Other
We learn a lot about our surroundings thanks to sound. But... what is it exactly? Sound, that is. What is sound? And how does it travel? And what is this doppler effect that we've heard so much about? In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini goes over some of the basics (and some of the not-so-basics) of the Physics of Sound.
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In our final episode of Crash Course Philosophy, we consider what it means to live a good life. We’ll look at the myth of Sisyphus, Robert Nozick’s experience machine, Aristotle’s eudaimonistic picture of a good human life, and the existentialists’ view that we each determine the value of our own lives. And we’ll think about how you, too, can live the life of a philosopher.
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Atoms are a lot like us - we call their relationships "bonds," and there are many different types. Each kind of atomic relationship requires a different type of energy, but they all do best when they settle into the lowest stress situation possible. The nature of the bond between atoms is related to the distance between them and, like people, it also depends on how positive or negative they are. Unlike human relationships, we can analyze exactly what makes chemical relationships work, and that's what this episode is all about.
If you are paying attention, you will learn that chemical bonds form in order to minimize the energy difference between two atoms or ions; that those chemical bonds may be covalent if atoms share electrons, and that covalent bonds can share those electrons evenly or unevenly; that bonds can also be ionic if the electrons are transferred instead of shared: and how to calculate the energy transferred in an ionic bond using Coulomb's Law.
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Table of Contents
Bonds Minimize Energy 01:38
Covalent Bonds 03:18
Ionic Bonds 05:37
Coulomb's Law 05:51
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How do lenses work? How do they form images? Well, in order to understand how optics work, we have to understand the physics of light. In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini talks to us about optical instruments and how they make magnification possible.
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Hank introduces us to comparative anatomy, which studies the similarities and differences in animal anatomy to support the theory of evolution and the shared ancestry of living things.
References:
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
CliffsAP Biology, 3rd ed.
Thomas Henry Huxley: http://www.strangescience.net/huxley.htm
Tissues: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acar....pi/NSC/14-anatomy.ht
Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla...
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm....c/articles/PMC168965
Table of Contents:
1) Comparative Anatomy 0:00
2) Locomotion 1:19
3) Heterotophy 1:41
4) Convergent Evolution 2:40
5) Biolography 3:40
6) Tissues 6:00
a) Epithelial Tissue 6:11
b) Connective Tissue 6:33
c) Muscle Tissue 7:01
d) Nerve Tissue 7:14
7) Organs 7:32
8) Organ Systems 7:39
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Today Hank talks about your central nervous system. In this episode, we'll explore how your brain develops and how important location is for each of your brain's many functions.
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Chapters:
Introduction: Broca's Aphasia 00:00
Central Nervous System Structure & Function 1:48
Brain Development: Neural Tube 3:27
Brain Development: 3 Primary Vesicles 3:47
Brain Development: 5 Secondary Vesicles 4:04
Brain Development: Major Adult Brain Regions 4:18
Brain Development: Cerebellum & Brain Stem 4:42
Brain Development: Reptilian Brain 5:45
Brain Development: Cerebral Hemispheres 6:35
The Brain's Lobes 7:35
Review 9:14
Credits 9:48
***
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So, if economics is about choices and how we use our resources, econ probably has a lot to say about the environment, right? Right! In simple terms, pollution is just a market failure. The market is producing more pollution than society wants. This week, Adriene and Jacob focus on the environment, and how economics can be used to control and reduce pollution and emissions. You'll learn about supply and demand, incentives, and how government intervention influences the environment.
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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This week we answer skeptics like Descartes with empiricism. Hank explains John Locke’s primary and secondary qualities and why George Berkeley doesn’t think that distinction works -- leaving us with literally nothing but our minds, ideas, and perceptions.
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In this episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank gives you a brief history of histology and introduces you to the different types and functions of your body's tissues.
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Nervous, Muscle, Epithelial & Connective Tissues 1:23
History of Histology 2:07
Nervous Tissue Forms the Nervous System 5:17
Muscle Tissue Facilitates All Your Movements 7:00
Identifying Samples 9:03
Review 9:48
Credits 10:22
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In which Jacob Clifford and Adriene Hill teach you about Economic Systems and Macroeconomics. So, economics is basically about choices. We'll look at some of the broadest economic choices when we talk about the difference between planned economies and market economies. We'll get into communism, socialism, command economies, and capitalism. We'll look at how countries choose the kind of system they're going to use (spoiler alert: many end up with mixed economies). We'll also look into how individuals make economic choices.
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TO: Everyone
FROM: Martin
To gild refined gold is just silly.
TO: Dana
FROM: Cameron
Still holding out. We're going to make it!
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
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Now that we’ve started talking about identity, today Hank tackles the question of personhood. Philosophers have tried to assess what constitutes personhood with a variety of different criteria, including genetic, cognitive, social, sentience, and the gradient theory. As with many of philosophy’s great questions, this has much broader implications than simple conjecture. The way we answer this question informs all sorts of things about the way we move about the world, including our views on some of our greatest social debates.
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This week Craig continues our conversation on presidential powers by looking at those NOT found in the Constitution - implied or inherent powers. We’ll talk about how the President uses their power to negotiate executive agreements, recommend legislative initiatives, instate executive orders, impound funds, and claim executive privilege in order to get things done. Implied powers are kind of tough to tack down, as they aren’t really powers until they’re asserted, but once they are, most subsequent Presidents chose not to give them up. So we’ll try to cover those we’ve seen so far and talk a little bit about reactions to these sometimes controversial actions from the other branches of Congress.
