill passes the other chamber 1:59
Conference committee 2:19
The President signs the law 2:39
Vetos & Pocket Vetos 2:45
Overriding a veto 3:15
Why do so few laws get passed? 3:57
Places a bill can die 4:14
Veto gates 5:02
Why Congress has so many procedural hurdles 5:52
Credits 6:28

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Ever feel like there's an international team of bad guys changing all of the easily remembered chemical names and turning them into test-failing, number-infused, pain-in-the-neck names? Well... you're not wrong. IUPAC exists, but try to keep in mind that they're doing it for the greater good. In this episode, Hank talks about IUPAC, prefixes, suffixes, ranking, numbers for carbon chains, and cis or trans double bonds.

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Common Functional Groups: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....unctional_group#Tabl
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Table of Contents

IUPAC 0:00
Every Organic Compound Has Only One Name 1:02
Prefixes 2:16
Suffixes 2:47
Ranking Functional Groups 4:18
Lowest Possible Numbers for Carbon Chains 1:54
Cis or Trans for Double Bonds 6:35
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This week Craig Benzine takes a first look at the judicial branch. It's pretty easy to forget that the courts, and the laws that come out of them, affect our lives on a daily basis. But how exactly these decisions are made and where each law's jurisdiction starts and ends can get pretty complicated. So complicated in fact that you may want to smash something. But don't worry, Craig will clear the way.

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Waves are cool. The more we learn about waves, the more we learn about a lot of things in physics. Everything from earthquakes to music! Ropes can tell us a lot about how traveling waves work so, in this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini uses ropes to talk about how waves carry energy and how different kinds of waves transmit energy differently.

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Over the next few episodes we’re going to talk about the history of video games. Today, we’re going to start with the first re-programmable computers in the 1940’s. Now, these computers were serious tools. They were for codebreaking and calculating artillery tables during World War II - but like most tools we human use, we eventually looked for ways to make them playthings. And over the next three decades the advances of computer technology and the tentative curiosity of many engineers and programmers would inspire a new culture and eventually the first true coin-operated video game in 1971.

You can play SpaceWar! yourself here:
http://www.masswerk.at/spacewar/


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This week Craig looks at the expressed powers of the President of the United States - that is the ones you can find in the Constitution. From appointing judges and granting pardons, to vetoing laws and acting as the nation’s chief diplomat on foreign policy, the Commander in Chief is a pretty powerful person, but actually not as powerful as you might think. The Constitution also limits presidential powers to maintain balance among the three branches of government. Next week we'll talk about the President's powers NOT mentioned in the Constitution - implied powers.

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This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

Chapters:
Introduction: Presidential Power 00:00
Qualifications to become President 1:41
Presidential powers 2:33
Commander-in-Chief 3:26
Diplomatic powers of the President 4:11
State of the Union 4:38
Other formal powers of the President 5:03
Credits 5:56

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So we ended last episode at the start of the 20th century with special purpose computing devices such as Herman Hollerith’s tabulating machines. But as the scale of human civilization continued to grow as did the demand for more sophisticated and powerful devices. Soon these cabinet-sized electro-mechanical computers would grow into room-sized behemoths that were prone to errors. But is was these computers that would help usher in a new era of computation - electronic computing.

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Last week we introduced the idea of socialization and today we’re talking a little more about how it works, including an introduction to five main types of socialization. We’ll explore anticipatory socialization from your family, the “hidden curriculum” in schools, peer groups, the role of media in socialization, and we’ll discuss total institutions and how they can act as a form of re-socialization.

Crash Course is made with Adobe Creative Cloud. Get a free trial here: https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud.html


***

References:

Coleman, James S. 1961. The Adolescent Society: The Social Life of the Teenager and Its Impact on Education. NY: The Free Press

Hill, David, et al. "Media and young minds." Pediatrics (2016): e20162591.

Vittrup, Brigitte, and George W. Holden. "Exploring the impact of educational television and parent–child discussions on children's racial attitudes." Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 11.1 (2011): 82-104.

Kearney, Melissa S., and Phillip B. Levine. "Media influences on social outcomes: The impact of MTV's 16 and pregnant on teen childbearing." The American Economic Review 105.12 (2015): 3597-3632.

