In which John Green teaches you about the life and death of one of history's great explorers, Captain James Cook of the British Navy. He charted large swaths of the Pacific ocean, laid claim to Australia and New Zealand, and died a bizarre death in the Sandwich Islands, which are now called the Hawaiian Islands. Exactly how and why Captain Cook was killed in Hawaii is a long-running historical debate. John presents two interpretations of the event and talks about what the differing interpretations say about history. It turns out how the story is told depends on who is doing the storytelling, and people from different backgrounds can interpret events in very different ways. Also, there is a celebration and a mustache involved in this episode, so you definitely don't want to miss it.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Captain James Cook 0:33
An Open Letter to "The White Man's Burden" 2:44
Captain Cook's Controversial Death 3:40
Interpretations of Captain Cook's Death: Makahiki 4:19
Issues with the Ritual Death Story 5:19
How Cook Actually (Probably) Died 6:34
Why Did Cook's Ritual Death Myth Persist? 8:03
Credits 10:00

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Today on Crash Course Astronomy, Phil invites you to head outside and take a look at all the incredible things you can see with your naked eye.

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

--

Chapters:
Introduction: Naked Eye Observations 00:00
Classifying Stars by Magnitude 2:08
Star Colors 2:24
Constellations 3:09
Names of Stars 4:34
Light Pollution 5:16
Why Do Stars Twinkle? 6:40
Naked-Eye Planets 7:07
The Sky's Motion 7:25
Which Stars Can We See? 9:34
Review 10:30
--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer
--
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--

PHOTOS
http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1333a/
http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:3_Solar_Int
http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0206j/
http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0720c/
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wi....kipedia/commons/3/36
http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D....elphinus#mediaviewer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S....corpius#mediaviewer/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C....ategory:Pisces_(cons
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A....lpha_Cancri#mediavie
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G....LOBE_at_Night#mediav
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/mu....ltimedia/display.cfm
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00104
http://www.esa.int/spaceinimag....es/Images/2007/02/Tr
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA04866.jpg
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA06193
http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Star_Trails
http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/h....u/db/images/hs-2006-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C....ircumpolar_star#medi

What is a monopoly? It turns out, it's more than just a board game. It's a terrible, terrible economic practice in which giant corporations dominate markets and hurt consumers. Except when it isn't. In some industries, monopolies are the most efficient way to do business. Utilities like electricity, water, and broadband internet access are probably less efficiently delivered in competitive markets. Come along, and let us monopolize your attention for a few minutes. You might learn something. And you might land on Free Parking.


Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

--

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In this episode, Hank goes over Reversible Reactions, the water dissociation constant, what pH and pOH actually mean, Acids, Bases, and Neutral Substances as well as the not-so-terrifying Logarithms, strong acids, weak acids, and how to calculate pH and pOH. Oh, and litmus paper!

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

--
Table of Contents
Reversible Reactions 3:40
Water Dissociation Constant 5:00
Acids, Bases, & Neutral Substances 6:38
Strong and Weak Acids 7:43
Logarithms 1:46
Calculating pH and pOH 8:45
Cool Mathematical Connections 9:54

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They say money can't buy happiness, but who are they? Can money buy happiness? The answer is: sort of. While money may not be able to buy true happiness, lack of money can cause very real misery. Today, we look at the economics of happiness, and talk about how much money it takes to be happy. And where you should live to maximize your income-to-happiness ratio.


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--

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You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Paying for college is stressful and there's a lot of research we need to do. So we want to be methodical and patient, and make sure we know what all of our options are. So, in this episode, Erica walks us through how to know our options, what steps to take to get the funding you need to be successful in college.

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

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Learn more about Federal Student Aid: https://studentaid.gov/h/understand-aid
_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
0:36 - Understanding costs
2:37 - Finding financial aid
8:41 - Different types of schools
_______________________________________________

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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#CrashCourse #HowtoCollege #StudyHall
***

This week, Stan teaches you about patents. It turns out, they're patently complicated! So, patents have some similarities to copyright, in that they grant a limited monopoly to people who invent things. The key difference between patents and copyright is that patents are for THINGS. Copyright is for an idea. So, if you've come up with a great new invention, like for example, a condiment gun, you should get a patent. We'll also talk about some of the limitations and problems of patents, including patent trolls

