What is the optimal strategy for bowling? #science #veritasium #physics #bowling

A quote by Einstein: A human being is a part of the whole, called by us "Universe", a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings as something separated from the rest — a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty. Nobody is able to achieve this completely, but the striving for such achievement is in itself a part of the liberation and a foundation for inner security.

The Earth spins on its axis, completing a full revolution every day. By why does it do this? One of the most common misconceptions in physics is the belief that constant motion requires a constant force. So many people believe there must be some force in the Earth (e.g. gravity, centrifugal force) that keeps it spinning. In truth, no force is required because a fundamental property of mass is that it maintains its state of motion in the absence of external forces. This property is called inertia.

Yes, I have made a similar vid before. This is the Australian TV version for the ABC show Catalyst http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/
Misconceptions About Temperature http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqDbMEdLiCs
The Mysterious Falling Slinky http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAA613hqqZ0
Why Are Astronauts Weightless? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQOHRKKNNLQ

And for those of you wanting a more General Relativity based explanation. Don't worry, it's coming.

This government warehouse keeps our entire society up to standard. Part of this video was sponsored by Google Domains. Take the first step to get online with a domain name from Google Domains - go to domains.google/veritasium to get 20% off your first year. #GoogleDomains

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Thanks to Rich Press and NIST for the great visit.
Thanks to Dr. Steve Choquette, Dr. Ben Place, and Dr. Johanna Camara for teaching us about the world of Standard Reference Materials.
You can check out all the cool work going on at NIST here: https://www.nist.gov/

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References:

NIST (2022). Standard Reference Materials. – https://ve42.co/WhyStandard2022

Montgomery, R. & Bercik, I. (2022). NIST Standard Reference Materials 2022 Catalog. – https://ve42.co/SRMCatalog

Vincent, J. (2022). Made to measure: why we can’t stop quantifying our lives. The Guardian –
https://ve42.co/Vincent2022

Proffitt, A. (2022). NIST Develops Monkeypox Reference Materials, Sees Growing Role in Outbreak Response. Diagnostics World. – https://ve42.co/Proffitt2022

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
James Sanger, Louis Lebbos, Elliot Miller, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, John Kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Mike Schneider, John Bauer, Jim Buckmaster, Juan Benet, Sunil Nagaraj, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi

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Written by Derek Muller & Emily Zhang
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animation by Ivy Tello & Mike Radjabov
Filmed by Derek Muller, Trenton Oliver, and Emily Zhang
Additional video/photos supplied by Pond5 & Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang

Why does energy disappear in General Relativity? 👉 Use code VERITASIUM to get 50% off your first monthly KiwiCo Crate! https://www.kiwico.com/VERITASIUM

Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together.
https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

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A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis, Prof. Melissa Franklin, Prof. David Kaiser, Elba Alonso-Monsalve, Richard Behiel, Prof. Leo Stein and Jakob Schwintenberg for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video.

Special thanks to Alessandro from ScienceClic for his help on animations and input on the script. Check out his excellent video on Noether’s theorem here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hF_uHfSoOGA

▀▀▀
0:00 What is symmetry?
4:25 Emmy Noether and Einstein
7:33 General Covariance
11:59 The Principle of Least Action
15:29 Noether’s First Theorem
18:24 The Continuity Equation
23:20 Escape from Germany
24:49 The Standard Model - Higgs and Quarks

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References:
MathHistory Biography - Emmy Amalie Noether via mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk - https://ve42.co/BioNoether
Bartlett, J. G. (2021). The Standard Cosmological Model and CMB Anisotropies. New Astron.Rev. 43 (1999) 83-109 - https://ve42.co/CosmoCMB
Kimberling, C. (1982). Emmy Noether, Greatest Woman Mathematician. Mathematics Teacher, March 1982, Volume 84, Number 3, pp. 246–249. - https://ve42.co/NoetherGreat
Blunck, A., et al. (2016). Mathematik und Gender. Verlag Franzbecker - https://ve42.co/MathGender
Evans, R. J. (1976). The Feminist movement in Germany, 1894-1933. Sage Publications - https://ve42.co/FeministGer
Without Emmy Noether, there would be a huge gap in mathematics and its understanding via www.mpg.de - https://ve42.co/NoetherGap
Dihedral group of order 6 via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Dihedral6
Emmy Noether University of Erlangen via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Erlangen
Timeline of women in mathematics via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WomenMath
Elizaveta Litvinova via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/LitvinovaE
Sofya Kovalevskaya via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/KovalevskayaS
Charlotte Scott via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/ScottC
Cornelia Fabri via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/FabriC
Emmy Noether, the renowned mathematician who taught 20 years of unpaid classes just because she was a woman via english.elpais.com - https://ve42.co/NoetherPay
Noether, E. (1908). Über die Bildung des Formensystems der ternären biquadratischen Form. Reimer - https://ve42.co/NDissert
Noether, E. (1983). Invariante Variationsprobleme. Gott.Nachr.1918:235-257,1918; Transp.Theory Statist.Phys.1:186-207,1971 - https://ve42.co/InvarProb
Noether, E. (2018). M. A. Tavel’s English translation of “Invariante Variationsprobleme”. arXiv - https://ve42.co/InvarProbEn
Byers, N. (1998). E. Noether’s Discovery of the Deep Connection Between Symmetries and Conservation Laws*. Mod.Phys.Lett. A14 (1999) 99-104 - https://ve42.co/SymCon
De Haro, S. (2021). Noether’s Theorems and Energy in General Relativity. Cambridge University Press, 2021 - https://ve42.co/EnergyGR
Rowe, D. E. (2019). Emmy Noether on Energy Conservation in General Relativity. arXiv - https://ve42.co/EnergyCon
Branding, K. (2005). A Note on General Relativity, Energy Conservation, and Noether’s Theorems. Springer - https://ve42.co/GRanEC

