Other
In which John Green teaches you the history of the Indian Ocean Trade. John weaves a tale of swashbuckling adventure, replete with trade in books, ivory, and timber. Along the way, John manages to cover advances in seafaring technology, just how the monsoons work, and there's even a disembowelment for you Fangoria fans.
Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Indian Ocean Trade 0:58
Monsoon Winds 2:19
How did trading work along the Indian Ocean? 3:43
An Open Letter to Kota Rani 4:57
Benefits of seaborne trade 6:14
How Indian Ocean trade facilitated the spread of technology 7:06
Indian Ocean Trade and the spread of Islam 7:33
Geography, Politics, and Indian Ocean Trade 10:13
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What do you and a sack of batteries have in common? Today, Hank explains.
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ
Chapters:
Introduction: What do Neurons Do? 00:00
Your Body is a Sack of Batteries 1:18
How Electricity Works Inside Your Nervous System 3:18
Sodium-Potassium Pump 4:04
Types of Ion Channels: Voltage-Gated, Ligand-Gated, and Mechanically-Gated 4:51
Graded Potential vs. Action Potential 5:45
Depolarization 6:19
Repolarization 7:35
Hyperpolarization 8:00
Refractory Period 8:14
Review 10:06
Credits 10:29
Crash Course Kids Preview! 10:39
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In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about these things called "Emotions". What are they? And why do we need them?
Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Emotions 00:00
Theories on Emotions 2:11
Cognition & Emotion 3:35
The Spillover Effect 4:22
Top-Down vs Bottom-Up Approaches to Cognitive Processing 6:09
The Autonomic Nervous System 8:10
Optimal Arousal 8:39
Review & Credits 10:03
--
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In which John Green teaches you about relations between the early English colonists and the Native people they encountered in the New World. In short, these relations were poor. As soon as they arrived, the English were in conflict with the native people. At Jamestown, Captain John Smith briefly managed to get the colony on pretty solid footing with the local tribes, but it didn't last, and a long series of wars with the natives ensued. This pattern would continue in US history, with settlers pushing into native lands and pushing the inhabitants further west. In this episode, you'll learn about Wahunsunacawh (who the English called Powhatan), his daughter Pocahontas, King Philip's (aka Metacom) War, and the Mystic Massacre. By and large, the history of the Natives and the English was not a happy one, even Thanksgiving wasn't all it's cracked up to be.
Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The English tried and failed for a decade to establish a foothold in the New World in Native territory, leading to the lost colony of Roanoke: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/settling-a-new-wor
When Jamestown was finally established in Virginia in 1607, the local Powhatan tribes sought friendly relations with the settlers, which quickly deteriorated: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/chief-powhatan-s-a
Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Native Americans' Relationship to English Settlers 0:28
Trade Between Europeans and Natives 1:36
Pochahontas 2:23
Conflict, Uprisings, and the Failure of the Virginia Company 3:10
The Puritans' Relationship with Native Americans 4:21
The Pequot War 5:45
King Phillip's War 6:35
Mystery Document 8:24
How Native Americans Resisted Colonization 9:49
Credits 10:54
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Hank tells us about the city of Eukaryopolis - the animal cell that is responsible for all the cool things that happen in our bodies.
Table of Contents time codes
1) Robert Hooke 1:59
2) Cilia/Flagella 2:52
3) Cell Membrane 3:32
4) Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton/Centrosomes 3:58
5) Endoplasmic Reticulum 4:41
6) Ribosomes 5:45
7) Golgi Apparatus 6:00
8) Lysosomes 6:47
9) Nucleus 7:06
10) Mitochondria 9:14
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In which Adriene and Jacob teach you about how and why prices rise. Sometimes prices rise as a result of inflation, which is a pretty normal thing for economies to do. We'll talk about how across the board prices rise over time, and how economists track inflation. Bubbles are a pretty normal thing for humans to do. One item, like tulips or beanie babies or houses or tech startups experience a rapid rise in prices. This is often accompanied by speculation, a bunch of outrageous profits, and then a nasty crash when the bubble bursts. People get excited about rising prices, and next thing you know, people are trading their life savings for a tulip bulb.
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark , Elliot Beter, Moritz Schmidt, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Jacob Ash, Jessica Wode, Today I Found Out, Christy Huddleston, James Craver, Chris Peters, SR Foxley, Steve Marshall, Simun Niclasen, Eric Kitchen, Robert Kunz, Avi Yashchin, Jason A Saslow, Jan Schmid, Daniel Baulig, Christian , Anna-Ester Volozh
--
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Welcome to Crash Course Statistics! In this series we're going to take a look at the important role statistics play in our everyday lives, because statistics are everywhere! Statistics help us better understand the world and make decisions from what you'll wear tomorrow to government policy. But in the wrong hands, statistics can be used to misinform. So we're going to try to do two things in this series. Help show you the usefulness of statistics, but also help you become a more informed consumer of statistics. From probabilities, paradoxes, and p-values there's a lot to cover in this series, and there will be some math, but we promise only when it's most important. But first, we should talk about what statistics actually are, and what we can do with them. Statistics are tools, but they can't give us all the answers.
