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References/Learn More:

How turkeys got so big: https://www.wired.com/2008/11/turkeytech/

Benjamin Franklin’s 1784 letter to Sarah Bache about turkeys: http://franklinpapers.org/franklin/framedVolumes.jsp?vol=41&page=281

Ames, Mercedes, and David M. Spooner. "DNA from herbarium specimens settles a controversy about origins of the European potato." American Journal of Botany 95.2 (2008): 252-257.

Doebley, John. "The genetics of maize evolution." Annu. Rev. Genet. 38 (2004): 37-59.

Grun, Paul. "The evolution of cultivated potatoes." Economic Botany 44.3 (1990): 39-55.

McWilliams, James. The Pecan: A history of America's native nut. University of Texas Press, 2013.

Nee, Michael. "The domestication of cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae)." Economic Botany 44.3 (1990): 56-68.

Polashock, James, et al. "The American cranberry: first insights into the whole genome of a species adapted to bog habitat." BMC plant biology 14.1 (2014): 1

Speller, Camilla F., et al. "Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.7 (2010): 2807-2812.

----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Get the FACTS about climate change: http://youtu.be/ffjIyms1BX4
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Scientists overwhelmingly agree that our climate is changing, Earth is getting warmer, sea levels are rising, and it's primarily because of humans putting lots of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Yet 4 in 10 Americans aren't convinced. Here's what psychologists and sociologists have to say about why some people don't believe in climate science.

Last week's video: Climate Science - What You Need to Know https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffjIyms1BX4

RECOMMENDED READING/SOURCES:

"Don't Even Think About It" by George Marshall: http://amzn.to/1DCX6HU
Also check out George Marshall's website: http://www.climateconviction.org/

"The Republican Brain" by Chris Mooney: http://bit.ly/1GJew1C
"Unscientific America" by Chris Mooney and Sheril Kirshenbaum: http://amzn.to/1BQsocf
"Fool Me Twice" by Shawn Lawrence Otto: http://bit.ly/12Y2Gnc

Want to learn about the science of climate change and why humans are causing it, but in layman's terms? I recommend these books:

Climate Change: Evidence and Causes (National Academy of Sciences/Royal Society) FREE ebook: http://amzn.to/1w6itfl
Global Weirdness (Climate Central) http://amzn.to/1BtZZbP
How to Change Minds About Our Changing Climate (Seth Darling + Douglas Sisterson) http://amzn.to/12jjcxN

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc
Kate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

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Who knew there was so much science in a bowl of cereal?
Don’t miss our next video! SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
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Ever notice how cereal clumps up in your bowl, or how cereal sticks to the edges of the bowl? Bubbles in beverages do the same thing.You've probably seen this surface tension and buoyancy at work, but did you know there's some mind-blowing science behind it? What we learn in our cereal bowl even connects to the lives of tiny insects that walk on water.

SOURCES/EXTRAS:

Vella, Dominic, and L. Mahadevan. "The “cheerios effect”." American journal of physics 73.9 (2005): 817-825.

Gao, Xuefeng, and Lei Jiang. "Biophysics: water-repellent legs of water striders." Nature 432.7013 (2004): 36-36.

Bush, John WM, and David L. Hu. "Walking on water: biolocomotion at the interface." Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 38 (2006): 339-369.

John Bush: Interfacial Locomotion http://math.mit.edu/~bush/?p=998

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Editor/animator: Andrew Orsak
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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How far would ocean viruses stretch? http://www.virology.ws/2009/10..../19/ten-cool-facts-a

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Twitter @AaronPomerantz
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCHr0u7Jsktou2CFl2
http://www.thenextgenscientist.com/

Videos referenced in this episode:

Is Big Data Getting Too Big? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTMkc0bLRlI
Musical Tesla Coils in Slow Motion! Featuring Physics Girl https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGhNgeg9IAw
Is Ultron Inevitable? Ft. Vsauce3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Irmtk5QG8s
Could Planet Minecraft Actually Exist? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5N7d8mcQk4
Why Are You Multicellular? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdVc2J_OwDc
The Most Important Moment in the History of Life https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jf06MlX8yik
Traveling Light (from Vsauce3) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOoFkwj91pk
Do Plants Think? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zm6zfHzvqX4
Why Do We Have To Sleep? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mufsteNrTI
Hurricanes: Engines of Destruction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xtu2_ziBI_w

I don’t know why anyone would want to read this, but here’s my dissertation:
http://bit.ly/2cU8DuN

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D
Follow me on Twitter/Instagram: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc
Kate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks

-----------------

Last week's video:
The Recipe For Life https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuBWjY9BpEc

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

Crashing a car is usually not a good idea. But sometimes, it can save lives.
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

No one ever wants to get in a car crash. But if you ever do, be very thankful for the engineers who crash test cars. You may have seen crash test simulations on TikTok using physics engines like BeamNG but I promise you they are nothing compared to the real thing! Join us for this DEEP dive into the physics of car crashes and the ways that engineers hack Newton's laws to keep you safe.