Additional References:
https://ve42.co/NoethersAdRefs

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, iRick, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

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Directed by Matthew Davies
Written by Matthew Davies, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller and Pablo Rovetto
Edited by Trenton Oliver, Peter Nelson and Nick Lear
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Emma Wright, Andrew Neet, Alessandro Roussel and Ivy Tello
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Cainejan Esperanza, Tommy Stevens, Maria Gusakovich and Emma Wright
Additional research by Henry van Dyck, Gabe Strong and Darius Garewal
Produced by Matthew Davies, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Zoe Heron, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain

Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley, Ben Powell and Peter Sheppard

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

For decades, the Sleeping Beauty Problem has divided people between two answers. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 of you will get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

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Many thanks to Dr. Mike Titelbaum and Dr. Adam Elga for their insights into the problem.

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References:

Elga, A. (2000). Self-locating belief and the Sleeping Beauty problem. Analysis, 60(2), 143-147. - https://ve42.co/Elga2000

Lewis, D. (2001). Sleeping beauty: reply to Elga. Analysis, 61(3), 171-176. - https://ve42.co/Lewis2001

Winkler, P. (2017). The sleeping beauty controversy. The American Mathematical Monthly, 124(7), 579-587. - https://ve42.co/Winkler2017

Titelbaum, M. G. (2013). Ten reasons to care about the Sleeping Beauty problem. Philosophy Compass, 8(11), 1003-1017. - https://ve42.co/Titelbaum2013

Mutalik, P. (2016). Solution: ‘Sleeping Beauty’s Dilemma’, Quanta Magazine - https://ve42.co/MutalikQ2016

Rec.Puzzles - Some “Sleeping Beauty” Postings - https://ve42.co/SBRecPuzzles

The Sleeping Beauty Paradox, Statistics SE - https://ve42.co/SBPSSE

The Sleeping Beauty Problem, Reddit - https://ve42.co/SBPReddit

Sleeping Beauty paradox explained, GameFAQs - https://ve42.co/SBPGameFAQ

The Sleeping Beauty Problem, Physics Forums - https://ve42.co/SBPPhysicsForums

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Tj Steyn, Meg Noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Elliot Miller, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos, M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin, Jr., Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Mike Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi.

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Written by Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, Tamar Lichter Blanks
Edited by Fabio Albertelli
Animation by Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang

We experimented to see how much pain our volunteers could handle. Go to https://headspace-web.app.link/e/vstm to try Headspace for free using the code VERITASIUM

Studies on Headspace - https://ve42.co/Headspace

A massive thank you to Rayner Moss for recreating the experiment equipment and making this shoot happen.

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., John Kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, Meg Noah, Michael Krugman, Name, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, Wolfee.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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References:
Kahneman, D. et al. (1993). When More Pain Is Preferred to Less: Adding a Better End. Psychological Science - https://ve42.co/Kahneman1993
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux - https://ve42.co/FastAndSlow
Fredrickson, B. L., Kahneman, D. (1993). Duration neglect in retrospective evaluations of affective episodes. Journal of personality and social psychology - https://ve42.co/Fredrickson1993
Kahneman, D., Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology - https://ve42.co/Kahneman1972
Diener, E. et al. (2001). End Effects of Rated Life Quality: The James Dean Effect. Psychological Science - https://ve42.co/Deiner2001
Redelmeier, D. A. et al. (2003). Memories of colonoscopy: a randomized trial. Pain - https://ve42.co/Redelmeier2003
Kemp, S. et al. (2008). A test of the peak-end rule with extended autobiographical events. Memory & Cognition - https://ve42.co/Kemp2008

Images & Video:
Daniel Kahneman via UNSW - https://ve42.co/ImgKahneman
Barbara Fredrickson via UNC - https://ve42.co/ImgFredrickson
Stephen Gould via achievement.org - https://ve42.co/ImgGould
Amos Tversky via LGT - https://ve42.co/ImgTversky

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Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli and Ivy Tello
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller and Bernard Lau
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Owen Maher, David Szasz, Emily Taylor, Gregor Čavlović and Alistair Dann

Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

In this lab, they use different flow visualization techniques to help detect contraband, residues, and develop trace particle detection methods. Part of this video was sponsored by Caseta by Lutron. Find out more at https://casetawireless.com/veritasium

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Thanks to Rich Press and NIST for the great visit.
Thanks to Matt Staymates for taking us around his lab and showing us the fascinating research being done with flow visualization.
You can check out all the cool work going on at NIST here: https://www.nist.gov/

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Check out these Lutron products:
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https://www.homedepot.com/p/Lu....tron-Caseta-Wireless -White-P-PKG1P-WH-R/206792507

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References:

Staymates, M.E., (2020). My Stay-at-Home Lab Shows How Face Coverings Can Slow the Spread of Disease. NIST. – https://ve42.co/FaceMaskNIST

Staymates, M. E., et al. (2016). Biomimetic sniffing improves the detection performance of a 3D printed nose of a dog and a commercial trace vapor detector. Scientific reports, 6(1), 1-10. – https://ve42.co/Staymates2016

NIST. (2022). Surface and Trace Chemical Analysis Group. – https://ve42.co/NISTgroup

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Bernard McGee, James Sanger, Elliot Miller, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Sexton, John Kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Mike Schneider, John Bauer, Jim Buckmaster, Juan Benet, Sunil Nagaraj, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi

▀▀▀
Written by Derek Muller and Emily Zhang
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animation by Ivy Tello
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, Trenton Oliver, and Emily Zhang
Additional video/photos supplied by Pond5 & Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang

Why do droplets of food coloring attract, repel, and chase each other?
Snatoms molecular models: http://igg.me/at/snatoms
More about this topic: http://wke.lt/w/s/VRjRQ

Original paper on droplets: http://stanford.edu/~manup/doc....s/Cira_DancingDrople
Marangoni Flow: http://web.mit.edu/2.21/www/Le....c-notes/Surfacetensi
Surface Energy: https://itf.fys.kuleuven.be/~j....oi/papers/Wetting%20

Filming and master pipetting by Raquel Nuno
Research and writing by Aaron White

Mosquitoes are attracted to me and it's likely due to my genes.
This video is sponsored by 23andMe https://23andme.com/veritasium
Huge thanks to Prof. Immo Hansen and team: http://ve42.co/hansen

References:
Genome Wide Association Study for self-reported mosquito attractiveness:
http://ve42.co/MossieGWAS

The twin study showing correlated attractiveness is stronger for identical twins:
http://ve42.co/MossieTwins

Some things we know make mosquitoes more attracted to you:
Exercising, higher metabolism, higher body temperature, more body odor, being pregnant, type O blood, infrequent bathing, lactic acid, ammonia, acetone.

There are a number of folk remedies people believe protect them from mosquito bites like drinking alcohol, eating garlic, or taking vitamin B. These do not appear to provide any benefit in lab studies and in fact drinking alcohol is associated with increased mosquito activity because it causes blood vessels near the surface of the skin to dilate.

And apparently some of your attractiveness to mosquitos is simply genetic. This may be mediated through your immune system, which is what a lot of the genes identified were associated with.

Molecular models are microSnatoms: http://snatoms.com

Filming in New Mexico by Raquel Nuno
Animations by Jacqui Robertson

The opinions and conclusions drawn in this video are those of Veritasium and not 23andMe.

Einstein's classic thought experiment involves sitting on a train travelling at the speed of light. If you hold a mirror in front of your face, will you see your reflection in a mirror? How could light from your face reach the mirror if the mirror is travelling away from you? But it would be a pretty spooky train if you couldn't see your reflection so Einstein felt this solution wasn't realistic. On the other hand if you could see your reflection, it would mean light was travelling at the speed of light inside the train. But that meant the same light observed from outside the train would be going twice the speed of light. This again seems inconsistent. So Einstein resolved that you must see your reflection but that light must travel at the same speed inside and outside the train. The only way this is possible is if space and time are perceived differently by observers inside and outside the train.

Physics students learn the speed of light, c, is the same for all inertial observers but no one has ever actually measured it in one direction. Thanks to Kiwico for sponsoring this video. For 50% off your first month of any crate, go to https://kiwico.com/veritasium50

Huge thanks to Destin from Smarter Every Day for always being open and willing to engage in new ideas. If you haven't subscribed already, what are you waiting for: https://ve42.co/SED

For an overview of the one-way speed of light check out the wiki page: https://ve42.co/wiki1way

The script was written in consultation with subject matter experts:
Prof. Geraint Lewis, University of Sydney https://ve42.co/gfl
Prof. Emeritus Allen Janis, University of Pittsburgh
Prof. Clifford M. Will, University of Florida https://ve42.co/cmw
The stuff that's correct is theirs. Any errors are mine.