Episode Notes:
On Tea Tasting:
"The Lady Tasting Tea" by David Salsburg
On Chain Saw Injuries:
https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/chainsaws.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15027558
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aem/2015/459697/
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Nickie Miskell Jr., Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes ร Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, Robert Kunz, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Daniel Baulig, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Tรผrkmenoฤlu, Alexander Tamas, Justin Zingsheim, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft, Steve Marshall
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This week Craig Benzine talks about how the President gets things done. Filling the role of the Executive Branch is a pretty big job - much too big for just one person. It's so big that the President employs an entire federal bureaucracy! Today, weโre just going to focus on those closest to the President, like the Vice President, the Cabinet, and the Executive Office of the President. Weโll figure out which strategy is most useful in helping the President make things happen and weโll discuss the controversy around the Presidentโs gradual increase in power. Oh, and as many of you noticed - last episode eagle got off too easy. Letโs see if we can make it up to you.
Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org
Chapters:
Introduction: Governing 00:00
Who makes up the Executive Branch? 0:36
Who makes up the Executive Office of the President? 1:36
Independent agencies & government corporations 2:35
How the President can use party leadership to govern 3:57
How the President can use the media to shift public opinion 5:00
How the President can use administrative strategy to govern 5:29
Why Presidents rely on administrative strategies 7:19
Credits 8:50
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We continue our look at philosophical reasoning by introducing two more types: induction and abduction. Hank explains their strengths and weaknesses, as well as counterarguments and the Socratic method.
--
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Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
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Energy is like the bestest best friend ever and yet, most of the time we take it for granted. Hank feels bad for our friend and wants us to learn more about it so that we can understand what it's trying to tell us - like that any bond between two atoms contains energy. How much energy? That's not the simplest question to answer, but today Hank will answer it (kinda), by teaching us about a nifty little thing called enthalpy.
If you are paying attention to this episode you'll learn what the state function is, and how it varies from a path-dependent function; why enthalpy change is different from heat; that bonds are energy and to form and break them they release and absorb heat to and from their environment. You'll get the quickest introduction to calorimetry ever (more on that in upcoming episodes) and learn the power of Hess's Law and how to use Germain Hess's concept of the standard enthalpy of formation to calculate exactly how much heat is produced by any chemical reaction.
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ
--
Table of Contents
State Function 1:50
Path-Dependent Function 1:15
Enthalpy 2:58
Bonds are Energy 5:10
Colorimetry 5:36
Hess' Law 6:19
Standard Enthalpy of Formation 7:24
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How does our knowledge grow? It turns out there are some different ideas about that. Schemas, Four-Stage Theory of Cognitive Development, and Vygotsky's Theory of Scaffolding all play different roles but the basic idea is that children think about things very differently than adults. Hank explains in today's episode of Crash Course Psychology.
Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Cognitive Development 00:00
Maturation 1:23
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development 1:45
Schemas 2:39
Assimilation & Accommodation 3:03
Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development 3:37
Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development 4:37
Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development 6:40
Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development 7:06
Reception of Piaget's Four-Step Model 7:20
Vygotsky's Theory of Scaffolding 7:48
Review & Credits 8:58
--
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Models are great, except they're also usually inaccurate. In this episode of Crash Course Chemistry, Hank discusses why we need models in the world and how we can learn from them... even when they're almost completely wrong. Plus, Lewis Structures!
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ
--
Table of Contents
Models 0:06
Linus Pauling & The Bonding Model 9:16
Lewis Dot Structures 4:27
Ionic Bonds 5:30
Covalent Bonds 6:10
Double Bonds 7:17
Triple Bonds 8:14
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After weeks of exploring the existence of nature of god, today Hank explores one of the biggest problems in theism, and possibly the biggest philosophical question humanity faces: why is there evil?
--
Images and video via VideoBlocks or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons by 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
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Hank and his brother John discuss heredity via the gross example of relative ear wax moistness.
This video uses sounds from Freesound.org.
References:
http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de..../en/research/project
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/her_ari.html
http://www.universityofcalifor....nia.edu/news/article
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01..../29/science/29cnd-ea
http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/mythearwax.html
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Interactions between species are what define ecological communities, and community ecology studies these interactions anywhere they take place. Although interspecies interactions are mostly competitive, competition is pretty dangerous, so a lot of interactions are actually about side-stepping direct competition and instead finding ways to divvy up resources to let species get along. Feel the love?
Table of Contents
1) Competitive Exclusion Principle 2:02
2) Fundamental vs. Realized Niche 3:48
3) Eco-lography / Resource Partitioning 5:25
4) Character Displacement 7:29
5) Mutualism 9:15
6) Commensalism 9:55
References
http://www.sciencedaily.com/ar....ticles/c/competitive
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbRPDGikcnc
http://www.instruction.greenri....ver.edu/mcvay/ES204%
http://www.sciencedaily.com/ar....ticles/e/ecological_
http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/MacArthur's_Warblers.html
http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~varanus/MacArthur.html
http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1383283?uid=3739960&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101174112437
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/cours....e/ent591k/symbiosis.
