Students investigate the property dependence between liquid and solid interfaces and determine observable differences in how liquids react to different solid surfaces. They compare copper pennies and plastic "coins" as the two test surfaces. Using an eye dropper to deliver various fluids onto the surfaces, students determine the volume and mass of a liquid that can sit on the surface. They use rulers, scales, equations of volume and area, and other methods of approximation and observation, to make their own graphical interpretations of trends. They apply what they learned to design two super-surfaces (from provided surface treatment materials) that are capable of holding the most liquid by volume and by mass. Cost of materials is a parameter in their design decisions.

View the full activity at TeachEngineering:
https://www.teachengineering.o....rg/activities/view/w

TeachEngineering has over 1,500 FREE lessons and activities. Visit http://www.TeachEngineering.org for more!

Music: Coupe - The Grand Affair

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In this video I dive deep into the controversial AI strategies of Donald Trump and Elon Musk in 2025. We’ll explore Trump’s massive “Stargate” initiative, Elon’s ambitions with xAI and OpenAI, the surprising partnership behind ChatGPT Gov, and the hidden connections shaping the future of artificial intelligence. From new AI laws and secret projects to military AI plans, find out how these two powerful figures could redefine technology—and what it means for you.

Chapters:
0:00 - Intro
0:29 - Long-lasting admiration
1:40 - Trump’s thoughts on AI
5:16 - Elon’s perspective
6:40 - Are Trump and Musk really aligned?
7:34 - AI and the Department of Defense
8:30 - The “Stargate” Project
9:30 - Musk’s Hidden Tie-Ins
12:21 - AI in Current Administration
13:35 - ChatGPT Gov Explained
14:45 - AI Laws and Bills Passed
15:29 - Upcoming AI Laws and Bills
16:35 - Elon’s Plan to Buy OpenAI
17:33 - Trump’s Ties to OpenAI
18:09 - Trump-Musk Alliance: Myth or Reality?
19:01 - What’s the Game Plan?

How did we get here? Well, in terms of Atomic Chemistry, Hank takes us on a tour of the folks that were part of the long chain of other folks who helped us get to these deeper understandings of the world. From Leucippus to Heisenberg to you - yes, YOU - the story of Atomic Chemistry is all wibbly-wobbly... and amazing.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents

Leucippus, Democritus & Atomic Theory 0:09
Discharge Tubes 1:52
Ernest Rutherford & The Nucleus 4:22
Chemistry = Math 7:22
Niels Bohr Model 5:32
Heisenburg & Quantum Theory 6:35
--

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Earth has been closer to Nuclear War more times than you’d think. Head over to
https://hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code 'Veritasium' for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect.

▀▀▀
References:
List of Broken Arrows -- https://ve42.co/AtomicArchive https://ve42.co/BrokenArrowsReport
Declassified Goldsboro Report -- https://ve42.co/Goldsboro
Operation ChromeDome -- https://ve42.co/OperationChromeDome
CIA website -- https://ve42.co/CIA

Cataclysmic cargo: The hunt for four missing nuclear bombs after a B-52 crash -- https://ve42.co/WoPo
THE LAST FLIGHT OF HOBO 28 -- https://ve42.co/lastflight
The Voice of Larry Messinger is from this documentary -- https://ve42.co/Messinger
Even Without Detonation, 4 Hydrogen Bombs From ’66 Scar Spanish Village -- https://ve42.co/NYTPalomares
Decades Later, Sickness Among Airmen After a Hydrogen Bomb Accident -- https://ve42.co/NYTPalomares2
Picture of ReVelle -- https://ve42.co/JackReVelle1
Great NPR where the audio of ReVelle is from -- https://ve42.co/JackReVelle2
CIA Website -- https://ve42.co/CIA


▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello and Mike Radjabov
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek Muller
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

The first 100 people to go to https://www.blinkist.com/simplehistory are going to get unlimited access for 1 week to try it out. You’ll also get 25% off if you want the full membership.