References:
Einstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Annalen der physik, 17(10), 891-921.
(English) https://ve42.co/E1905 (German) https://ve42.co/G1905

Greaves, E. D., Rodríguez, A. M., & Ruiz-Camacho, J. (2009). A one-way speed of light experiment. American Journal of Physics, 77(10), 894-896. https://ve42.co/Greaves09

Response to Greaves et al. paper — https://arxiv.org/abs/0911.3616
Finkelstein, J. (2009). One-way speed of light?. arXiv, arXiv-0911.

The Philosophy of Space and Time - Reichenbach, H. (2012). Courier Corporation.

Anderson, R., Vetharaniam, I., & Stedman, G. E. (1998). Conventionality of synchronisation, gauge dependence and test theories of relativity. Physics reports, 295(3-4), 93-180. https://ve42.co/Anderson98

A review article about simultaneity — Janis, Allen, "Conventionality of Simultaneity", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) https://ve42.co/janis

Will, C. M. (1992). Clock synchronization and isotropy of the one-way speed of light. Physical Review D, 45(2), 403. https://ve42.co/Will92

Zhang, Y. Z. (1995). Test theories of special relativity. General Relativity and Gravitation, 27(5), 475-493. https://ve42.co/Zhang95

Mansouri, R., & Sexl, R. U. (1977). A test theory of special relativity: I. Simultaneity and clock synchronization. General relativity and Gravitation, 8(7), 497-513. https://ve42.co/Sexl

Research and writing by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev
Animations by Ivy Tello
VFX, music, and space animations by Jonny Hyman
Filmed by Raquel Nuno

Special thanks for reviewing earlier drafts of this video to:
Dominic Walliman, Domain of Science: https://ve42.co/DoS
Henry Reich, Minutephysics: https://ve42.co/MP
My Patreon supporters

Additional music from https://epidemicsound.com "Observations 2"

Why does superglue always stick to your hands and never what you want it to? Get a little smarter every day with Brilliant. Visit https://brilliant.org/veritasium for a 30-day free trial and 20% off your annual premium subscription.

A heartfelt thank you to Dr. Allison Christy and Dr. John Bobo for their invaluable expertise, fresh perspectives, and explanations.
Thank you to Emily Von Stein and Chris Masahiro at Aron Alpha, Dr. Chantelle Champagne, and Dr. Rohit Gupta for their time and contributions to the initial research that laid the groundwork for this project.

Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together.
https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

ANIMATION CORRECTION:
At 4:52, the negative charge should be drawn on the carbon at the end of the chain, not on the second to last carbon. This also holds during the polymerization process (5:15), where the negative charge should move right to the end of the chain.

▀▀▀
0:00 The Invention of Super Glue
2:43 How Does Super Glue Work?
5:38 How To Get Superglue Off Your Skin
8:33 Why Is Super Glue So Strong?
12:00 Why Doesn’t Super Glue Work on plastic?
13:45 Mixing Super Glue and Baking Soda
15:30 Using Super Glue Underwater
15:59 Super Glue On Wounds
19:47 A Solution To Microplastics?

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References and Credits:


Dr. Harry Coover Jr. (Nov 2023) via Sutori - https://ve42.co/sutori
Allison Christy, Closed-loop recyclable plastics from poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) - https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adg2295
About Cyanoacrylate Adhesives. via Permabond - https://ve42.co/permab
Kodak Eastman In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/kodakw
Harry Coover and the Invention of Super Glue. (Mar 2022) via SciHi Blog - https://ve42.co/scihio
Humphrey Sam Samuel (May 2024). Cyanoacrylate Chemistry and Polymerization Mechanisms. - https://ve42.co/pcbioc
Radical polymerization.. In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/wikira
Overview of materials for Cyanoacrylate Adhesive. via MATWEBb - https://ve42.co/matweb
United States Patent Office: US2776232. (Jan 1957) via US patent office - https://ve42.co/patentb
Medical Grade Cyanoacrylate Adhesive Market Size Growth Report. (Nov 2024) via Linkedin - https://ve42.co/linkpu
Science Channel. (Dec 2017). Think Super Glue Can Lift A Pickup Truck? via Youtube - https://ve42.co/ytbpee
Loctite & Teroson UK. (Apr 2023). Learn How Loctite SF 7452 Can Accelerate Bonding When using Loctite 454 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/loctiteg

Image and Video Credits
LOCTITE® North America. (May 2017). Loctite 4902FL Highly Flexible Cyanoacrylate via Youtube - https://ve42.co/loctitef
The Gorilla Glue Company. (May 2021). How To Use Gorilla Super Glue via Youtube - https://ve42.co/gluehowt
Flex Seal. (Nov 2022). Flex Super Glue Commercial - The Flex Seal Family of Products via Youtube - https://ve42.co/flexglue
ewjxn. (Nov 2020). 1984 Instant Krazy Glue Strong enough to hold this woman TV Commercial.mp4 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/krazyglue
tvdays. (Nov 2007). ELMERS GLUE 1960.mp4 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/elmer
Aron Alpha Industrial Krazy Glue. (Feb 2024). The Leader in High Performance Instant Adhesives via Youtube - https://ve42.co/aronalpha
How researchers turned superglue into a cheap plastic alternative by via fastcompany - https://ve42.co/superplastic
Woman Mistakenly Uses Glue Instead Of Eye Drops by via CBS News - https://ve42.co/eyegludd

Further References: https://ve42.co/refsuperglue


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Special thanks to our patrons for sticking around!

