We've reached the grand finale of our four-part series on human reproduction: BABIES! Today Hank walks you through the stages of pregnancy, beginning with how a zygote develops into blastomeres to a morula to a blastocyst, and finally to an embryo and a fetus. He also explains some of the amazing anatomical changes that take place in the mother and the hormonal sequence of events that lead to labor.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Chapters:
Introduction: How Did You Get Here? 00:00
Cleavage Stage: Zygote, Blastomeres, Morula, Blastocyst1:34
Implantation 3:08
The Placenta 4:50
Embryonic Stage 5:07
Female Anatomical Changes During Pregnancy 5:30
Hormonal Sequences Leading to Labor 7:12
Stages of Labor: Dilation, Expulsion, Placental Delivery 8:35
Review 9:34

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

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Join Phil for a tour of our capital-M Moon, from surface features, inside to the core, and back in time to theories about its formation.

This episode is brought to you by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

--

Chapters:
Introduction: The Moon 00:00
How Big is the Moon? 0:54
Internal Structure of the Moon 1:56
The Moon's Surface: Highlands and Maria 2:15
How the Moon Formed: The Giant Impact Hypothesis 3:42
The Moon's Craters 6:32
Water on the Moon? H2O Yeah! 8:06
Review 9:06

--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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--


PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Moon Phase 47.7% http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=3 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio]
The Blue Marble http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=57723 [credit: Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Image by Reto Stöckli]
Dramatic Moonset http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1023a/ [credit: G.Gillet/European Southern Observatory]
Structure of the Moon: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M....oon#mediaviewer/File [credit: Kelvin Song via WikiMedia Commons]
Crater Science Investigations: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center]
Lunar crater Daealus http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Lunar_crate [credit: NASA]
Mare Humorum http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Mare_Humoru [credit: NASA]
Luna 3: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/img....cat/html/object_page [credit: NASA]
Farside!: http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/298 [credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University]
Theia Earth Collision: http://io9.com/the-incredibly-....violent-history-of-e [credit: Ron Miller, used with permission]
Earth Seen From Early Moon: http://io9.com/the-incredibly-....violent-history-of-e [credit: Ron Miller, used with permission]
Moon Struck: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
Tycho: http://www.nasa.gov/images/con....tent/417417main_tych [credit: NASA/Goddard/Arizona State University]
Double crater on the moon: http://www.esa.int/spaceinimag....es/Images/2006/09/Do [credit: ESA/SPACE-X (Space Exploration Institute)]
Stream of Craters: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pa....ges/LRO/multimedia/l [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Arizona State University]
Full Moon: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M....oon#mediaviewer/File [credit: Gregory H. Revera]
Rille on the valley floor, photographic mosaic from Apollo 15: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S....chroter%27s_Valley#m [credit: NASA]
New Views of Lunar Pits: http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/230 [credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University]
Crater Erlanger: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pa....ges/Mini-RF/multimed [credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University]

In this episode of Crash Course Astronomy, Phil takes you through the cause and name of the Moon's phases.

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

--
Chapters:
Why does the Moon Have Phases? 00:00
New Moon 2:26
Waxing Crescent 4:17
First Quarter 4:35
Waxing Gibbous 5:15
Full Moon 5:32
Waning Gibbous, Third Quarter, and Waning Crescent 6:26
Earthshine 7:20
Review 8:58

--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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--

PHOTOS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M....oon#mediaviewer/File
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/m....ultimedia/display.cf
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a004200/a0042
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M....oon#mediaviewer/File
http://global.jaxa.jp/press/20....08/04/img/20080411_k
http://global.jaxa.jp/press/20....08/04/20080411_kaguy
http://www.esa.int/Our_Activit....ies/Operations/First
http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Sachin_Niga
https://www.flickr.com/photos/....badastronomy/1439741

How can Daenerys Targaryen help us understand personal identity? Find out as Hank continues our exploration of personal identity, learning about Hume’s bundle theory and Parfit’s theory of survival through psychological connectedness.

