This is the biggest, brightest, hottest video there is about the science of fireworks. This video is brought to you by Kiwico – go to https://kiwico.com/veritasium for your first month free!

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and Will Scott from Las Vegas Display Fireworks Inc, for all your pyro knowledge and keeping us safe.

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Massive thanks to Gene Nagata from PotatoJet for filming this episode – check out his wonderful channel for more videos about cameras and FPV drones.

Thanks to Brandon Williams for helping with the chemistry and sourcing of materials.

Thanks to Matthew Tosh for the help with the chemistry conversation about fireworks.

Thanks to Simon Werrett for the help with the history of fireworks.

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Werrett, S. (2010). Fireworks: pyrotechnic arts and sciences in European history. University of Chicago Press

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The biggest problems in the world might be solved by tiny molecules unlocked using AI. Take your big idea online today with https://ve42.co/hostinger - code VE at checkout.

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▀▀▀
0:00 How to determine protein structures
3:50 Why are proteins so complicated?
5:34 The CASP Competition and Deep Mind
9:08 How does Alphafold work?
12:06 3 ways to get better AI
14:24 What is a Transformer in AI?
17:15 The Structure Module
18:35 Alphafold 2 wins the Nobel Prize
20:36 Designing New Proteins - RF Diffusion
22:58 The Future of AI

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References and Credits:
How AI Revolutionized Protein Science, but Didn’t End It. (Jun 2024) via Quanta Magazine - https://ve42.co/airev
Jumper, J., Evans, R., Pritzel, A. et al. (Jul 2021). Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold. Nature - https://ve42.co/alphafoldtwo
Senior, A.W., Evans, R., Jumper, J. et al. (Jan 2020). Improved protein structure prediction using potentials from deep learning. Nature - https://ve42.co/alphafold
R Zwanzig, A Szabo, B Bagchi (Jan 1992). Levinthal's paradox. PMC, National Institute of Health - https://ve42.co/levparadox
Khatib, F., DiMaio, F., Foldit Contenders Group. et al. (Sept 2011). Crystal structure of a monomeric retroviral protease solved by protein folding game players. Nature - https://ve42.co/proteinfoldingsolved
DeepMind co-founder: Gaming inspired AI breakthrough. (Dec 2020) via BBC - https://ve42.co/aibreakthrough
3Blue1Brown. (Apr 2024). Transformers (how LLMs work) explained visually | DL5 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/transformers
AlphaFold impact stories. via Deepmind Blog - https://ve42.co/foldimpact
Quanta Magazine. (Oct 2024). How AI Cracked the Protein Folding Code and Won a Nobel Prize via Youtube - https://ve42.co/proteinfolding
Looking Glass Universe. (Apr 2024). how AlphaFold *actually* works via Youtube - https://ve42.co/foldworks
Google DeepMind. (Nov 2020). AlphaFold: The making of a scientific breakthrough via Youtube - https://ve42.co/alphafoldvideo
Nobel Prize. (Dec 2024). 2024 Nobel Prize lectures in chemistry | David Baker, Demis Hassabis and John Jumper via Youtube - https://ve42.co/nobelchem
The AlphaFold2 Method Paper: A Fount of Good Ideas. (Jul 2021) via moalquraishi.wordpress - https://ve42.co/Alphafoldpaper
Why Don't We Have More Protein-Protein Drug Molecules? (Dec 2009) via Science - https://ve42.co/proteindrugmol
Data sonification. via Carla Scaletti - https://ve42.co/datasonification

Images & Video:
Available here - https://ve42.co/alphafoldvisuals

And if you want to learn more about how we have been making antivenom check out our previous video How Horses Save Humans From Snakebites - https://ve42.co/veantivenom

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The logistic map connects fluid convection, neuron firing, the Mandelbrot set and so much more. Fasthosts Techie Test competition is now closed! Learn more about Fasthosts here: https://www.fasthosts.co.uk/veritasium Code for interactives is available below...

Animations, coding, interactives in this video by Jonny Hyman 🙌
Try the code yourself: https://github.com/jonnyhyman/Chaos

References:
James Gleick, Chaos
Steven Strogatz, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos

May, R. Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature 261, 459–467 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1038/261459a0

Robert Shaw, The Dripping Faucet as a Model Chaotic System
https://archive.org/details/Sh....awRobertDrippingFauc

Crevier DW, Meister M. Synchronous period-doubling in flicker vision of salamander and man.
J Neurophysiol. 1998 Apr;79(4):1869-78.