***

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In which Craig Benzine tells you how we keep bureaucracy in check. So we've spent the last few episodes telling you all about what bureaucracies are and why they are formed. And throughout we've hinted about this ever-expanding power within the executive branch. So today, we're going to finish our discussion of bureaucracy by looking at methods the other branches of government use to manage this power. From watch-dog organizations to reporting requirements there has been quite a bit of legislation passed aimed at taming the bureaucracy.

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So today Craig is going to talk about where our political opinions come from. Of course, most people’s politics are grounded in their ideologies, but there are also other external influences such as the government itself, interest groups, and the media. So we're going to talk about how these influencers factor into the overall public opinion and how their roles have changed over time. Now this stuff may seem like common sense, but it’s important to know where our opinions come from, especially when you consider how quickly the media landscape is changing.

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In which Craig Benzine breaks down the different types of bureaucracies. I mean sure, they’re all part of the executive branch, but some work more directly with the President than others. Some bureaucracies exist solely to independently regulate industry whereas others are expected to operate like corporations and make a profit. And on top of all that, some of these agencies have sub-agencies! It can all get pretty complicated, so we’ll try to discuss some of the most significant agencies out there and the ones you hear a lot about on the news. We’ll talk about how they seem to have steadily gained more and more power, and of course, we’ll talk about what all the agencies are for in the first place!

Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org

Chapters:
Introduction: Types of Bureaucracies 00:00
Executive Departments 0:41
Sub-agencies of Executive Departments 1:21
Independent Agencies 1:30
Independent Regulatory Commissions 1:45
Government Corporations 2:08
Functions of government bureaucracies 2:22
Where do bureaucracies get their power? 4:16
Credits 5:24

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In which Craig Benzine teaches you about delegation and informal powers. What are all these federal agencies about? Well, the President has a lot of stuff to do as the chief executive, and as much as Americans like to talk about personal responsibility, the President can't really do all this stuff alone. Because it's a huge job! Same deal with Congress. So, they delegate authority. This is where all the government agencies and stuff come from. Congress creates them to actually get around to enforcing laws. You'll learn about stuff like OSHA, the FDA, and maybe even the FCC. Although you hear an occasional complaint about bureaucracies and such, the business of government wouldn't get done without agencies and delegation.

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Chapters:
Introduction: Delegation 00:00
What is delegation? 0:39
How Congress limits an agency's discretion 1:37
Why Congress delegates power 2:45
Congressionally delegated powers: key takeaways 4:37
Credits 5:44

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Over the course of 51 episodes, we're going to learn about Black American History. Clint Smith will teach you about the experience of Black people in America, from the arrival of the first enslaved Black people who arrived at Jamestown all the way to the Black Lives Matter movement.

You can get Clint's book here: https://bookshop.org/books/how....-the-word-is-passed-

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#crashcourse #Black #history

In which Craig Benzine introduces a brand new Crash Course about U.S. Government and Politics! This course will provide you with an overview of how the government of the United States is supposed to function, and we'll get into how it actually does function. The two aren't always the same thing. We'll be learning about the branches of government, politics, elections, political parties, pizza parties, and much, much more!

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org

Chapters:
Introduction: Craig asks the big questions 00:00
What are government & politics and why do we study them? 1:58
How to participate in the U.S. political process 3:28
Crash Course Government & Politics will cover... 4:54
Credits 6:17

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Finally, after what seems like eons and eons, the end is nigh. We're talking not only about the end of Crash Course Big History but also the end of everything. The end of humanity and the end of the universe. John and Hank Green will teach you about what the future holds for humanity and the universe. Spoiler alert: in the long, long, long, long, long, long term, it doesn't look good. In the short term though, it's not too bad. But don't lose hope, there is an upside. You'll have to watch the video to find out.

Learn more about Big History here: http://www.bighistoryproject.com

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In which John Green kicks off the Crash Course Literature mini-series with a reasonable set of questions. Why do we read? What's the point of reading critically. John will argue that reading is about effectively communicating with other people. Unlike direct communication though, the writer has to communicate with a stranger, through time and space, with only "dry dead words on a page." So how's that going to work? Find out with Crash Course Literature! Also, readers are empowered during the open letter, so that's pretty cool.

Crash Course Literature 100 Reading List:
Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
Catcher in the Rye
Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

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Scientists tend to be careful and resistant to big claims. So evidence for the possible end of the living world took a while to be seen as such. In this episode of Crash Course History of Science, Hank talks to us about where Climate Science started and how it works today.



***

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