Alkaline Earth Metals-- Alkaline earth metals are found in group 2 of the periodic table
They include beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra)
The alkaline earth metals share several common properties, they have
Low density
Silver and soft metals
Ductile and malleable
React with halogens and water
Alkaline earth metals are reactive, not as reactive to alkali metals, but still very reactive. This is because they all contain two electrons in their outer shell. Because they are reactive they are usually found in nature in compound form.

Strontium compounds are often added to fireworks displays for their red flame test color.
Calcium is used by our body for our teeth and bones.
Magnesium is used in antacid and barium is used in light bulbs.
So there are the group 2 alkaline earth metals. They each have two valence electrons.
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What happens when you mix sodium and water?
Hint: It involves fire.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRPuDQtB_5Y&t=41s

Biological Niche and Habitat

Learn about an organisms ecological niche and what a habitat is.
The biological niche of an organism is the role or job an organism fulfills.
The habitat is where the organism lives.

You may also enjoy: Freshwater Ecosystems
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BwP1zxnKb14

Niche and Habitat
https://moomoomath.com/biologi....cal-niche-and-habita ‎

There are over 4000 species of mammals. We are mammals. In this video, I cover some common traits of mammals.
Almost all mammals have at least 10 characteristics in common. I cover 9 of these traits of mammals.
They all have a spinal cord.
Most have ears
Mammals have mammary glands.
Mammals have sweat glands
They have a unique jaw shape
These animals have teeth
Four chamber heart
Examples of mammals include lions, elephants, fox, hippos, humans, chimps, and many more.

More information
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/search?q=mammals

There are four main classifications of galaxies

Elliptical galaxies which are featureless and spiracle.

Galaxy Picture Credits

Spiral galaxy
The Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI/NASA) NASA Headquarters - Greatest Images of NASA (NASA-HQ-GRIN) -http://nix.larc.nasa.gov/info;jsessionid=1sl2so6lc9mab?id=GPN-2000-000933&orgid=12http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-1999-25-a-full_tif.tif

Elliptical galaxy

NASA/ESA Hubble Space telescope - http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1519a/

Barred galaxy
NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team STScI/AURA) - http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo0501a/ ([cdn.spacetelescope.org/archives/images/screen/opo0501a.jpg direct link])

Lenticular

NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) - http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo0624a/ (direct link) http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ (direct link)
Spiral these have arms that spiral outward


Lenticular galaxies are given the symbol S0. These galaxies consist of a bright central bulge, similar in appearance to an elliptical galaxy, surrounded by an extended, disk-like structure.

Irregular galaxies are any other galaxy

Learn all about the stomach. The stomach is a major site of digestion and is a muscular pouch.
In the video, I cover the basic anatomy of the stomach and several facts about the stomach.
The stomach has four main regions, the cardia, the fundus, the body, and the pylorus.

Picture of stomach
By DBCLS 統合TV, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/....w/index.php?curid=55

The first stage of mitosis called prophase

State of Georgia 7th Grade Math Year in Review
Topics covered this video
Adding sign numbers
Subtracting sign numbers
Dividing Decimals
Multiplying fractions
Divide mixed numbers
Convert fractions to a decimal
Convert percent to a decimal
Convert decimal to a percent

Example Problems
-3 + 9
-24 + -17
72 - -5
-93.1 ÷ 24.5
3/4 * 1 2/3
convert 2/5 to a fraction
convert 5/8 to a decimal
convert 20% to a fraction

7th Grade Math Playlist ( Entire Year)
https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLurjkZV1ykG

Learn more about Arthropods
http://www.moomoomath.com/arth....ropods-characteristi

What are the main characteristics all arthropods have? Arthropods are everywhere. They range from bees to spiders. All arthropods have several traits in common. They all have an exoskeleton, bilateral symmetry, jointed bodies, and segmented
appendages.
Keywords: Arthropods for beginners, Arthropod Definition

0:00 Introduction
0:19 Exoskeleton
0:47 Segmented Bodies
1:08 Jointed Appendages
1:51 Open Circulatory System

Arthropods
https://moomoomath.com/charact....eristics-of-arthropo

In this video, I answer the question, " What makes an insect an insect?
An insect belongs to the phylum Arthropoda and the class Insecta
Insects have an exoskeleton,wings,6 legs, and a segmented body.