Filmed on location at the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety https://www.iihs.org/
IIHS on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@iihs-hldi
IIHS resources for teachers: https://classroom.iihs.org/

Crash test sensor car by PocketLab: https://www.thepocketlab.com/

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-crash-test-

Join our Patreon community: https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

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0:00 Intro - Deep dive into crash testing
1:37 Welcome to crash test HQ
2:25 She crashes cars for a living
3:42 A visit with Isaac Newton
5:41 Why Newton's 2nd law rules all
11:21 New problems, new crash tests
14:37 Very finely-tuned violence
17:58 How engineers prepare a crash test (lots of duct tape)
20:42 Who you callin' dummy, dummy?
25:02 Car go BOOM (and the aftermath)
31:00 In the future, will cars be smart enough not to crash?
36:24 Conclusion and extras

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Why are trees and other plants green? Seems like a simple question. But the answer is full of surprises. Using a special camera that can pick up light just beyond the visible range, into the near-infrared, you’ll get to see trees like you’ve never seen them before. And these other-worldly images can teach us not only why trees are green on Earth, but what color photosynthetic life on other planets might be.
#TeamTrees

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....treesonotherplanets-

Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
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Embarrassment. Awkwardness. Cringe. No matter what you call it. it’s one of the most unique human emotions, and one that’s particularly hard to figure out. But if a feeling exists and has lasted through evolution, then it probably has a purpose!

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....references-thescienc

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Can trees really save us from climate change? For eons, nature has relied on photosynthesis as a big way to keep carbon dioxide levels from getting out of control. But as we have put more carbon into the air, we’ve also cut down many of the forests we need to suck that carbon up. So big tree-planting initiatives like #TeamTrees to the rescue, right? Actually, we need to think bigger. Here’s three ways trees really can help us solve climate change, from a guy who wants to plant a TRILLION trees, to how we might save the forests we’ve got, to scientists hacking biology to make trees even better.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....3waystreescansavethe

Aspect Science: Team Trees Explained https://youtu.be/SLHCA-hHx4Y

Special thanks to Felix Finkbeiner
https://www.plant-for-the-planet.org/en/home

Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
AlecZero
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Diego Lombeida
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All 12 days… in ONE video!
Prefer the individual videos? Go here: http://bit.ly/OKTBS12daysPL
↓ More info and sources below ↓

I *highly* recommend these books:

“Undeniable” by Bill Nye http://amzn.to/1TK3wZs
“Why Evolution Is True” by Jerry Coyne http://amzn.to/1TK3zV3

WEBSITES/TEACHING RESOURCES:

- Berkeley’s “Understanding Evolution” http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php
- The National Center for Science Education http://ncse.com/

Don’t miss a single one of our 12 Days of Evolution! Follow along with this playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLsmqeqKj7M-

Darwin illustration credit: Nicku / Shutterstock

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Kate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

Another YouTube #shorts from Dr. Joe! Subscribe for more fun science stories

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A dose of reality about vaccines…
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub Twitter: @okaytobesmart
↓ More info and sources below ↓

As more and more parents are choosing not to vaccinate their children or are vaccinating them later, diseases like measles are making a comeback. What's behind this antivax movement? Are vaccines safe? How do vaccines work? Why do some people claim there is a link between vaccines and autism? This week we look at why are people afraid of something that has saved so many lives, and the history and science of vaccines. #vaccine #antivax #measles


REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING:

"The Panic Virus" by Seth Mnookin: http://amzn.to/1CB8Q7p
"On Immunity" by Eula Biss: http://amzn.to/1FTmmH1

Watch "Vaccines: Calling the Shots" from PBS' NOVA: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVCO6_bpsEY

The Robert Falcon Scott expedition and the lost cure for scurvy, by Maciej Cegłowski: http://idlewords.com/2010/03/scott_and_scurvy.htm

The incredible value of vaccines: http://www.gavi.org/about/miss....ion/facts-and-figure

The Guardian's herd immunity simulation: http://www.theguardian.com/soc....iety/ng-interactive/

Map of global vaccine rates: http://gamapserver.who.int/gho..../interactive_charts/

How risky are vaccine side effects? http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/va....c-gen/side-effects.h

Eula Biss on vaccines and empathy: http://www.vox.com/2015/2/6/79....92071/how-one-vaccin


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Google+ https://plus.google.com/+itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM

Stock images from Shutterstock

-----------------

Last week's video:
What is Déjà Vu? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ut8mYGi0YRs