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This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse
Chapters:
Introduction: Informal Powers of the President 00:00
Informal powers of the President 0:50
Inherent power to use troops 1:20
War Powers Resolution 2:23
Executive agreements vs. treaties 2:42
CEO of the U.S. 3:31
Legislative Initiative 4:18
Executive orders 5:20
Impounding funds 6:02
Executive privilege 6:20
The importance of presidential precedent 6:56
Credits 7:21
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In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about OCD and anxiety disorders in the hope we'll understand what people with actual OCD have to deal with as well as how torturous anxiety disorders and panic attacks can actually be.
Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych
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Chapters:
Introduction: Social Stigma of Psychological Disorders 00:00
What Defines an Anxiety Disorder? 1:55
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 2:35
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) 4:17
Panic Disorder & Panic Attacks 4:48
Phobias & Avoidance Behaviors 6:06
The Learning Perspective 7:38
The Biological Perspective 9:14
Review & Credits 10:38
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We begin our unit on ethics with a look at metaethics. Hank explains three forms of moral realism – moral absolutism, and cultural relativism, including the difference between descriptive and normative cultural relativism – and moral subjectivism, which is a form of moral antirealism. Finally, we’ll introduce the concept of an ethical theory.
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You’re probably familiar with the basics of magnets already: They have a north pole and a south pole. Two of the same pole will repel each other, while opposites attract. Only certain materials, especially those that contain iron, can be magnets. And there’s a magnetic field around Earth, which is why you can use a compass to figure out which way is north. In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini takes us into the world of magnetism!
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THE FINAL SHOWDOWN! This is the last episode on the immune system and also the very last episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology. In it, Hank explains how the cellular immune response uses helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells to attack body cells compromised by pathogens. He also explores how cytokines activate B and T cells, and what happens if your immune system goes rogue and starts causing autoimmune trouble.
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ
***
Chapters:
Introduction: Cells Fight Cells 00:00
Professional Antigen Presenting Cells 1:46
Helper T Cells 4:00
Cytotoxic T Cells 5:23
Immunodeficiencies 6:08
Autoimmune Disorders 7:27
Review 8:26
***
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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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The way light behaves can seem very counterintuitive, and many physicists would agree with that, but once you figure out light waves it all starts to make more sense! In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini shows us how we know that light exists as a wave and why that's really cool!
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This week Craig Benzine clears up the role of committees in Congress. We’ll talk about standing committees, joint committees, conference committees, and caucuses (and not the candidate-choosing kinds) as well as the staff agencies that help advise these committees and congresspeople. As most bills never even make it to the house and senate floors for a vote, the role of committees, and their respective chairpersons as gatekeepers is pretty important. There’s a lot to demystify here as the legislative process can seem pretty arcane at times, but the model, at least in theory, helps Congress run more efficiently.
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org
Chapters:
Introduction: How does Congress work? 00:00
Congressional committees 0:40
Why does Congress have committees? 1:52
How do congressional committees work? 2:44
How Congress got its leadership structure 4:09
Congressional staff 5:03
Specialized staff agencies in Congress 5:35
Caucuses in Congress 6:15
Caucuses, congressional staff, & committees help make lawmaking more efficient 7:16
Credits 7:55
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One way of thinking about family life says that there are stages that families move through: courtship, marriage, child-rearing, and family life in your later years. We’ll also discuss changing patterns of marriage and childbearing in the US, highlighting some of the varied family types that exist.
Crash Course is made with Adobe Creative Cloud. Get a free trial here: https://www.adobe.com/creative....cloud/catalog/deskto
***
References:
Sociology by John J. Macionis, 15th edition (2014)
Trends in the Share of Never-Married Americans and a Look Forward, Pew Reseach Center http://www.pewsocialtrends.org..../2014/09/24/chapter-
Infidelity in heterosexual couples: demographic, interpersonal, and personality-related predictors of extradyadic sex. by Mark, Janssen, and Milhausen (2011) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21667234
The Divorce Surge Is Over, but the Myth Lives On https://www.nytimes.com/2014/1....2/02/upshot/the-divo
Sawhill (2014), analysis of Current Population Survey data https://www.brookings.edu/blog..../social-mobility-mem
Centers for Disease Control Morbidity and Mortaility Reports https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/previ....ew/mmwrhtml/mm4847a1
Family Size Among Mothers, Pew Research Center http://www.pewsocialtrends.org..../2015/05/07/family-s
FastStats: Births and Natality, Centers for Disease Control https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/births.htm
The Cost of Raising a Child, US Department of Agriculture https://www.usda.gov/media/blo....g/2017/01/13/cost-ra
America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2012, US Census https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p20-570.pdf
Annie E. Casey Foundation, Kids Count Data Center analysis of American Community Survey data (2015) http://datacenter.kidscount.or....g/data/tables/107-ch
Recent Declines in Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States, Centers for Disease Control https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db162.htm
Mean Age of Mothers on the Rise, Centers for Disease Control https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/produ....cts/databriefs/db232
***
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What is social deviance? Who defines what is deviant and how to people come to behave that way? Today we’re going to explore biological and psychological approaches to explaining deviance, including what each perspective can bring to the table, and their inherent limitations. From there, we’ll explain the sociological perspective and the social foundations of deviance.
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***
Sunflower student movement in Taiwan by Artemas Liu https://www.flickr.com/photos/....48144725@N02/1376431 (CC BY 2.0)
***
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