A fortress has just been uncovered in the Caucasus, and it’s nothing like we’ve ever seen before. Imagine a wall stretching a full kilometer, built over 3,000 years ago, standing as proof of a civilization that thought on a mega scale. This isn’t just another Bronze Age site—it’s a mystery fortress that could rewrite the history of how people lived, traveled, and defended themselves at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Why build something this massive in such a remote place? Archaeologists think it might have been used seasonally by nomadic groups, but the full story is still buried in the stones.

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Check out some beautiful music made from space itself
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There is no sound in space. In the near-vacuum of space, there is nothing to transmit the physical waves that we need to perceive sound. But that doesn't mean we can't MAKE sound from space. This week, I feature several artists using scientific data to create "space sonification" projects. From the longest palindrome ever created to a chorus created from Earth's magnetic field, these pieces lie at the intersection of art and science. More than just art, they allow us to perceive patterns in complex data in a completely new way
Perhaps it answers the question: If the universe had a voice, what song would it sing?

FULL Versions of Pieces Featured:

Robert Alexander - Transit of Venus http://www.itsokaytobesmart.co....m/post/42845983348/r

Semiconductor Films - "20 Hz"
http://www.itsokaytobesmart.co....m/post/44264199289/2

Van Allen Belt chorus
http://www.itsokaytobesmart.co....m/post/32692373350/c

Daniel Starr-Tambor - "Mandala"
http://www.itsokaytobesmart.co....m/post/15977543553/m (this piece is the longest palndrome ever created, at 62 viginitillion notes!!)

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

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1. Gravitational waves: http://www.nature.com/news/gra....vitational-waves-1.1
2. AlphaGo beats Lee Sedol: http://www.theatlantic.com/tec....hnology/archive/2016
3. CRISPR tested in a human: http://www.nature.com/news/cri....spr-gene-editing-tes
4. Minimal synthetic organism: http://www.sciencemag.org/news..../2016/03/synthetic-m
5. SpaceX rocket landings: http://www.space.com/33461-spa....cex-rocket-landings-
6. Closest known exoplanet: https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1629/
7. Alzheimer’s drug trial success: http://www.sciencealert.com/a-....new-alzheimer-s-drug
8. Three-parent baby born: https://www.newscientist.com/a....rticle/2107219-exclu
9. Paris climate agreement goes into effect: https://www.wired.com/2016/12/....2016-pivotal-year-wa
10. Antarctic ozone hole is healing: http://www.bbc.com/news/scienc....e-environment-366749
11. Ross Sea becomes largest marine protected area: http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/2016/10/ross-se
12. Giant pandas are no longer endangeredL http://www.worldwildlife.org/s....tories/giant-panda-n
13. Wild tigers on the rise: http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/2016/04/160410-
14. Cool new species: http://www.livescience.com/545....46-chewbacca-beetle-
http://www.npr.org/sections/th....etwo-way/2016/06/02/
http://www.livescience.com/555....63-game-of-thrones-d
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38325099
15. Casper the ghost octopus: http://www.slate.com/blogs/the...._slatest/2016/03/06/

16. Ghost shark filmed: http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/2016/12/pointy-
17. LIchen symbiosis decoded: http://www.theatlantic.com/sci....ence/archive/2016/07
18. Jeremy the backwards snail finds a partner: http://www.wired.co.uk/article..../snail-jeremy-left-h
19. Solar powered plane flies around world: https://www.theguardian.com/en....vironment/2016/jul/2
20. New glasses for colorblind people: https://www.technologyreview.c....om/s/601782/how-ench
21. Juno mission updates: https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/
22. Rosetta completes comet mission: http://gizmodo.com/watch-roset....ta-s-entire-mission-
23. Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko’s year in space: https://www.nasa.gov/content/a-year-in-space

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Crowther, T. W., et al. "Mapping tree density at a global scale." Nature 525.7568 (2015): 201-205.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/...

Learn more about forest habitats: http://www.worldwildlife.org/habitats...

And let’s hear it for John Denver… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBEkj...


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Why does sex exist? You might think the obvious answer is “reproduction” but there are plenty of organisms on Earth that don’t require sex to reproduce. And the more that scientists examined sex, they more they realized that it’s an expensive and inefficient way to get your genes to the next generation. The true purpose of sex is actually one of the longest-standing mysteries in evolutionary biology. But scientists are closer than ever to finding the answer. Here’s what we know about the evolutionary enigma of sex.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....evolutionofsex-refer

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Humans can develop intense relationships, even obsessions, with the things we’re fans of. A huge part of our identities, our emotions, and our lives get tied up in these things. Why are we like this?

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Pucker up. I'm gonna lay some science on you!