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

--

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So what does perception even mean? What's the difference between seeing something and making sense of it? In today's episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank gives us some insight into the differences between sensing and perceiving.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
--
Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Perception: Your Mind's Eye 1:06
Perceptual Set 1:53
Optical Illusions 3:13
Form Perception & Figure-Ground Relationships 3:44
Rules of Grouping: Proximity, Continuity, & Closure 4:53
Depth Perception 5:40
Binocular vs. Monocular Visual Cues 6:11
Motion Perception 7:50
Perceptual Constancy 8:15
Review & Credits 9:12
--

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Stan Muller teaches you a few things about copyright enforcement and talks about the exceptions to copyright enforcement. While there are several, the one you've probably heard of is Fair Use, and it's a pretty tricky one. We'll try to explain it and teach you just why fair use is so loosey-goosey.

Citation1: 17 USC 503
Citation 2: Hargreaves, Ian. Digital Opportunity: A Review of Intellectual Property and Growth. UK Intellectual Property Office. P 5
Citation 3: Iowa State Univ. Research Found., Inc. v. American Broadcasting Cos., 621 F.2d 57 (2d Cir. 1980)
Citation 4: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enters., 471 U.S. 539, 551, 105 S. Ct. 2218, 85 L. Ed. 2d 588 (1985) (quoting) Joseph McDonald, Non-Infringing Uses, 9 Bull. Copyright Soc'y 466, 467 No. 355 (1962)

Links We Promised:
Copyright Office Fair Use Index: http://copyright.gov/fair-use/
Best Practices Documents:
http://www.cmsimpact.org/fair-use/best-practices
http://infringementnation.com

***
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Steve MarshallAnna-Ester Volozh, Sandra Aft, Brad Wardell, Christian Ludvigsen, Robert Kunz, Jason, A Saslow, Jacob Ash, Jeffrey Thompson, Jessica Simmons, James Craver, Simun Niclasen, SR Foxley, Roger C. Rocha, Nevin, Spoljaric, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jessica Wode, Sofie Harning, Sour Bags & Totes, Don Phillips, Christian Dodson, Christian Dodson (once again), Christian Dodson (again), Christian Dodson (NO EDGE), tuseroni, Amy Guerrero

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Next stop on our tour of engineering’s major fields: electrical engineering. In this episode we’ll explore the history of telecommunications, electric power and lighting, and computers. We’ll introduce topics like magnetism, electrical conduction, telegraphy, lighting, and computers.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

***

RESOURCES:
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/William-Gilbe
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/h....istoric_figures/gilb
http://www.sparkmuseum.com/BOOK_GRAY.HTM
http://people.seas.harvard.edu..../~jones/es154/lectur
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Claude-Chappe
http://people.seas.harvard.edu..../~jones/cscie129/pap
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/William-Fothe
http://ethw.org/William_Fothergill_Cooke
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/te....chnology/connecting-
http://www.history.com/this-da....y-in-history/first-t
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Samuel-F-B-Mo
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Alexander-Gra
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Heinrich-Hert
https://www.livescience.com/45....641-science-of-world
https://definitions.uslegal.co....m/r/radio-act-of-191
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Sir-Humphry-D
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Zenobe-Theoph
http://www.history.com/topics/....inventions/thomas-ed
http://www.history.com/news/as....k-history/what-was-t
http://www.computerhistory.org..../fellowawards/hall/m
http://www.pbs.org/transistor/....album1/addlbios/hoff
http://www.intel4004.com/
https://www.wired.com/2009/12/....1223shockley-bardeen
https://www.history.com/topics..../inventions/inventio

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark Brouwer, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft
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What’s the life of a cell like? In this episode of Crash Course Biology, we’ll follow a cell’s life cycle, from its beginning as a shiny new cell all the way to division via mitosis. We’ll learn how our cells control this process, and what happens when things go wrong.

Chapters:
Main Character Energy 00:00
Cellular Division 1:26
Interphase 2:36
Mitosis & Cytokinesis 5:06
The Cell Cycle Control System 8:24
Cancer & Dr. Jane Cooke Wright 9:14
Review & Credits 9:53

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive, committed to empowering educators and inspiring students with engaging, accessible, and quality classroom resources. Visit https://BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse for more information.