More videos:
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Why Did We Blow on NES Games? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Gf9mtXnJfM
The Science of Game of Thrones - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utu-LpJn3Is
There Was No First Human - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdWLhXi24Mo health (industry) mmr polio

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
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More moon rocks on Smarter Every Day ►► https://youtu.be/QxZ_iPldGtI
And Objectivity ►► https://youtu.be/yvhLBzsDwSQ

SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Fifty years ago, we sent the first astronauts to walk on the moon’s face. But what they brought back is just as important as what got them there. I’m talking about moon rocks, guys. And I got to go visit NASA’s lunar sample vault to learn more about them! NASA’s moon rock collection has helped us learn so much about the early solar system, the formation of rocky planets like ours, and where our moon came from. And let me tell you, the story of our moon is a VIOLENT one. It involves the word “magmoon”. That’s an awesome word! Enjoy this video, and I hope you learn not just some lunar geology, but also how exploring the moon helped change what the space program was all about.
#apollo #moon #apollo50

SOURCES: https://sites.google.com/view/....inside-nasa-moon-roc

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So… baby teeth are pretty terrifying, huh?
Remember to brush, floss, and SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Teeth. We’ve all got ‘em (most of us, anyway). But how do they grow? Teeth are made from some biological nanotechnology that will blow your mind. They are strong enough to last hundreds of millions of years. Oh, and if you’ve ever wondered how adult teeth replace your baby teeth, get ready to see something terrifying.

Special thanks to Matthew Brown, Ph.D. and the University of Texas Vertebrate Paleontology Collection

Watch the tasty new series “Tacos of Texas” https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCdzQ_ilHPH3rQtgzo

REFERENCES:

Dr. Gareth J. Fraser, Department of Biology, University of Florida
Dr. Andrew Gillis, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge

S.J. AlQahtani Et al. (2010) Brief Communication: The London Atlas of Human Tooth Development and Eruption. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 142:481–490

Teruel Jde D Et al. (2015) Comparison of chemical composition of enamel and dentine in human, bovine, porcine and bovine teeth. Archives of Oral Biology Volume 60, Issue 5 768-775

Hill, M.A. (2018) Embryology Timeline human development. https://embryology.med.unsw.ed....u.au/embryology/inde



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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Mark Rodriguez
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Check out http://youarenotsosmart.com/ for more on cognitive biases
Books by David McRaney: http://amzn.to/1pQqmQh and http://amzn.to/1qrGRpM

Did blowing on NES cartridges actually do anything? http://mentalfloss.com/article..../12589/did-blowing-n
http://gaming.stackexchange.co....m/questions/15044/wh
http://www.digitpress.com/foru....m/showthread.php?117

Mario speedrun video via akyeren: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Boq3ghiTKHA

The Vegetable Lamb of Tartary: http://www.wired.com/2014/04/f....antastically-wrong-v

Mice from dirty laundry and other spontaneous generation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S....pontaneous_generatio

Here's another video testing the effectiveness of blowing into NES cartridges: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNi4A2KGOfw

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editor and motion graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Video game music:
Rolemusic: Ants
Rolemusic: Bacterial Love
Rolemusic: Ladybug Castle
Rolemusic: Another Beek Beep Beer Please

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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The book:
“The Fly Trap” by Fredrik Sjöberg http://amzn.to/1TlWrkw

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Music:
Monkeys Spinning Monkeys Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
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Check out the FULL video from Smarter Every Day of jellyfish stinging in microscopic slow-motion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7WJCnC5ebf4

Jellyfish are mesmerizing and beautiful and I have no idea how they work. So I went behind the scenes at the Monterey Bay Aquarium with my new friend Tommy to learn all about them. I saw some things…

Why are we in Monterey? PBS and BBC are teaming up to bring you an incredible LIVE nature broadcast direct from Monterey Bay, California called BIG BLUE LIVE. In late summer, thousands and thousands of ocean animals come together here, in one of the richest ecosystems on Earth. We'll be bringing you a week of videos direct from Monterey Bay all about this incredible place and the biology it holds
Big Blue Live airs nightly on PBS 8/31-9/2 at 8 PM ET
Big Blue Live airs on BBC One 8/23 (7PM), 8/27 (8 PM), 8/30 (7 PM)

More info here:
pbs.org/bigbluelive
facebook.com/PBS
facebook.com/BBCBigBlueLive

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(Whale illustrations by Nobu Tamura/CC-BY-3.0)

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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

Your now is not your forever (unless you’re a tuatara)
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Special thanks to John Green! And to Amber Faasen and the Dallas Zoo herpetarium team!

During the 2017 Project For Awesome livestream, I promised I’d make a tuatara video if we hit our fundraising goal, and I’m a man of my word! Little did I know I’d get to meet a tuatara and learn things about a 200 million year old branch of life that would blow my mind. Get ready to meet the chillest reptile, weird living fossil, and star of Turtles All The Way Down… the tuatara.