When you really think about it, kissing is an odd human behavior. You know, all the rubbing of our faces all over each other. So there must be a good reason why we do it, right? From motherly comforts to testing the genetic compatibility of your "mate", the science of kissing is pretty awesome.

Learn more about "The Science of Kissing" by Sheril Kirshenbaum at http://amzn.to/Nuy0TE

Sheril's book has an extensive bibliography if you'd like to look more closely at any of these studies, but here's a couple that I mentioned:

Study of facial features and attractiveness ("men prefer fuller, redder lips"): http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/68/2/261/

Claus Wedekind's famous "t-shirt" study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7630893

"Why do mothers cradle their babies on the left?" by Sieratzki and Woll, 1996 http://www.researchgate.net/pu....blication/14543476_W

Want to know more about the famous Austin mural where we shot this? http://www.austin360.com/news/....entertainment/share-

Did you catch the cameo from Julia Wilde? http://www.youtube.com/user/wildescience

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
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Do you ever freak out about the scale of time and space? Me too!

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From the very large to the very small, the universe is an amazing place. Here's my favorite ways to explore its scale. Explore them yourself:

Scale of the Universe 2 - http://htwins.net/scale2/
Powers of Ten - Charles and Ray Eames http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fKBhvDjuy0
Here is Today - http://hereistoday.com/
Deep Time clock - http://deeptime.info/

More on "yugen" - http://plato.stanford.edu/entr....ies/japanese-aesthet

Created by Joe Hanson

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Develop your own science truthiness detector!

My favorite places to get science news: http://bit.ly/1dpkiI4 (Now as an RSS/OPML file thanks to @doodlewhale!! https://dl.dropboxusercontent.....com/u/8365578/feedly )
Also check out my public Twitter lists for more: http://www.twitter.com/jtotheizzoe

Those were all real headlines at the beginning. Proof:
Universe hologram: http://huff.to/1beW6W8
Chimp/pig humans: http://dailym.ai/1bSQNit
Popcorn: http://huff.to/IYEUha
LHC/black hole: http://bit.ly/1ce3VRX
Squeezing breasts: http://bit.ly/JLTV6L
Alcohol = heroin: http://cbsn.ws/19ftjXx
Calamari pregnancy: http://bit.ly/1cU5VgQ
Autism and freeways: http://bit.ly/1beWtQo
Cats: http://bit.ly/J80hME
Semen as antidepressant: http://bit.ly/18ZNIwT
Quantum afterlife: http://dailym.ai/IYFYBH

More reading:

How to read about science: http://www.theatlantic.com/hea....lth/archive/2013/12/
This is a science news article: http://www.theguardian.com/sci....ence/the-lay-scienti
Real science and health news: http://scienceblogs.com/starts....withabang/2012/02/07
Baloney detection kit: http://www.brainpickings.org/i....ndex.php/2012/03/16/
Do the Double X double take: http://www.doublexscience.org/....science-health-medic
PHD Comics: Science news cycle: http://www.phdcomics.com/comic....s/archive.php?comici

Music: Podington Bear - "Pretty Build"

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Wearing a mask is a cheap and easy way to help stop the spread of airborne infections like COVID-19. It's also a sign that you want to help protect other people and have them protect you… that we're all in this together. Here are some awesome slow-motion schlieren imaging experiments to demonstrate why masks work! Share with someone who needs to see this.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....why-masks-work-refer

Special thanks:
Matthew Staymates - National Institute of Standards and Technology
Dr. Richard Davis - Providence Sacred Heart Medical Center (https://twitter.com/richdavisp....hd/status/1276629360
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Stay informed. Stay cautious, but not scared. Listen to scientists and public health officials and follow their guidance. By protecting yourself, you're protecting the most vulnerable among us. Together we can flatten the curve on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. More resources below!
#COVID-19 #SARS-CoV-2 #FlattenTheCurve

3Blue1Brown on exponential growth: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kas0tIxDvrg

Get info from trusted sources:
https://www.cdc.gov/coronaviru....s/2019-ncov/index.ht
https://www.who.int/emergencie....s/diseases/novel-cor
https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus

References used: https://sites.google.com/view/....covid-19-flattenthec

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Enjoy these amazing facts about owls!
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As we get ready to watch that big football game that my lawyers tell me I’m not allowed to say the name of, let’s celebrate a champion of the bird world: Stealthy and silent owls! Learn how owls fly so silently, how they see in the dark, and how owls’ incredible hearing makes them such superb aerial hunters.

Want more awesome owl science? Check out “What Makes Owls So Quiet and Deadly?” from KQED’s Deep Look: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a68fIQzaDBY

Special thanks to:
The Witmer Lab at Ohio University

Learn more:
Wagner, Hermann, et al. "Features of owl wings that promote silent flight." Interface Focus 7.1 (2017): 20160078.