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Farbod Mansorian, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, I. H., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

Join us on Patreon for early access videos, bonus content, and to support Veritasium! https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Live on Patreon now is an exclusive unseen interview with Chantelle Champagne https://www.patreon.com/posts/121045719

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Directed by Sulli Yost
Written by Sulli Yost and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Assistant Editor - James Stuart
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek and Caine Esperanza
Animated by Emma Wright, Andrew Neet and Fabio Albertelli
Filmed and demos done by Sulli Yost, Derek Muller and Wylie Overstreet
Additional research by Geeta Thakur
Produced by Sulli Yost, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain
Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Ben Powell
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman

Europa Clipper is looking for signs of alien life in a very deadly place. Head to http://80000hours.org/veritasium to start planning a career that can help change the world for the better.

A massive thank you to Dr. Robert Pappalardo for his expertise and time.

A huge thank you to Gretchen McCartney and Cynthia B. Phillips at NASA JPL for their help.

For more on hydrothermal vents, check out NaturalWorldFacts on YouTube - @NaturalWorldFacts

00:00 ATTEMPT NO LANDING.
01:06 Jupiter’s deadly radiation belts
03:56 Europa’s secret
06:15 Why Europa isn’t completely frozen
08:03 Effects of tidal flexing
09:13 Why alien life could exist
10:39 How Europa Clipper detects signs of life
11:34 Why not Enceladus?
13:01 Europa Clipper’s instruments
15:13 Launch date and first results

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Ayush Agrawal, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Shiroyasha, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures and wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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References:
Europa Clipper via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/ECWiki
Magnetosphere of Jupiter via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/JupiterMagWiki
Europa Clipper (2024) via Nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/ECNasa
Extraterrestrial Cycloids - Why Are They on Europa? via minutephysics on YouTube - https://ve42.co/MinPhysCycloid
Hand, K. P. & Carlson, R. W. (2015). Europa’s surface color suggests an ocean rich with sodium chloride. Geophysical research letters - https://ve42.co/Carlson2015
Dalton, J. B. et al. (2003). Near-Infrared Detection of Potential Evidence for Microscopic Organisms on Europa. Astrobiology - https://ve42.co/Dalton2003
Europa Clipper: Exploring Jupiter's Ocean World (2024, May 24) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/PappalardoLec
Carr, M., Belton, M., Chapman, C. et al. (1998). Evidence for a subsurface ocean on Europa. Nature 391, 363–365 - https://ve42.co/Carr1998
New Findings Support Prospect of Life on Jupiter’s Moon Europa (2024) via Nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/NasaEuropaLife
Meitzler, R., Jun, I., Blase, R. et al. (2023). Investigating Europa’s Radiation Environment with the Europa Clipper Radiation Monitor. Space Sci Rev 219, 61 - https://ve42.co/Meitzler2023

#europaclipper

Images & Video:
2010: The Year We Make Contact - https://ve42.co/2010Contact
CGI animations via NASA - https://ve42.co/NasaCGI
NASA Eyes on the Solar System - https://ve42.co/NasaEyes
Jupiter's magnetosphere via Chandra X-Ray Center - https://ve42.co/JupiterMagChandra
Io's Volcanoes via BBC Earth Science - https://ve42.co/IoBBCEarth
Clipper ships via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/ClipperShipWiki
Various moon images via NASA - https://ve42.co/NasaMoons
Hydrothermal vent animation from NaturalWorldFacts - https://ve42.co/NWFVentAnims
Hydrothermal vent footage by Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute - https://ve42.co/ARIVent
Snotbot footage from VICE News - https://ve42.co/SnotBotVice
Plate tectonics on Europa by Noah Kroese - https://ve42.co/KroeseTectonics
JUICE CGI animations via ESA - https://ve42.co/JUICECGIESA
Arthur C. Clarke photo via ITU Pictures under the CC 2.0 license - https://ve42.co/ClarkePhoto

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Directed by Gregor Čavlović
Written by Gregor Čavlović and Derek Muller
Edited by Jack Saxon
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, and Jack Saxon
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev and Gregor Čavlović
Additional research by Gabriel Strong
Produced by Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Luke Lewis, Barbara Abraul, Gabriel Strong, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius

Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, and Jakub Misiek

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

A quantum computer in the next decade could crack the encryption our society relies on using Shor's Algorithm. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

The topic is especially relevant in the wake of Willow, the quantum computing chip unveiled by Google in December 2024.