Check out our Biology playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL8dPuuaLjXt

Watch this series in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLkcbA0DkuFj

Sources: https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/1GLDtAXE6ekg4Ch

***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Tawny Whaley, Sean Saunders, DL Singfield, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Jennifer Killen, Starstuff42, Jon Allen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Bernardo Garza, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett Nuzum, Les Aker, William McGraw, Vaso, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Pineapples of Solidarity, Katie Dean, Stephen McCandless, Thomas Greinert, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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A unit is a frequently arbitrary designation we have given to something to convey a definite magnitude of a physical quantity and every quantity can be expressed in terms of the seven base units that are contained in the international system of units. Hank thinks this is a thrilling subject, and while you may not agree, it is a subject that is very important if you want to be a scientist and communicate with accuracy and precision with other scientists. So listen up and learn something or Hank might have to kill you! (NOT REALLY!)

Watch this video in Spanish on our new Crash Course en Español channel! https://youtu.be/aMrxhohbkVA

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Unit Conversion 02:27
Scientific Notation 03:26
Sig Figs 07:40

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What is an underground economy? Whether you call it a black market, a grey market, or just the shop down the street, its about connecting people with goods outside of official channels. Some stuff happens in the underground economy because it's illegal, but a lot of the money that moves around this way is exchanged for pretty mundane goods and services. We'll talk about how these things work, and the awesome ways that economists figure out where all that money is.

Nachos are great...if you are among the lucky ones whose bodies can digest them. When digestion goes according to plan, the small intestine performs most of your chemical digestion in the duodenum, while accessory organs including the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas contribute enzymes that all but finish the job. Then your large intestine, which is actually shorter than the small intestine, tries to extract the last bit of nutrition, including the occasional attempt to turn nachos into energy, which for most humans, ends in gassy failure.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

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Chapters:
Introduction: Lactose Intolerance 00:00
The Small Intestine 1:41
Parts of the Small Intestine: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum 2:53
The Duodenum 3:16
The Liver 4:17
The Gallbladder 5:14
The Pancreas 5:35
The Large Intestine 6:37
Why Nachos Might Make You Gassy 7:46
How Do We Poop? 8:13
Review 9:10
Credits 9:48

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark , Elliot Beter, Moritz Schmidt, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Jacob Ash, Jessica Wode, Today I Found Out, Christy Huddleston, James Craver, Chris Peters, SR Foxley, Steve Marshall, Simun Niclasen, Eric Kitchen, Robert Kunz, Avi Yashchin, Jason A Saslow, Jan Schmid, Daniel Baulig, Christian , Anna-Ester Volozh

--

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As we continue explore free will, today Hank considers a middle ground between hard determinism and libertarian free will: compatibilism. This view seeks to find ways that our internally motivated actions can be understood as free in a deterministic world. We’ll also cover Frankfurt Cases and Patricia Churchland’s rejection of the free-or-not-free dichotomy and her focus on the amount of control we have over our actions.

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
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In this REALLY IMPORTANT EPISODE of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about how we remember and forget things, why our memories are fallible, and the dangers that can pose.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: The Banana Thief 00:00
How Memories are Stored 1:12
Memory Retrieval Cues 1:58
Priming & Context-Dependent Memory 2:45
State-Dependent & Mood-Congruent Memory 3:31
Serial Position, Primacy, & Recency Effects 3:52
How Information is Forgotten 4:43
Interference & Misinformation 6:21
Issues with Eyewitness Accounts 7:02
Review & Credits 9:25
--

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On today's episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank continues our exploration of tissues, with an introduction to your connective tissues.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
What is Connective Tissue? 2:14
Four Classes of Connective Tissue 2:34
What Makes Connective Tissues Different From Other Tissue Types? 3:25
The Extracellular Matrix 4:07
Types of Fibers 5:34
Connective Tissue Cells 6:34
How Marfan Syndrome Affects Connective Tissue 8:31
Review 9:37
Credits 10:08

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Today Hank explains the skeletal system and why astronauts Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko are out in space studying it. He talks about the anatomy of the skeletal system, including the flat, short, and irregular bones, and their individual arrangements of compact and spongy bone. He'll also cover the microanatomy of bones, particularly the osteons and their inner lamella. And finally, he will introduce the process of bone remodeling, which is carried out by crews of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Chapters:
Introduction: Astronaut Bones 00:00
Structure of the Skeletal System: Axial & Appendicular Bones 2:33
Bone Shapes: Long, Short, Flat, and Irregular 3:11
Internal Bone Structure 3:47
Osteons and Their Lamellae 5:05
Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts 5:54
Bone Remodeling: Resorption & Apoptosis 7:28
Review 9:28
Credits 10:13