Wagner, Hermann, et al. "Neuroethology of prey capture in the barn owl (Tyto alba L.)." Journal of Physiology-Paris 107.1 (2013): 51-61.

FOLLOW US:

It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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How does math keep a folded slice from drooping? And what does pizza have to do with the speed of light?

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How a 19th Century Math Genius Taught Us the Best Way to Hold a Pizza Slice:
http://www.wired.com/2014/09/c....urvature-and-strengt

Planet Money pizza price comparison: http://www.npr.org/blogs/money..../2014/02/26/28213257

Measure the speed of light with your microwave: http://io9.com/5526055/use-you....r-microwave-to-measu

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I’m vaccinated. I’m boosted. And I still got infected with the omicron variant of COVID-19. Here’s what I learned, and what it means for the possible end of this pandemic.

References and sources:
https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-omicron-cov

0:00 Intro
1:16 What is Omicron?
2:23 Is Omicron more contagious?
4:31 What's different about Omicron?
5:42 Is Omicron less severe?
8:07 Are the vaccines ineffective?
9:55 What no one's saying about vaccines
11:34 Injection + Infection: Is "hybrid immunity" better?
13:46 Will Omicron end the pandemic?
15:41 Final thoughts

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Thank you to Bill and Melinda Gates for supporting PBS Digital Studios. If you’d like to take a look at the 2018 Annual Letter, you can check it out here http://b-gat.es/2Cfph0j
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Is overpopulation real? Is Earth filling up with too many humans? How many people can Earth hold, anyway? As our species approaches 8 billion, human overpopulation is a major concern for many people. How can we reduce poverty and our impact on the environment? Do we need a forced one-child policy or something? Maybe not, because when we look at the science and history, populations seem to control themselves. This week we look at all these questions and more.

READ MORE:

https://ourworldindata.org

https://www.sciencemag.org/sit....e/special/population

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6206/234

https://www.scientificamerican.....com/article/are-mal

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Karl Boettcher
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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In a world of distractions, how do we pay attention?

It seems like every week someone tells us how the internet and the digital age are overloading our brains. Sure, sometimes it feels like we're being fed more information than we can handle, that we're paying attention to the wrong things. Are we giving our brain a fair shot?

I explore some science that show how paying attention can be a bad thing, and then some science about how paying attention can be a very helpful thing
Special cameos by Hank Green and Mike Rugnetta!

Further reading:

The original Simons and Chabris experiment: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo

The cocktail party effect: http://www.npr.org/blogs/healt....h/2013/03/07/1736136

The illusion of attention: http://www.guardian.co.uk/scie....nce/neurophilosophy/

How is the internet changing our brains? (Harold Rheingold and more) http://www.edge.org/q2010/q10_index.html#responses

Sherry Turkle - Alone Together http://www.ted.com/talks/sherr....y_turkle_alone_toget

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

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“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 5, we meet some interesting bugs that use truly extreme senses to navigate their world. How do dung beetles use astronomy to roll their poo balls home? And what does a swarm of beetles descending on a packed football stadium have to do with forest fires? Welcome to the world of extreme animal senses.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....inournature5-referen

In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!

Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy

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They have some of the best caterpillars in Peru. The best.
Follow all of our Peru adventures on this playlist: http://bit.ly/SmartPeru
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Special thanks to Andy Warren, David Pfennig, Alex Wild, and Gustavo Londoño for helpful discussions for this video! #mimicry #rainforest

You should definitely be following Aaron Pomerantz:
http://www.thenextgenscientist.com/
Twitter: @AaronPomerantz
IG: @nextgenscientist

Special thanks to Rainforest Expeditions for hosting us! Visit http://www.perunature.com/

Check out Deep Look for more awesome up-close science: https://www.youtube.com/user/KQEDDeepLook

Cinerous mourner nest video courtesy of Dano Grayson: http://danograyson.com/
Cinerous mourner photos by Santiago David

References:
d'Horta, Fernando Mendonça, Guy M. Kirwan, and Dante Buzzetti. "Gaudy juvenile plumages of cinereous mourner (Laniocera hypopyrra) and Brazilian laniisoma (Laniisoma elegans)." The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 124.3 (2012): 429-435.

Forbes, Peter. Dazzled and deceived: mimicry and camouflage. Yale University Press, 2011. http://amzn.to/2dE444Z

Kikuchi, David W., and David W. Pfennig. "Predator cognition permits imperfect coral snake mimicry." The American Naturalist 176.6 (2010): 830-834.

Londoño, Gustavo A., Duván A. García, and Manuel A. Sánchez Martínez. "Morphological and behavioral evidence of Batesian mimicry in nestlings of a lowland Amazonian bird." The American Naturalist 185.1 (2015): 135-141.

Rabosky, Alison R. Davis, et al. "Coral snakes predict the evolution of mimicry across New World snakes." Nature communications 7 (2016).