By the time WWI came around in 1914, communications technologies had advanced to the point where the competing armies were able to use telegraphs and field telephones to send long range messages.
But it was often the case that the only possible way to get a message through was to send a human runner.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner

Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/

Music Credit:

Malicious Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
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Sources:
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📍歡迎收看《Revision Exercise系列》📍
Exercise 3_Prepositions of place
👉https://youtu.be/ExYRxnoHzMs
Exercise 2_Question Words
👉https://youtu.be/jyBpWyIsObg
Exercise 1_Tenses
👉https://youtu.be/ScD4qTywcZw

📍歡迎收看《English Speaking系列》📍
Talking about your neighbourhood
👉https://youtu.be/pVZsqtQ2pMA
Talking about different festivals
👉https://youtu.be/7XWE_QB0qEk
Introduce your school
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPfvjdEI7Dw
Back to school
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSv5QyPmhpw
Good manners_actions
👉https://youtu.be/_Swu0JtZke0
Good manners
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGME2UCt6-M&t=29s
Talking about daily routines
👉https://youtu.be/Np8mJ1uw8c8

📍歡迎收看《Grammar系列》📍
Lesson 8_irregular plural nouns_part 1
👉https://youtu.be/ReaCiBtGZ2M
Lesson 7_uncountable nouns with quantifiers
👉https://youtu.be/pFSxA4egs8o
Lesson 6_Opposite words
👉https://youtu.be/OqULbwKTVwk
Lesson 5_irregular verbs_part3
👉https://youtu.be/2gGmVYQW_0k
Lesson4_common mistakes
👉https://youtu.be/A7Yz6eEcYPs
Lesson3_irregular verbs_part2
👉https://youtu.be/vE6AnyrYDZQ
Lesson2_irregular verbs_part 1
👉https://youtu.be/C_p_r053MeQ
Lesson1_Opposite words
👉https://youtu.be/ftz3u46E0Zo

📍📍歡迎收看《Cooking系列》📍📍
Make fresh juice
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFOo2RW_qoI

📍📍歡迎收看《Shorts系列》📍📍
Funny jokes 3
👉https://youtube.com/shorts/VJe4DCE9lLs
Funny joke 2
👉https://youtube.com/shorts/2ouEf37QtdQ
Funny joke 1
👉https://youtube.com/shorts/OJ2-YEfl2uw
Tongue twister_birdie vs turdie vs pie
👉https://youtube.com/shorts/yvOv4EVm6Xc
Tongue twister_scream vs ice cream
👉https://youtube.com/shorts/KBi79AOOPow
Tongue twister_fuzzy vs wuzzy
👉https://youtube.com/shorts/pwGPW_cWdxc
Tongue twister_whether vs weather
👉https://youtube.com/shorts/_3yjqCC4ASA
Read with me_Irregular verbs Part A
👉https://youtube.com/shorts/OfA0FlrxVy8
Read with me_Irregular verbs Part B
👉https://youtube.com/shorts/GV9iXpKMUAk

📍📍歡迎收看《Fun Games系列》📍📍
Make a guess
👉https://youtu.be/J0E2LF9_chU
Quiz Time
👉https://youtu.be/M4JrGzedjH0
Quiz Time
👉https://youtu.be/k7cTb77sh1Q
Quiz Time
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGwhG4Mk_Ow&t=5s
Quiz Time
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDUJPNRh3mA


📍📍歡迎收看《Basic conversation系列》📍📍
Basic conversation Lesson 8_Talking about your best friend
👉https://youtu.be/NknxeVxhP7A
Basic conversation Fun Lesson_Different languages
👉https://youtu.be/mCJPRD7pahw
Basic conversation Lesson 7_Apply for a library card and borrow books
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XCmL9clkQY
Basic conversation Lesson 6_Ordering food
👉https://youtu.be/xaJKiHn6vuc
Basic conversation Lesson 5_Visiting friends
👉https://youtu.be/5TkeC8iirVA
Basic conversation Lesson 4_Making phone calls
👉https://youtu.be/B2CUxLSK5CU
Basic conversation Lesson 3_Types of weather
👉https://youtu.be/ivyo-t50qnw
Basic conversation Lesson 2_Days in a week
👉https://youtu.be/fAtrVak5qLo
Basic conversation Lesson 1_Greetings
👉https://youtu.be/hl_foOF6EjY