#quantumcomputing

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A huge thank you to those who helped us understand this complex field and ensure we told this story accurately - Dr. Lorenz Panny, Prof. Serge Fehr, Dr. Dustin Moody, Prof. Benne de Weger, Prof. Tanja Lange, PhD candidate Jelle Vos, Gorjan Alagic, and Jack Hidary.

A huge thanks to those who helped us with the math behind Shor’s algorithm - Prof. David Elkouss, Javier Pagan Lacambra, Marc Serra Peralta, and Daniel Bedialauneta Rodriguez.

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References:
Joseph, D., et al. (2022). Transitioning organizations to post-quantum cryptography. Nature, 605(7909), 237-243. - https://ve42.co/Joseph2022

Bernstein, D. J., & Lange, T. (2017). Post-quantum cryptography. Nature, 549(7671), 188-194. - https://ve42.co/Bernstein2017

An Insight, An Idea with Sundar Pichai - Quantum Computing, Wold Economic Forum via YouTube - https://ve42.co/QCWEFyt

Migrating to Post-Quantum Cryptography, The White House - https://ve42.co/PQCWhiteHouse

Kotas, W. A. (2000). A brief history of cryptography. University of Tennessee - https://ve42.co/Kotas2000

Hellman, M. (1976). New directions in cryptography. IEEE transactions on Information Theory, 22(6), 644-654. - https://ve42.co/Hellman1976

Rivest, R. L., Shamir, A., & Adleman, L. (1978). A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems. Communications of the ACM, 21(2), 120-126. - https://ve42.co/Rivest1978

Kak, A. (2023). Lecture 12: Public-Key Cryptography and the RSA Algorithm - https://ve42.co/Kak2023

Calderbank, M. (2007). The RSA Cryptosystem: History, Algorithm, Primes. University of Chicago. - https://ve42.co/Calderbank2007

Cryptographic Key Length Recommendation, Keylength - https://ve42.co/KeyLength

Coppersmith, D. (2002). An approximate Fourier transform useful in quantum factoring. arXiv preprint quant-ph/0201067. - https://ve42.co/Coppersmith2002

Quantum Fourier Transform, Qiskit - https://ve42.co/Qiskit

Shor, P. W. (1994, November). Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring. In Proceedings 35th annual symposium on foundations of computer science (pp. 124-134). IEEE. - https://ve42.co/Shor1994

Shor’s algorithm, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/ShorWiki

Euler’s totient function, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/EulerWiki

Asfaw, A. (2020). Shor’s Algorithm Lecture Series, Qiskit Summer School - https://ve42.co/ShorYT

How Quantum Computers Break Encryption, minutephysics via YouTube - https://ve42.co/PQCmpyt

Breaking RSA Encryption - an Update on the State-of-the-Art, QuintessenceLabs - https://ve42.co/QuintessenceLabs

O'Gorman, J., & Campbell, E. T. (2017). Quantum computation with realistic magic-state factories. Physical Review A, 95(3), 032338. - https://ve42.co/OGorman2017

Gidney, C., & Ekerå, M. (2021). How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers in 8 hours using 20 million noisy qubits. Quantum, 5, 433. - https://ve42.co/Gidney2021

2021 Quantum Threat Timeline Report, Global Risk Institute - https://ve42.co/QuantumRisk

The IBM Quantum Development Roadmap, IBM - https://ve42.co/IBMQC

Post-Quantum Cryptography, Computer Security Resource Center (NIST) - https://ve42.co/CSRCPQC

Alagic, G., et al. (2022). Status report on the third round of the NIST post-quantum cryptography standardization process. US Department of Commerce, NIST. - https://ve42.co/Alagic2022

Thijs, L. (2015). Lattice cryptography and lattice cryptanalysis - https://ve42.co/Thijs2015

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Tj Steyn, Meg Noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Elliot Miller, Jerome Barakos, M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin, Jr., Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi.

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Written by Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Filmed by Raquel Nuno
Animated by Ivy Tello & Mike Radjabov
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily Zhang

The misconception is that electrons carry potential energy around a complete conducting loop, transferring their energy to the load. This video was sponsored by Caséta by Lutron. Learn more at https://Lutron.com/veritasium

Further analysis of the large circuit is available here: https://ve42.co/bigcircuit

Special thanks to Dr Geraint Lewis for bringing up this question in the first place and discussing it with us. Check out his and Dr Chris Ferrie’s new book here: https://ve42.co/Universe2021

Special thanks to Dr Robert Olsen for his expertise. He quite literally wrote the book on transmission lines, which you can find here: https://ve42.co/Olsen2018

Special thanks to Dr Richard Abbott for running a real-life experiment to test the model.

Huge thanks to all of the experts we talked to for this video -- Dr Karl Berggren, Dr Bruce Hunt, Dr Paul Stanley, Dr Joe Steinmeyer, Ian Sefton, and Dr David G Vallancourt.