Savage, Jay M., and Joseph B. Slowinski. "The colouration of the venomous coral snakes (family Elapidae) and their mimics (families Aniliidae and Colubridae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 45.3 (1992): 235-254.

Thompson, Martin J., and Martijn JTN Timmermans. "Characterising the phenotypic diversity of Papilio dardanus wing patterns using an extensive museum collection." Plos one 9.5 (2014): e96815.

Wickler, Wolfgang. Mimicry in Plants and Animals: Trans. by RD Martin. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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You can learn more at https://curiositystream.com/smart
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I love coffee. Like, a lot. You know who else loves coffee? Astronauts! And also the people who help them do awesome things in space (I think NASA might be powered by coffee). But how do astronauts actually drink coffee in space, aboard the International Space Station, in microgravity? I visited astronaut Don Pettit to learn about his invention for having a cup o’ Joe in orbit. This is some awesome science.
#space #coffee #nasa

Special thanks to Don Pettit and NASA!

Don’s collaborator on this research is Mark Weislogel from Portland State University. Learn more about Mark’s research here: https://www.pdx.edu/profile/mark-weislogel

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Check out the largest gathering of mammals on Earth!

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

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Visit Bat Conservation International to learn more about these amazing species and what we can do to protect them: http://batcon.org/

Thanks to Dr. Sharon Swartz and Dr Kenny Breuer from Brown University for use of their wind tunnel footage: http://www.brown.edu/Departments/EEB/EML/

Mexican free-tailed bats hunt at higher altitudes than any other bat: http://bit.ly/10e5Zpe

Doppler radar shows bats intercepting the moth invasion: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvENxTke4Sc

Dr. Aaron Corcoran's research on moths jamming bat echolocation (plus VIDEOS!) http://www.sonarjamming.com/

Rainforest regrowth and seed dispersal by bats: http://bit.ly/1nzOBpN

Some bats are able to create lift more efficiently than birds: http://www.livescience.com/124....5-bats-efficient-fly

White nose syndrome: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_nose_syndrome

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

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...and other Christmas mysteries answered with science!
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Happy Holidays! Ever wonder how Santa could possibly manage to deliver all those presents in a single night? Or what gives red-nosed reindeer the ability to fly? And why do your Christmas lights get tangled in knots no matter how carefully you put the away?!

Here's some Christmas-themed science, as our gift to you. See you in 2015!

SOURCES:
Why Christmas lights tangle: "Spontaneous knotting of an agitated string" http://www.pnas.org/content/104/42/16432

Apollo 8 "Santa sighting" https://archive.org/details/Apollo8Highlights

Santa's reindeer are probably female: http://www.livescience.com/321....49-are-santas-reinde

Reindeer hair is hollow and "buoyant" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6150798

Reindeer really do have red noses: http://www.bmj.com/content/345..../bmj.e8311.full.pdf+

Reindeer eyes change color: http://phenomena.nationalgeogr....aphic.com/2013/10/29

Santa's challenge (check my math!): http://bit.ly/1sOW15q

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc
Kate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

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Here we are, just a year after the first news of the coronavirus we now call SARS-CoV-2 and the global pandemic known as COVID-19… and scientists have already developed more than one safe & effective vaccine. How did they do that so quickly? I visited the lab whose work directly led to these first COVID vaccines, so you can learn how basic research connects to life-saving medicine. This is how to make a COVID-19 vaccine.

Coronavirus animation courtesy of: Janet Iwasa, University of Utah, with funding from the NSF, the Coronavirus Structural Task Force and the German Federal Ministery of Research

References:
Wrapp, D. et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 367, 1260–1263 (2020) doi: 10.1126/science.abb2507

Watanabe, Y., Allen, J. D., Wrapp, D., McLellan, J. S. & Crispin, M. Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike. Science eabb9983 (2020) doi:10.1126/science.abb9983.

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Cold War… warming planet?
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A few years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, a top-secret, first-of-its-kind US spy satellite program was declassified, leading to the unexpected story of how former enemies became scientific allies, and technology invented for Cold War espionage was repurposed to study and combat the newest and greatest threat to human civilization: Climate Change.

Thank you to the following for help in researching this video:
Michael McElroy
D. James Baker
The Office of Vice President Al Gore

0:00 Peeking behind the Iron Curtain
1:52 Spies in space
2:53 A time machine… but for Earth
3:41 Early days of the Space Race
5:37 Code name: CORONA
8:37 No more Iron Curtain… now what?
10:48 Spies… but for the Earth
13:20 New data & unlikely allies
16:31 Teamwork makes the dream work
17:46 Support us on Patreon!

Note: The thumbnail for this episode includes a picture of Joe Hanson created with a text-to-image generative AI tool

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This episode of Be Smart is licensed exclusively to YouTube.