📍📍歡迎收看其他《Vocabulary詞匯系列》📍📍
Animals on land_陸地動物
👉https://youtu.be/XxZXjGkJkCQ
Animals in the sea_海洋動物
👉https://youtu.be/gN7GsS6cCeg
Parts of the body_身體部份名稱
👉https://youtu.be/GviCG650sng
Theme Park facilities_主題公園設施
👉https://youtu.be/RiP4etv1ANs
Famous Landmarks_國家名勝地標名稱
👉https://youtu.be/-_rRauEiDic
Colour_顏色
👉Part 2https://youtu.be/78xUTO1My_E
Furniture in the living room_客廳內傢俱名稱
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smN7hHwHL1g
2D shapes_平面形狀的名稱
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4wT5wmqIRY
Jobs_職業名稱
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYDTE...
Hairstyle_不同髮型的英文名稱
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PU_BB2Kvj_w
Solar System_太陽系
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qwwczge-_ks
Tableware_餐具名稱
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rm4FNlRQZxE
Hats_帽子的名稱
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pl3g8JgXeGc
Egg_蛋的不同煮法名稱
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alwVK7zoplc
National Flags_國家及國旗
👉https://youtu.be/tBwHd6XHfE0
The 12 Chinese Zodiac_12生肖
👉https://youtu.be/ii8djvnF-pk
Fruit_水果名稱
👉https://youtu.be/ozwI9sk-bo4
Stationery_文具名稱
👉https://youtu.be/jsjwHTaWfkg
Colour_顏色 Part 1
👉https://youtu.be/AiiGKUEuWx4

📍📍歡迎收看《停課不停學系列》 📍📍
Number 1-10
👉https://youtu.be/wVn_0fY5i1o
Fruit
👉https://youtu.be/C3jy63nGhgA
Transportation in HK
👉https://youtu.be/5qQX0ymwwqo
Vegetables
👉https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=iu1OnlmqRI4
Sports
👉https://youtu.be/eF_Dv6owlM8
Relaxing activities
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROv7OlyXe0A

📍📍歡迎收看《Writing a composition系列》 📍📍
👉School Picnic Day
https://youtu.be/GNXyS84JrQo
At the beach
👉https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcERiNMpb9s

📍📍歡迎收看《小一叩門面試》系列 📍📍
👉School Interview_Part 1:Talking about yourself
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWTwr2o4_uo
👉小一叩門：不能不看題目背後的真正意義
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=msqXn02v8tw
👉小一叩門：面試陷阱
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=OrTx4B_cnkw

A song about Gravity set to the tune of John Mayer's Gravity.

Gravity is working with me
And Gravity, keeps me on the ground

All mass attracts all other mass
a force proportional to mass one and two
and inversely to the distance between them squared

Oh, gravity is working with me
and gravity, makes apples fall to ground

Oh twice the mass has twice the pull
but the force on each is still equal
It keeps the moon and the satellites
going round

Oh twice the mass has twice the pull
but the force on each is still equal
It keeps the moon and the satellites
going round

Oh gravity, the force that makes weight on me
Woah, gravity, now general relativity (how can that be?)

The force between us all is
The force between us all is
The force between us all is
Gravity between us all is
Gravity between us all is
Gravity between gravity between us all is

On your mark… get set… design! Students discover how sports arenas, rules, and equipment would change if the Olympic Games were conducted on the Moon. During the process, they learn about the engineering design process and physics concepts such as gravity, velocity, acceleration, and friction. They use free online design and programming tools which help them to improve their conceptions and design skills. This activity was developed to be implemented fully online; however, it could easily be adapted for in-class or hybrid classroom use.
This engineering curriculum aligns to Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS).

View the full activity on TeachEngineering:
https://www.teachengineering.o....rg/activities/view/p

TeachEngineering has over 1,500 FREE lessons and activities. Visit https://www.teachengineering.org/ for more

Music: Believer

Research shows that the surroundings that people learn, live and work in can deeply impact their mental and physical health. The International WELL Building Institute has created a certification that measures that impact, and several schools across the country have implemented those best practices to become WELL certified. In this video, IWBI’s president and CEO, Rachel Hodgdon, shares the different elements that go into the certification and offers tips for districts looking to incorporate parts of it on a smaller scale.

In Oregon, where Black students make up only 5 percent of the student body, Camp ELSO is working on introducing students of color to a multicultural approach for STEM education. From gathering in gardens, playing with plant-based dyes, and cooking up vegan meals, small groups of Portland youngsters of color were introduced to science in their community.
_________________________________________

Want more stories about schools across the nation, including the latest news, analysis, and unique perspectives on education issues? Visit www.edweek.org.