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Sandra Aft, Brad Wardell, Christian Ludvigsen, Robert Kunz, Jason, A Saslow, Jacob Ash, Jeffrey Thompson, Jessica Simmons, James Craver, Simun Niclasen, SR Foxley, Roger C. Rocha, Nevin, Spoljaric, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jessica Wode, Pigmy Wurm, Sverre Rabbelier, Liubko Qwert, Denis Anton, Dagongdong-Thorpe, Gwendolyn Gillson, Caleb S Dockter, Tessa Huddleston, Michael Hughes-Narborough, Alex Freeman-Smith

*****
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What exactly are Personality Disorders? How can they be diagnosed? Can we prevent some of them? In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank gives us the down-low on things like Ego-Dystonic and Ego-Syntonic Disorders, Borderline and Antisocial Personality Disorders, and the potential biological, psychological, and social roots of these disorders.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Personality Disorders 00:00
Ego-Dystonic vs. Ego-Syntonic Disorders 00:44
Personality Disorders 1:12
Modern Classifications of Personality Disorders 2:03
Three Clusters of Personality Disorders 2:23
Overlapping Traits, PDNOS, & the Dimensional Model of Personality Disorders 3:35
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) 4:31
Anti-Social Personality Disorder (Psychopathy & Sociopathy) 5:29
Early Indicators & Genetic Factors of Anti-Social Personality Disorder 6:54
Neural Basis of Anti-Social Personality Disorder 7:58
Treatments for Anti-Social Personality Disorder 9:01
Review & Credits 10:07
--
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This week we introduce sociology’s three major theoretical paradigms, and some of the advantages and disadvantages of each paradigm.

Crash Course is made with Adobe Creative Cloud. Get a free trial here: https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud.html

***

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This week we continue to spend quality time with gases, more deeply investigating some principles regarding pressure - including John Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, vapor pressure - and demonstrating the method for collecting gas over water.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Theory of the Atom 1:48
Adding up the Pressures 2:34
Mixing Vinegar & Baking Soda 7:15
Collecting Gas Over Water 8:54

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The world is a big place and cinema isn't limited to just the U.S. and Europe. There are a lot of vibrant and influential film movements and cultures from all over the world. In this episode of Crash Course Film History, Craig talks to us a little about some of the big moments in Asian cinema; from Japan, to China, to India.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Want to know more about Craig?
https://www.youtube.com/user/wheezywaiter

The Latest from PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

***

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In which John Green teaches you the history of the Indian Ocean Trade. John weaves a tale of swashbuckling adventure, replete with trade in books, ivory, and timber. Along the way, John manages to cover advances in seafaring technology, just how the monsoons work, and there's even a disembowelment for you Fangoria fans.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Indian Ocean Trade 0:58
Monsoon Winds 2:19
How did trading work along the Indian Ocean? 3:43
An Open Letter to Kota Rani 4:57
Benefits of seaborne trade 6:14
How Indian Ocean trade facilitated the spread of technology 7:06
Indian Ocean Trade and the spread of Islam 7:33
Geography, Politics, and Indian Ocean Trade 10:13

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What do you and a sack of batteries have in common? Today, Hank explains.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Chapters:
Introduction: What do Neurons Do? 00:00
Your Body is a Sack of Batteries 1:18
How Electricity Works Inside Your Nervous System 3:18
Sodium-Potassium Pump 4:04
Types of Ion Channels: Voltage-Gated, Ligand-Gated, and Mechanically-Gated 4:51
Graded Potential vs. Action Potential 5:45
Depolarization 6:19
Repolarization 7:35
Hyperpolarization 8:00
Refractory Period 8:14
Review 10:06
Credits 10:29
Crash Course Kids Preview! 10:39

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In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about these things called "Emotions". What are they? And why do we need them?

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Emotions 00:00
Theories on Emotions 2:11
Cognition & Emotion 3:35
The Spillover Effect 4:22
Top-Down vs Bottom-Up Approaches to Cognitive Processing 6:09
The Autonomic Nervous System 8:10
Optimal Arousal 8:39
Review & Credits 10:03
--
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In which John Green teaches you about relations between the early English colonists and the Native people they encountered in the New World. In short, these relations were poor. As soon as they arrived, the English were in conflict with the native people. At Jamestown, Captain John Smith briefly managed to get the colony on pretty solid footing with the local tribes, but it didn't last, and a long series of wars with the natives ensued. This pattern would continue in US history, with settlers pushing into native lands and pushing the inhabitants further west. In this episode, you'll learn about Wahunsunacawh (who the English called Powhatan), his daughter Pocahontas, King Philip's (aka Metacom) War, and the Mystic Massacre. By and large, the history of the Natives and the English was not a happy one, even Thanksgiving wasn't all it's cracked up to be.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The English tried and failed for a decade to establish a foothold in the New World in Native territory, leading to the lost colony of Roanoke: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/settling-a-new-wor
When Jamestown was finally established in Virginia in 1607, the local Powhatan tribes sought friendly relations with the settlers, which quickly deteriorated: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/chief-powhatan-s-a