3D tuatara skull animation courtesy of Digimorph: http://www.digimorph.org/

READ MORE:
“Turtles All The Way Down” by John Green: http://amzn.to/2GU2c6J

“Horseshoe Crabs and Velvet Worms: The Story of the Animals and Plants That Time Has Left Behind” by Richard Fortey http://amzn.to/2EpcfT2

Hay, J. M., Subramanian, S., Millar, C. D., Mohandesan, E., & Lambert, D. M. (2008). Rapid molecular evolution in a living fossil. Trends in Genetics, 24(3), 106-109.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Derek Borsheim
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
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“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 1, we travel from Africa’s Serengeti plains to the nearly extinct prairies of the western United States to discover the unexpected species that determine the very existence of these places. Can an ecosystem survive without its keystone species? And can we restore endangered human cultures by bringing back a nearly-extinct ecosystem?

Co-hosted by:
Trace Dominguez @TraceDominguez
Emily Graslie @EmilyGraslie

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....inournature-ep1-refe

In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!

Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy

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Joe went behind the scenes at Monterey Bay Aquarium to meet the Giant Pacific Octopus, a powerful and curious creature that challenges many of our notions of intelligence!
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Read “Soonish” by Kelly and Zach Weinersmith! https://smbc-comics.com/soonish/
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Try 23andMe at: http://www.23andme.com/okay

Asteroid mining sounds like something out of a bad space movie, but harvesting materials from space rocks might be our ticket to building space colonies or living on Mars. Most of Earth’s precious and rare metals are locked too far in the crust for us to get at them, and launching them to space is too expensive for us to supply large colonies off Earth or explore far off worlds. How do we get our hands on the planetary resources inside asteroids? Let’s find out!

Special thanks to Kelly and Zach Weinersmith for working with us on this video. Check out their new book “Soonish” for a hilarious and science-filled look at future technologies: https://smbc-comics.com/soonish/

SOURCES/EXTRAS:

Badescu, Viorel, ed. Asteroids: Prospective energy and material resources. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.

Crawford, Ian A. "Asteroids in the service of humanity." arXiv preprint arXiv:1306.2678 (2013).

Kleine, Thorsten. "Geoscience: Earth's patchy late veneer." Nature 477.7363 (2011): 168-169.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Dr. Shaena Montanari
Editor/animator: Andrew Orsak
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
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500 years before the Scientific Revolution, the mathematician Al-Hassan Ibn al-Haytham spent hours in a dark room studying the light that filtered in. Not only did he revolutionize how we literally see the world, he pioneered the scientific method that is now the backbone of modern science.

Sources: https://sites.google.com/view/....sci-method-sources/h

0:00 Introduction
0:41 What is a camera obscura?
1:48 The mathematician who tried to dam the Nile
3:08 The origin of optics
3:56 Ancient ways of knowing
6:39 The birth of modern science
7:38 From hypothesis to experiment
8:44 How al-Haytham changed science history
10:13 Conclusion
11:40 Extras!


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A truly X-cellent and X-ceptional video…
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Despite being one of the rarest letters in English, the letter X is everywhere. We sign letters with it, we rate movies with it, we name all sorts of things after it. We’re kind of obsessed with it. And that’s probably all thanks to math, where X stands for the unknown. Let's explore the bizarre history of how X took on this role…

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....why-are-we-so-obsess

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New technology is revolutionizing how we study and protect nature. In this video, we’ll learn how artificial intelligence is being used to decode the sonic landscapes of the ocean - specifically, whale song. That’s right, there may come a day soon where AI allows us to understand and talk to whales. But some scientists are saying: the question may not be CAN we talk to whales, but SHOULD we talk to whales?

Want to learn more? Read "How to Speak Whale" by Tom Mustill: https://www.tommustill.com/how-to-speak-whale

0:00 Intro - What it's like to be a whale
1:44 Ch. 1 - The record that saved Earth's whales from extinction
5:01 Ch. 2 - Can AI help figure out what whale songs mean?
6:39 Ch. 3 - Living in a world of sound (umwelt)
8:25 Ch. 4 - How do whales make sounds, anyway?
10:26 Ch. 5 - We need to talk about the L word
11:51 Ch. 6 - How AI is already changing whale research
13:10 Ch. 7 - Training computers to listen to animals
15:46 Ch. 8 - How can we decode what a whale song means?
17:17 Ch. 9 - Making WhaleGPT is so much harder than we realize
19:48 Ch. 10 - Should we really be doing this?
21:43 Follow me to Planet Wild!

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Note: The thumbnail for this episode includes a picture of Joe Hanson created with a text-to-image generative AI tool

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