About Education Week:
Education Week is America’s most trusted source of independent K-12 education news, analysis, and opinion. Our comprehensive coverage of education policy takes the form of articles, photography, and video journalism.

Published by the nonprofit organization Editorial Projects in Education, Education Week has been providing award-winning coverage of the field for over 35 years.

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To license video footage from Editorial Projects in Education, please contact Education Week Library at reprints@educationweek.org

A strange metallic sphere with mysterious symbols recently fell in Colombia, leaving locals and scientists baffled. Was it space debris, a secret experiment, or something not of this world? This compilation dives into the greatest mysteries of our planet and beyond: from ancient artifacts and bizarre discoveries to unexplained natural phenomena and cosmic secrets. You’ll find stories about the Nazca Lines, the Black Knight satellite, strange lights in the sky, mysterious craters, ancient flying machines, and much more. Each video explores secrets that science still struggles to explain.
Animation is created by Bright Side.
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Join us for a cozy read-aloud on our latest episode of Circle Time. Read the book Into the Night with Caroline from Khan Academy Kids. Children can listen to the story of Bat and Bat’s dad as they fly through the moonlit night. See how nature’s discoveries can spark curiosity in all of us. During Show & Tell, gaze at gorgeous full moon crafts made by the amazing kids in our community.

Thank you to @SuperSimpleSongs for inspiring this craft over the summer during Camp Khan Kids! Check out how to make their Great Big Moon Craft here: https://supersimple.com/articl....e/the-great-big-moon

We’d love to see more arts and crafts from kids. Keep in touch and share your artwork, photos, or videos here: http://khan.co/KhanKids-SubmitYourArt.

Learn more about Khan Academy Kids, our free educational app for children ages 2-8, at http://www.khankids.org.

Available on Apple, Google Play, and Amazon app stores:

http://khan.co/KhanKids-YT-Apple
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Remember to subscribe to Circle Time to be reminded of our new shows! You can also access all of our Circle Time videos on our Circle Time Playlist, here: http://khan.co/KhanKids-CircleTimePlaylist.

Students use water balloons and a length of string to understand how the force of gravity between two objects and the velocity of a spacecraft can balance to form an orbit. They see that when the velocity becomes too great for gravity to hold the spacecraft in orbit, the object escapes the orbit and travels further away from the planet.

View the full activity on TeachEngineering:
https://www.teachengineering.o....rg/activities/view/c

TeachEngineering has over 1,500 FREE lessons and activities. Visit https://www.teachengineering.org/ for more!

Music: Above and Beyond - Silent Partner

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Part 4 of our special series on Human Ancestry. Watch it all ►► http://bit.ly/OKTBSHuman
Watch Mutant Menu on BrainCraft: https://youtu.be/NrDM6Ic2xMM
↓↓↓More info and sources below ↓↓↓

In part 4 of our special series on human ancestry and evolution, we look into the future. Now that genetic engineering tools like CRISPR allow us to edit our genes, how will that impact human evolution going forward? Are designer babies or eugenics around the corner? Welcome to a world of nonrandom mutation and unnatural selection.

-----------
REFERENCES:

WHO fact sheet on obesity risks and death vs underweight: http://www.who.int/mediacentre..../factsheets/fs311/en

Jinek, M., Chylinski, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2012). A programmable dual-RNA–guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science, 337(6096), 816-821.

Knoepfler, P. (2015). GMO Sapiens: the life-changing science of designer babies. World Scientific.

Enriquez, J., & Gullans, S. (2015). Evolving Ourselves. Oneworld Publications.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
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Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Matthews
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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During the 1980’s in the Soviet-Afghan War, Soviet Spetsnaz units were subjected to modernization of their protective equipment, primarily the headgear.
The Standard army issued steel helmets provided insufficient protection.
Instead, Spetsnaz opted for titanium helmets.

Become a Simple History member: https://www.youtube.com/simplehistory/join
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Copyright: DO NOT translate and re-upload our content on Youtube or other social media.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner
Script: Dejan Milivojevic
Narrator:
Bryan 'Lazlo' Beauregard

This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription. Astronomers think there should be 5 times as much dark matter as ordinary matter – a shadow universe that makes up most of the mass in the universe. But after decades of trying, no experiments have found any trace of dark matter – except one.