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Native Americans' Relationship to English Settlers 0:28
Trade Between Europeans and Natives 1:36
Pochahontas 2:23
Conflict, Uprisings, and the Failure of the Virginia Company 3:10
The Puritans' Relationship with Native Americans 4:21
The Pequot War 5:45
King Phillip's War 6:35
Mystery Document 8:24
How Native Americans Resisted Colonization 9:49
Credits 10:54

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Hank tells us about the city of Eukaryopolis - the animal cell that is responsible for all the cool things that happen in our bodies.

Table of Contents time codes
1) Robert Hooke 1:59
2) Cilia/Flagella 2:52
3) Cell Membrane 3:32
4) Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton/Centrosomes 3:58
5) Endoplasmic Reticulum 4:41
6) Ribosomes 5:45
7) Golgi Apparatus 6:00
8) Lysosomes 6:47
9) Nucleus 7:06
10) Mitochondria 9:14

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In which Adriene and Jacob teach you about how and why prices rise. Sometimes prices rise as a result of inflation, which is a pretty normal thing for economies to do. We'll talk about how across the board prices rise over time, and how economists track inflation. Bubbles are a pretty normal thing for humans to do. One item, like tulips or beanie babies or houses or tech startups experience a rapid rise in prices. This is often accompanied by speculation, a bunch of outrageous profits, and then a nasty crash when the bubble bursts. People get excited about rising prices, and next thing you know, people are trading their life savings for a tulip bulb.

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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark , Elliot Beter, Moritz Schmidt, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Jacob Ash, Jessica Wode, Today I Found Out, Christy Huddleston, James Craver, Chris Peters, SR Foxley, Steve Marshall, Simun Niclasen, Eric Kitchen, Robert Kunz, Avi Yashchin, Jason A Saslow, Jan Schmid, Daniel Baulig, Christian , Anna-Ester Volozh

--

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Welcome to Crash Course Statistics! In this series we're going to take a look at the important role statistics play in our everyday lives, because statistics are everywhere! Statistics help us better understand the world and make decisions from what you'll wear tomorrow to government policy. But in the wrong hands, statistics can be used to misinform. So we're going to try to do two things in this series. Help show you the usefulness of statistics, but also help you become a more informed consumer of statistics. From probabilities, paradoxes, and p-values there's a lot to cover in this series, and there will be some math, but we promise only when it's most important. But first, we should talk about what statistics actually are, and what we can do with them. Statistics are tools, but they can't give us all the answers.

Episode Notes:

On Tea Tasting:
"The Lady Tasting Tea" by David Salsburg

On Chain Saw Injuries:
https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/chainsaws.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15027558
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aem/2015/459697/

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark Brouwer, Nickie Miskell Jr., Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, Robert Kunz, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Daniel Baulig, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, Alexander Tamas, Justin Zingsheim, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft, Steve Marshall

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This week Craig Benzine talks about how the President gets things done. Filling the role of the Executive Branch is a pretty big job - much too big for just one person. It's so big that the President employs an entire federal bureaucracy! Today, we’re just going to focus on those closest to the President, like the Vice President, the Cabinet, and the Executive Office of the President. We’ll figure out which strategy is most useful in helping the President make things happen and we’ll discuss the controversy around the President’s gradual increase in power. Oh, and as many of you noticed - last episode eagle got off too easy. Let’s see if we can make it up to you.

Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org

Chapters:
Introduction: Governing 00:00
Who makes up the Executive Branch? 0:36
Who makes up the Executive Office of the President? 1:36
Independent agencies & government corporations 2:35
How the President can use party leadership to govern 3:57
How the President can use the media to shift public opinion 5:00
How the President can use administrative strategy to govern 5:29
Why Presidents rely on administrative strategies 7:19
Credits 8:50

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We continue our look at philosophical reasoning by introducing two more types: induction and abduction. Hank explains their strengths and weaknesses, as well as counterarguments and the Socratic method.

--

Images and video via VideoBlocks or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons by 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

--

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