Ecological pyramids
Ecological pyramids show how energy is transferred in an ecosystem.
In this video, I cover three types,
pyramid of energy
pyramid of biomass
pyramid of numbers

Moons of the planets. I review the 7 largest moons of Saturn
I review the following moons
Mimas
Enceladus
Tethys
Dione
Iapetus
Rhea
Titan
Transcript
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/....2020/07/7-largest-mo

Pictures of moons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn

In this video, I describe the four stages of mitosis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
During metaphase, the sister chromatids align in the middle of the cell.
However for this to happen a couple of things had to happen during prophase
During prophase, the chromatin condensed into x shaped chromosomes.
Each half of the x is a sister chromatin with identical copies of the DNA
In other words, a sister chromatin is 'one-half' of the duplicated chromosome.
The two sides of the x shaped chromosome is attached at the centromere.
Centromeres are the regions of DNA where the sister chromatids are most tightly connected.
During anaphase, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
The chromosomes move away from each other during the phase of mitosis called anaphase.
Finally, in telophase, the nuclear membrane reappears and the cell pinches in the middle.

What happens in the mitochondria?
In this video I would like to talk about what happens in the mitochondria.
The mitochondria is often called in school the powerhouse of the cell. It is a structure in the cell that generates ATP which is converted into energy. Think of the mitochondria as the charging station for your cell phone. Without any power your cell phone is not very helpful.

A mitochondria looks almost like a small cell inside a cell. It has ribosomes and dna. It has the ability to duplicate.
The mitochondria has two layers, an inner membrane and an outer membrane, the matrix, and the intermembrane space.

Cellular respiration requires sugar and oxygen in order to create ATP

First, the sugar in the form of glucose is converted into two pyruvates in a process called glycolysis This occurs outside the mitochondria and produces 2 ATP

The pyruvate which earlier was sugar travels into the mitochondria and more specifically the matrix.
At this location the pyruvate helps power the krebs cycle
During this process carbon dioxide is given off and NADH and FADH2 are formed and 2 molecules of ATP

Now we move to the step in which oxygen is used.Inside the inner wall are protein pumps.
NADH and FADH2 provide energy for these pumps and hydrogen ions flow back and forth through the protein pumps and generate 34 ATP.
This is called the electron transport chain.

The waste products from powering the electron transport chain protein pumps combine with oxygen to produce water molecules.
Take a journeyto the cell
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QS274gwv_Sc
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Take a journey into a cell and learn about the cell organelles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sgSJ44hOEg

A concave mirror curves inward in the center. In this video, I use a laser to demonstrate ray of incidence, the ray of reflection,focal point,center of curvature, and the vertex

The Equinox is the date in which the day and night are equal. The Solstice is the longest day of the year? Because the Earth is tilted at a 23.5 degrees angle and also rotates and revolves around the earth the length of the day varies though out the year
During each equinox, both hemispheres receive almost equal amounts of sunlight
12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of nighttime.
Questions answered in this video?
What are the dates of the vernal equinox and the autumn equinox?
What are the dates of the summer solstice and the winter solstice?
What is the equilux?
When is the shortest day of the year?
When is the longest day of the year?

Have you ever wondered how you catch a cold? I discuss 5 ways microorganisms spread.
These include direct contact, indirect contact, airborne, oral route, insects and pests.

Learn how to create a stem and leaf plot. A stem and leaf plot is another method for organizing data so you can see patterns.
Draw the Stem and Leaf Chart
Identify the Stem
Sort your data and divide the numbers into a stem and a leaf
Provide a key

Mountain and Valley Breezes occur when the slopes of the mountain and the valley heat up and cool off at different rates. Valley breezes occur during the day and mountain breezes occur at night.

What happens during metaphase?
In this video, I would like to talk about the stage of mitosis called metaphase.
Mitosis consists of four stages and I always remember mitosis using PMAT
For Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
During metaphase the sister chromatids align in the middle of the cell.

However for this to happen a couple of things need to happen during prophase
During prophase the chromatin condenses into x shaped chromosomes.
Each half of the x is a sister chromatid and identical copies of the DNA
The two sides of the x shaped chromosome are attached at the centromere.

During metaphase spindle fibers appear These fibers create something called the spindle apparatus.
It consists of spindle fibers, centrioles, and another fiber called aster fibers
In plants, the centrioles are missing.
These spindle apparatus move to the poles of the cell.
The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatids at the kinetochore.
After the spindle fiber is attached at the kinetochore the sister chromatid is pulled along the spindle apparatus and eventually end up in the middle of the cell.

Metaphase is the shortest stage of mitosis but is important because it helps ensure that new cells have correct copies of the chromosomes.
Take a journey to the cell
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QS274gwv_Sc

Learn the basics of Lichen and Moss. In many places on Earth, you will find Lichen and Moss living beside each other. Although they may look similar they are very different. Lichen are actually a symbiotic relationship between fungi and cyanobacteria. Moss are nonvascular plants.