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References:
A great video about the Poynting vector by the Science Asylum: https://youtu.be/C7tQJ42nGno

Sefton, I. M. (2002). Understanding electricity and circuits: What the text books don’t tell you. In Science Teachers’ Workshop. -- https://ve42.co/Sefton

Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., & Sands, M. (1965). The feynman lectures on physics; vol. Ii, chapter 27. American Journal of Physics, 33(9), 750-752. -- https://ve42.co/Feynman27

Hunt, B. J. (2005). The Maxwellians. Cornell University Press.

Müller, R. (2012). A semiquantitative treatment of surface charges in DC circuits. American Journal of Physics, 80(9), 782-788. -- https://ve42.co/Muller2012

Galili, I., & Goihbarg, E. (2005). Energy transfer in electrical circuits: A qualitative account. American journal of physics, 73(2), 141-144. -- https://ve42.co/Galili2004

Deno, D. W. (1976). Transmission line fields. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 95(5), 1600-1611. -- https://ve42.co/Deno76

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Luis Felipe, Anton Ragin, Paul Peijzel, S S, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Sam Lutfi, MJP, Gnare, Nick DiCandilo, Dave Kircher, Edward Larsen, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Mike Tung, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Ismail Öncü Usta, Crated Comments, Anna, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, Oleksii Leonov, Jim Osmun, Tyson McDowell, Ludovic Robillard, Jim buckmaster, fanime96, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Vincent, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Joar Wandborg, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson,Ron Neal


Written by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev
Animation by Mike Radjabov and Ivy Tello
Filmed by Derek Muller and Emily Zhang
Footage of the sun by Raquel Nuno
Edited by Derek Muller
Additional video supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev and Emily Zhang

Mars InSight will be the first to detect seismic activity on Mars’ surface, first to measure rate of heat transmitted from interior, first to dig nearly 5m down, first to measure magnetic fields on Mars’ surface, and first to use a robotic arm to place instruments on the surface of Mars (assuming it lands of course…)

If you want to watch the InSight landing “live” (with 4-minute speed of light time delay), go to: https://ve42.co/insight

Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Donal Botkin, James M Nicholson, Michael Krugman, Nathan Hansen, Ron Neal, Stan Presolski, Terrance Shepherd

Animations courtesy of NASA

Script and Filming with Raquel Nuno

Editing and graphics by Ignat Berbeci

How a helicopter built of phone parts survived Mars for 3 years. Use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan.

Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together.
https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Correction:
0:12, we say that ingenuity is 680g which is its weight on Mars. On Earth however, it weighs around 1800g.

Clarifications:
- A Patreon supporter named Zeus pointed out that we were wrong about Perseverance's/Ingenuity's position on Mars. It is in the Northern Hemisphere and hence Mars would be getting closer to the Sun as it goes into winter.
- Ingenuity was on Mars for 1004 Earth days.

Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

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A massive thank you to the team at JPL and especially Teddy Tzanetos, Travis Brown, Håvard Grip and DC Agle

Check out Astrum's video on Mars - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7mjp7MDx_w

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0:00 How Did Ingenuity Get To Mars?
3:23 Better Results, Bigger Expectations
6:15 Wobblecopter
7:48 Dust On Mars
9:41 What Is The Temperature On Mars?
11:54 Wake-Up Call
13:41 Android To The Rescue
16:22 Cosmic Rays
20:53 Dune and The Crash
25:26 The Next Generation

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References:

Ingenuity Mars Helicopter - NASA Science via science.nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/marsheli2
Ingenuity (helicopter) via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/wikiheli
Mars Facts | NASA Mars Exploration via science.nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/marsfacts
Inside the Ingenuity Helicopter Teamwork on Mars via insideunmannedsystems.com - https://ve42.co/marscrew
Ingenuity Adapts for Mars Winter Operations via science.nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/marswinter
Ingenuity Is Doing Surprisingly Well via www.universetoday.com - https://ve42.co/marswell
Remember NASA's Little Mars Copter? It's Still Going Strong via www.sciencealert.com - https://ve42.co/marsstrong
How Far Away Is Mars? via www.space.com - https://ve42.co/marsdist
Mars Cameras via science.nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/marsorb
Mars Exploration Meeting Documentation via www.hou.usra.edu - https://ve42.co/marsmeet
Ingenuity Quick Facts via www.jpl.nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/marsquick
Flight 14 Delayed via science.nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/marsspin

Additional References - https://ve42.co/MarsAdRefs

Images & Video:

Images and video from Perseverance and Ingenuity missions supplied by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Matthias (3 axis accelerometer, 3 axis gyroscope) https://youtu.be/yqFfmwVufMo?si=IoCj32PeVNZ4VJ-F
Veritasium. https://youtu.be/ty9QSiVC2g0?si=Gb48I-YjADPbPUsL
The Limiting Factor
https://youtu.be/4-1psMHSpKs?si=LF1jfLLNsBwRfwkB
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/xsUtq8PwZpQ?si=xOC91fdoSHdJndgx
VideoFromSpace. https://youtu.be/Kb0Pc22N6w4?si=4uSUetsSUKFTStme
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/qMbHE_VXI-8?si=TNePbTRpcN3oLEVJ
Veritasium. https://youtu.be/GhsZUZmJvaM?si=IIY0uuDrT-LzY5bI
Sighawke. https://youtu.be/OdKAW_0ENPU?si=18ZXXll3wSMj_Ex3
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/thk4Rha-fTk?si=_elC6Iqm1uaSjEFX
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/PFbzEM8PzHE?si=LmO71EVFqBAn6NEw
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/ia6S1jZmwWc?si=aAFC-BEmGwHIIqH7
JPL Raw. https://youtu.be/uz4GaAE7OMQ?si=7084_GDkrGnSSVTy
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/U7DFnNimSfw?si=JgwO2SNU9HXf3GIa
Apex Clips. https://youtu.be/NttUBB98zg4?si=j1OEQD1VBONTEEPI
Veritasium. https://youtu.be/AaZ_RSt0KP8?si=h7NKzMtJ87HRZ-bB
Cyber Chaos Crew. https://youtu.be/-KFH--_cdiI?si=S5rv8RjTtscu-S22
NBC News. https://youtu.be/lFiTjZDOekg?si=6a43qnPdveHaz6YA

Further image and video credits - https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/19fkGlnMj86GoIS

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, HydrochloRick, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

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Directed by Henry van Dyck
Written by Henry van Dyck
Edited by Trenton Oliver
On-site Interviews by Jonny Hyman
Filming by Alex Gorosh
Produced by Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Jonny Hyman, Henry van Dyck, Gabe Strong, Zoe Heron, and Derek Muller
Animated by Emma Wright and Mike Radjabov
Additional Research by Gabe Strong and Darius Garewal
Additional Editing by James Stuart
Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Gregor Čavlović and Henry van Dyck

Additional video/photos supplied by NASA JPL, Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

You are not a visual learner — learning styles are a stubborn myth. Part of this video is sponsored by Google Search.

Special thanks to Prof. Daniel Willingham for the interview and being part of this video.
Special thanks to Dr Helen Georigou for reviewing the script and helping with the scientific literature.
Special thanks to Jennifer Borgioli Binis for consulting on the script.
MinutePhysics video on a better way to picture atoms -- https://ve42.co/Atom

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References:

Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., & Bjork, R. (2008). Learning styles: Concepts and evidence. Psychological science in the public interest, 9(3), 105-119. — https://ve42.co/Pashler2008

Willingham, D. T., Hughes, E. M., & Dobolyi, D. G. (2015). The scientific status of learning styles theories. Teaching of Psychology, 42(3), 266-271. — https://ve42.co/Willingham

Massa, L. J., & Mayer, R. E. (2006). Testing the ATI hypothesis: Should multimedia instruction accommodate verbalizer-visualizer cognitive style?. Learning and Individual Differences, 16(4), 321-335. — https://ve42.co/Massa2006

Riener, C., & Willingham, D. (2010). The myth of learning styles. Change: The magazine of higher learning, 42(5), 32-35.— https://ve42.co/Riener2010

Husmann, P. R., & O'Loughlin, V. D. (2019). Another nail in the coffin for learning styles? Disparities among undergraduate anatomy students’ study strategies, class performance, and reported VARK learning styles. Anatomical sciences education, 12(1), 6-19. — https://ve42.co/Husmann2019

Snider, V. E., & Roehl, R. (2007). Teachers’ beliefs about pedagogy and related issues. Psychology in the Schools, 44, 873–886. doi:10.1002/pits.20272 — https://ve42.co/Snider2007

Fleming, N., & Baume, D. (2006). Learning Styles Again: VARKing up the right tree!. Educational developments, 7(4), 4. — https://ve42.co/Fleming2006

Rogowsky, B. A., Calhoun, B. M., & Tallal, P. (2015). Matching learning style to instructional method: Effects on comprehension. Journal of educational psychology, 107(1), 64. — https://ve42.co/Rogowskyetal

Coffield, Frank; Moseley, David; Hall, Elaine; Ecclestone, Kathryn (2004). — https://ve42.co/Coffield2004

Furey, W. (2020). THE STUBBORN MYTH OF LEARNING STYLES. Education Next, 20(3), 8-13. — https://ve42.co/Furey2020

Dunn, R., Beaudry, J. S., & Klavas, A. (2002). Survey of research on learning styles. California Journal of Science Education II (2). — https://ve42.co/Dunn2002


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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Mike Tung, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Ismail Öncü Usta, Paul Peijzel, Crated Comments, Anna, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, Oleksii Leonov, Jim Osmun, Tyson McDowell, Ludovic Robillard, Jim buckmaster, fanime96, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Joar Wandborg, Clayton Greenwell, Pindex, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

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Research and Writing by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev
Animation by Ivy Tello
Filmed by Emily Zhang and Trenton Oliver
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Music by Epidemic Sound https://epidemicsound.com
Additional video supplied by Getty Images
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