Bing Jia, Huaguang Gu, Li Li, Xiaoyan Zhao. Dynamics of period-doubling bifurcation to chaos in the spontaneous neural firing patterns Cogn Neurodyn (2012) 6:89–106 DOI 10.1007/s11571-011-9184-7

A Garfinkel, ML Spano, WL Ditto, JN Weiss. Controlling cardiac chaos
Science 28 Aug 1992: Vol. 257, Issue 5074, pp. 1230-1235 DOI: 10.1126/science.1519060

R. M. May, D. M. G. Wishart, J. Bray and R. L. Smith Chaos and the Dynamics of Biological Populations
Source: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 413, No. 1844, Dynamical Chaos (Sep. 8, 1987), pp. 27-44

Chialvo, D., Gilmour Jr, R. & Jalife, J. Low dimensional chaos in cardiac tissue. Nature 343, 653–657 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1038/343653a0

Xujun Ye, Kenshi Sakai. A new modified resource budget model for nonlinear dynamics in citrus production. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 87 (2016) 51–60

Libchaber, A. & Laroche, C. & Fauve, Stephan. (1982). Period doubling cascade in mercury, a quantitative measurement. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphy....slet:019820043070211 43. 10.1051/jphyslet:01982004307021100.

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Are GMOs bad for your health? Or is this fear unfounded?


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SOURCES
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
#What is natural:

GM insulin:
http://bit.ly/2ncHaW5

Genetic engineering for thousands of years:
http://bit.ly/2eCHKfi
http://bit.ly/2mLCvPm

CRISPR:
http://bit.ly/2ncI2uN

# Are GMOs bad for your health
GMOs and gene flow:
http://bit.ly/2bKauBe

terminator seeds:
http://n.pr/2o0ADSZ
http://bit.ly/2obZ9NS

Plants that are destined to be eaten are evaluated by different agencies
http://bit.ly/2mLbU5g
http://bit.ly/2nGPtNy
http://bit.ly/2ncMXf0

GMOs are safe– various studies and reports by respected authorities:
National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine:
http://bit.ly/2o0IT55

An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research:
http://bit.ly/2ot8tfH

Letter of 110 Nobel laureates vouching for GMOs:
http://bit.ly/295Nvg1

WHO:
http://bit.ly/1slbfSV

Various others:
http://bit.ly/1pEOq9T
http://bit.ly/1xq9iGn
http://bit.ly/14XU8yl
http://pewrsr.ch/1LqMLAe
http://bit.ly/2nduCOV
http://bit.ly/20BHOsU

Bt crops:
http://bit.ly/2nd9rg8

herbicide-resistant crops:
http://bit.ly/2o5kdJk
http://bit.ly/2o5nSGQ

# What good GMOs can do

Bt eggplants:
http://bit.ly/2nHbdsW
http://bit.ly/2nvmg89

Gm papaya:
http://bit.ly/2nbN0ab
http://bit.ly/2nvl6cz
http://bit.ly/2ndxPy0

# Look in the crystal ball:

drought-resistant crops:
http://bit.ly/2mLmnxf

plants that produce more nutrients:
http://bbc.in/1WxsfnJ

vitamin-fortified banana:
http://bit.ly/1MKS0sJ

nitrogen-fixing crops:
http://bit.ly/2mLN9Wn
http://bit.ly/2nc9mrZ

Chestnut tree:
http://bit.ly/1VqkL2D

Potential for landsparing:
http://go.nature.com/2oc18Sp
http://bit.ly/1T1J2NX

# Further reading:

Bt cotton in India:
http://bit.ly/2nH5AdZ
http://bit.ly/1JQKG1u

Article on popular science:
http://bit.ly/2o5oVqp

Blog series on GMOs:
http://bit.ly/2o18w5X

Ecomodernist manifesto:
http://bit.ly/1PSVE6n



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Are GMOs Good or Bad? Genetic Engineering & Our Food

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Gravastars could change how we think about the universe. These cosmic objects solve black holes’ biggest problems without breaking physics. From their ultra-thin shell to their energy-filled core, gravastars are both elegant and terrifying. But what exactly are they?


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Humans are proud of a lot of things, from particle accelerators, to poetry to pokemon. All of them made possible because of something humans value extremely highly: intelligence.


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Visit https://brilliant.org/nutshell/ to get started learning STEM for free, and the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium subscription.

Our home is burning. Rapid climate change is destabilizing our world. It seems our emissions will not fall quickly enough to avoid runaway warming and we may soon hit tipping points that will lead to the collapse of ecosystems and our civilization.

While scientists, activists and much of the younger generation urge action, it appears most politicians are not committed to do anything meaningful while the fossil fuel industry still works actively against change. It seems humanity can’t overcome its greed and obsession with short term profit and personal gain to save itself.

And so for many the future looks grim and hopeless. Young people feel particularly anxious and depressed. Instead of looking ahead to a lifetime of opportunity they wonder if they will even have a future or if they should bring kids into this world. It’s an age of doom and hopelessness and giving up seems the only sensible thing to do.

But that’s not true. You are not doomed. Humanity is not doomed.


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Supernovae are the most powerful explosions in the universe, unleashing enough energy to outshine galaxies. We have no real metaphor for their power – if the sun were to magically go supernova it would feel like you were being hit by the energy of a nuclear explosion, every second. For weeks.
While supernovae are the engines of creation, forging the elements that enable life, they also burn sterile whole regions of galaxies. So what would happen if one hit earth?