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Community_ecology
http://livingseas.org/2011/01/....22/killer-whales-sta
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs..../sea/pugetsound/beac
http://www.visitolympicpeninsu....la.org/tidepools.htm
http://www.annualreviews.org/d....oi/abs/10.1146/annur
http://eol.org/pages/484359/overview
http://www.geog.ubc.ca/biodive....rsity/efauna/Introdu
http://www.daviddarling.info/e....ncyclopedia/S/symbio
http://blogs.discovermagazine.....com/discoblog/2012/0
http://sites.sinauer.com/ecology2e/webext11.1.html
http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/MacArthur's_Warblers.html
http://www.annualreviews.org/d....oi/pdf/10.1146/annur
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Today Philโs explaining the stars and how they can be categorized using their spectra. Together with their distance, this provides a wealth of information about them including their luminosity, size, and temperature. The HR diagram plots starsโ luminosity versus temperature and most stars fall along the main sequence, where they live most of their lives.
Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Stars 00:00
Stellar Spectra 1:07
Star Classifications 3:03
Why Are There No Green Stars? 4:00
Luminosity Depends on Size and Temperature 5:27
The HR Diagram 6:33
Main Sequence Stars 7:27
Other Stars on the HR Diagram 8:17
Review 9:50
--
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--
PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Stars http://www.nasa.gov/images/con....tent/703724main_potw [credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA]
Spitzer Spectrum http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spacei....mages/details.php?id [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Leiden/SRON]
Sun spectrum https://www.noao.edu/image_gal....lery/html/im0600.htm [credit: N.A.Sharp, NOAO/NSO/Kitt Peak FTS/AURA/NSF]
Annie Jump Cannon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Annie_Jump_Cannon#/m [credit: New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper]
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Cecilia_Payne-Gaposc [credit: Smithsonian Institution]
OBAFGKM https://www.noao.edu/image_gal....lery/html/im0649.htm [credit: NOAO/AURA/NSF]
Betelgeuse http://www.eso.org/public/usa/images/eso0927e/ [credit: ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2. Acknowledgment: Davide De Martin]
Sirius https://www.nasa.gov/multimedi....a/imagegallery/image [credit: NASA, ESA, H. Bond (STScI) and M. Barstow (University of Leicester)]
Solar AM0 spectrum with visible spectrum background https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Solar_AM0_ [credit: Danmichaelo, Wikimedia Commons]
Blue sky http://www.pexels.com/photo/sk....y-sunny-clouds-cloud [credit: Skitter Photo]
Hawaii sunset photo [credit: Phil Plait]
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:ESO_-_Hert [credit: ESO]
Nearly 200 years ago, Alexis St. Martin was shot in the stomach. He was saved by local army doctor William Beaumont but had to live out his remaining years with a gaping hole in the stomach -- allowing Beaumont to learn a lot about how human digestion works. So today we're going to walk you through that process. We'll cover how mechanical and chemical digestion starts in the mouth and continues in the stomach, where itโs pummeled by acids and enzymes and turned into chyme. We will also go over the stomachโs cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of digestive regulation.
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ
Chapters:
Introduction: Alexis St. Martin's Stomach Hole 00:00
Digestion Starts in the Mouth 2:45
The Stomach 4:37
Stomach Acid 5:38
Phases of Digestive Regulation: Cephalic, Gastric, and Intestinal 7:17
The Mind-Stomach Connection 8:55
Review 9:54
Credits 10:29
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark , Elliot Beter, Moritz Schmidt, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Jacob Ash, Jessica Wode, Today I Found Out, Christy Huddleston, James Craver, Chris Peters, SR Foxley, Steve Marshall, Simun Niclasen, Eric Kitchen, Robert Kunz, Avi Yashchin, Jason A Saslow, Jan Schmid, Daniel Baulig, Christian , Anna-Ester Volozh
--
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Remember that guy from 300? What was his name? ARG!!! It turns out our brains make and recall memories in different ways. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about the way we do it, what damaging that process can do to us, and that guy... with the face and six-pack...
Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction: Memory 00:00
Accessing Memory: Recall, Recognition, and Relearning 1:44
How Memory is Stored 2:48
Working Memory 4:24
Explicit Memory 4:56
Implicit Memory 5:19
Types of Long-Term Memory: Procedural & Episodic 6:12
Mnemonics, Chunking, and Memory Tricks 6:59
Shallow vs. Deep Processing 7:28
The Importance of Memory 8:33
Review & Credits 9:06
--
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Our next stop in our tour of the ethical lay of the land is utilitarianism. With a little help from Batman, Hank explains the principle of utility, and the difference between act and rule utilitarianism.
--
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Today Hank explores artificial intelligence, including weak AI and strong AI, and the various ways that thinkers have tried to define strong AI including the Turing Test, and John Searleโs response to the Turing Test, the Chinese Room. Hank also tries to figure out one of the more personally daunting questions yet: is his brother John a robot?
Curious about AI? Check out this playlist from Crash Course Artificial Intelligence: https://youtube.com/playlist?l....ist=PL8dPuuaLjXtO65L
--
All other images and video either public domain or via VideoBlocks, or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
--
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse
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