A massive thanks to the wonderful people at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Physics https://www.centredarkmatter.org for showing us around and being on camera – Fleur Morrison, A/Prof Phillip Urquijo, Prof Elisabetta Barberio, Madeleine Zurowski and Grace Lawrence.
Thanks to Leo Fincher-Johnson and everyone at the Stawell gold mine for having us.
Massive thanks to Prof. Geraint Lewis – Geraint has been Veritasium’s go-to expert for anything astrophysics and cosmology related. Please check out his website, and buy his books, they’re great – https://www.geraintflewis.com
Thanks to Prof. Timothy Tait for the help to make sure we got the science right.
Thanks to Ingo Berg for illustrating the effect of dark matter on the rotation of a galaxy https://beltoforion.de/en/spir....al_galaxy_renderer/s

▀▀▀
Galaxy cluster simulation from IllustrisTNG – https://www.tng-project.org
Venn Diagram of Dark Matter from Tim Tait – https://ve42.co/venn
The Bullet Cluster Image from Magellan, Hubble and Chandra telescopes – https://ve42.co/BC2
Bullet cluster animation from Andrew Robertson / Institute for Computational Cosmology / Durham University – https://ve42.co/BC3

▀▀▀
Bernabei, R., Belli, P., Cappella, F., Cerulli, R., Dai, C. J., d’Angelo, A., ... & Ye, Z. P. (2008). First results from DAMA/LIBRA and the combined results with DAMA/NaI. The European Physical Journal C, 56(3), 333-355. – https://ve42.co/DAMA2008

Zwicky, F. (1933). Die rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen nebeln. Helvetica physica acta, 6, 110-127. – https://ve42.co/Zwicky1

Zwicky, F. (1937). On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae. The Astrophysical Journal, 86, 217. – https://ve42.co/Zwicky2

Rubin, V. C., & Ford Jr, W. K. (1970). Rotation of the Andromeda nebula from a spectroscopic survey of emission regions. The Astrophysical Journal, 159, 379. – https://ve42.co/Rubin1

Bosma, A., & Van der Kruit, P. C. (1979). The local mass-to-light ratio in spiral galaxies. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 79, 281-286. – https://ve42.co/Bosma1

Milgrom, M. (1983). A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. The Astrophysical Journal, 270, 365-370. – https://ve42.co/mond1

Sanders, R. H., & McGaugh, S. S. (2002). Modified Newtonian dynamics as an alternative to dark matter. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 40(1), 263-317. – https://ve42.co/Mond2

M. Markevitch; A. H. Gonzalez; D. Clowe; A. Vikhlinin; L. David; W. Forman; C. Jones; S. Murray & W. Tucker (2004). "Direct constraints on the dark matter self-interaction cross-section from the merging galaxy cluster 1E0657-56". Astrophys. J. 606 (2): 819–824. – https://ve42.co/BC1

Great website about the CMB – http://background.uchicago.edu..../~whu/intermediate/d

Galli, S., Iocco, F., Bertone, G., & Melchiorri, A. (2009). CMB constraints on dark matter models with large annihilation cross section. Physical Review D, 80(2), 023505. – https://ve42.co/CMB1

Antonello, M., Barberio, E., Baroncelli, T., Benziger, J., Bignell, L. J., Bolognino, I., ... & Xu, J. (2019). The SABRE project and the SABRE Proof-of-Principle. The European Physical Journal C, 79(4), 1-8. – https://ve42.co/SABRE1


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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Inconcision, Kelly Snook, TTST, Ross McCawley, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Dmitry Kuzmichev, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, MJP, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

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Written by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animation by Ivy Tello and Mike Radjabov
Filmed by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Image
B-roll supplied by Stawell Gold Mine
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang

Claude Mythos found tens of thousands of software vulnerabilities with an 83.1% exploit success rate. Anthropic refused to release it publicly — instead launching Project Glasswing with 40 partner companies including Apple, Amazon, and Microsoft to defend critical systems.

What does this mean for Claude Code users? The model you are using today is the weakest version you will ever use.

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