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Humans. We have been around for a while now. When we think about our past we think about ancient civilizations, the pyramids, stuff like that. But this is only a tiny, tiny part of our history.


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What Happened Before History? Human Origins

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For the fifth time, we present to you the Human Era Calendar for the year 12,021 – this time it is all about the journey of humanity, beginning tens of thousands of years ago, leading into the revolution of agriculture, to ancient high civilizations and the beginning of modern times, culminating in a vision for our future. You can get the limited Edition now until we sell out and then never again. As always the calendar features 12 illustrated pages printed on high quality paper in Europe and the US. And this year the cover is especially shiny. The calendar will look great on your wall and let you dream about a glorious future. We truly have come far as a species! 

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Black holes. Lets talk about them.


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Automation in the Information Age is different.

Books we used for this video:

The Rise of the Robots: http://amzn.to/2sFQTed

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http://bit.ly/1mj2qSJ

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The Rise of the Machines – Why Automation is Different This time

Learn more at https://ABCmouse.com!

We hope you enjoyed this video "The 50 States with Carla"! Check out https://ABCmouse.com/LearnMore to find out more about our award-winning learning content for children ages 2–8!

Watch more videos or subscribe to our channel at https://YouTube.com/ABCmouse.

© Age of Learning, Inc. All rights reserved.

Embark on a prehistoric adventure with ABCmouse in "Search & Explore the La Brea Tar Pits - Discover Prehistoric Los Angeles." In this full episode, we dive into the fascinating world of the famous La Brea Tar Pits, a window into ancient ecosystems and extinct creatures. Children will be thrilled to learn about the Ice Age mammals and the incredible fossils discovered in this unique urban paleontological site in the heart of Los Angeles.

Join us as we uncover the mysteries hidden beneath the city, from saber-toothed cats to massive mammoths, and explore how these discoveries help scientists understand the past. This educational journey is perfect for young explorers eager to learn about paleontology, natural history, and the wonders of the natural world.

For more exciting and educational adventures, visit https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube and subscribe to our channel at @ABCmouse . Dive into history, science, and more with ABCmouse!

© Age of Learning, Inc. All rights reserved.

Visit https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube to learn more about our award-winning online learning program for children 2-8!

🌟🎶 Join us for a fun-filled 20-minute music video compilation featuring ABCmouse's "Fly With Me" and more exciting songs for kids! Sing along and learn about birds, bees, penguins, and other fun topics in this engaging collection of educational songs. Perfect for preschoolers, this compilation is sure to entertain and educate. 🐦🐝🐧

👉 Discover more fun learning songs and educational videos by subscribing to our YouTube channel at https://YouTube.com/ABCmouse.

And visit https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube to find out more about our award-winning online learning program for children 2–8!

© Age of Learning, Inc. All rights reserved.

Visit https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube to learn more about our award-winning online learning program for children 2-8!

🎶 Join us at ABCmouse for a delicious musical adventure during Hungry, Hungry Time! 🍴 Explore the exciting tastes of spicy 🌶️, sour 🍋, and sweet 🍭 foods through a catchy song perfect for kids. What's your favorite flavor? Dive into a world of yummy choices and sing along with us!

👉 Discover more fun learning songs and educational videos by subscribing to our YouTube channel at: https://YouTube.com/ABCmouse

And visit https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube to find out more about our award-winning online learning program for children 2–8!

© Age of Learning, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learn more at https://ABCmouse.com/abc/YouTube!

The sentences in the city need help making sure commas are in the right place. There is only one superhero who can help...Captain Comma! Watch the video to find out how he saves the day!

We hope you enjoyed this video "Captain Comma" featuring The Write Team! Check out https://ABCmouse.com/LearnMore to find out more about our award-winning learning content for children ages 2–8!

Watch more videos or subscribe to our channel at https://ABCmouse.com/abc/YouTube.

© Age of Learning, Inc. All rights reserved.

https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube

Ham with Jam? - ABCmouse.com Beginning Reader Series

Introducing the --am word family!

Pam likes jam and dislikes ham, while Sam likes ham and dislikes jam. This quirky story about a sister and brother who find an unlikely compromise is based on the book, 'Ham with Jam?' which is part of ABCmouse.com's Beginning Reader Series. This animated video introduces young learners to words in the --am word family (a word family is a group of words with the same ending sound and letters, such as Pam, Sam, and jam).

About Us:
ABCmouse.com is an award-winning website that uses a variety of activities, including these songs, to help children build a strong foundation for future academic success. ABCmouse.com Early Learning Academy provides a full online curriculum from preschool through 2nd grade, with more than 10,000 interactive learning activities that teach the subjects of reading, math, science, social studies, art, and music.

Parents, learn more about ABCmouse.com at https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube

Website: https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube
YouTube Channel: http://youtube.com/ABCmouse

© Age of Learning, Inc. All rights reserved.