***
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--
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As we promised last week, we're not quite done talking about your pee yet. Today Hank explains how the urinary system regulates the production of urine, by maintaining a study glomerular flow rate. He'll also cover the anatomy of storing and excreting urine -- from the ureters to the urethra -- and the nervous system’s role in controlling the act of urination.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

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Chapters:
Introduction: Urination 00:00
Glomerular Filtration Rate 2:16
Antidiuretic Hormones (ADH) 3:39
The Bladder 5:02
The Urethra 6:28
Urination 6:53
The Nervous System's Role in Controlling Urination 7:47
Review 8:41

Anatomy & Physiology posters: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom

***

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Fatima Iqbal, Penelope Flagg, Eugenia Karlson, Alex S, Jirat, Tim Curwick, Christy Huddleston, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Today I Found Out, Avi Yashchin, Chris Peters, Eric Knight, Jacob Ash, Simun Niclasen, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian, Caleb Weeks, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver, and Markus Persson

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In the penultimate episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank explains your adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system's humoral response guards extracellular terrain against pathogens. Hank also explains B cells, antibodies, and how vaccines work.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

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Chapters:
Introduction: Adaptive Immune Responses 00:00
How B Cells Identify Antigens 2:14
B Cells Become Effector Cells & Memory Cells 4:05
How Antibodies Fight Antigens 5:22
Active and Passive Humoral Immunity 6:03
How Vaccines Work 6:27
Review 8:30

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Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

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Cycles are a big deal in engineering. Today we’ll explain what they are and how they’re used in heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps. We’ll also discuss phase diagrams and the power of using renewable energy resources

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

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RESOURCES:
Çengel, Yunus A., and Michael A. Boles. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. 8th ed., McGraw-Hill Education.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.g....su.edu/hbase/thermo/
https://www.livescience.com/57....797-refrigerator-his
https://www.windows2universe.o....rg/earth/climate/cyc
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cycle
http://www.historyofrefrigerat....ion.com/refrigeratio
https://www.asme.org/engineeri....ng-topics/articles/m
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/....genchem/topicreview/
https://practicalaction.org/zeer-pot-fridge
https://gizmodo.com/5935104/ho....w-to-make-an-electri
https://www.nwwindandsolar.com..../solar-power-in-seat
https://www.scientificamerican.....com/article/how-doe
http://www.qrg.northwestern.ed....u/thermo/design-libr
http://professorglobal.cbpf.br..../MathMatters/AirCond

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Mark Brouwer, Erika & Alexa Saur Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters
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In which Adriene Hill and Jacob Clifford teach you about one of the fundamental economic ideas, supply and demand. What is supply and demand? Well, you’ll have to watch the video to really understand it, but it’s kind of important for everything economically. Supply and demand sets prices, and indicates to manufacturers how much to produce. Also, it has a lot to do with strawberries.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Mark, Jan Schmid, Simun Niclasen, Robert Kunz, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Eric Kitchen, Christian, Beatrice Jin, Anna-Ester Volozh, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Stephen Lawless, Today I Found Out, James Craver, Jessica Wode, Sandra Aft, Jacob Ash, SR Foxley, Christy Huddleston, Steve Marshall, Chris Peters

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All of the sounds or handshapes in a language can be pronounced differently depending on the context, but in different languages, these differences may be significant, or not. The study of these patterns and variations is known as phonology. In this episode of Crash Course Linguistics, we’ll learn all about phonology and the different phonological systems we see in different languages, and we’ll begin to retrain our brains in order to gain a better understanding and appreciation for phonological patterns.

Want even more linguistics? Check out the Lingthusiasm podcast, hosted by the writers of Crash Course Linguistics: https://lingthusiasm.com/

Check out Self-Evident on PBS Voices: https://youtu.be/PZHAu09iObU

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Vincent LaBarca, Bjartur Thorlacius, Scott Harrison, Alexander Thomson, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Sam Ferguson, Jirat, Brian Thomas Gossett, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Jessica Wode, Caleb Weeks, Mark, Patty Laqua, Stephen Saar, John Lee, Eric Prestemon
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