Slave codes were a method of protecting the investment of white enslavers in the Colonies by restricting the lives of enslaved people in almost every imaginable way. The codes restricted enslaved people’s ability to move around, or engage in commerce that could make them financially independent - they restricted the opportunities that would allow them to live with even relative freedom. Today, we'll learn how Colonies put laws in place to restrict the movement and freedoms of enslaved people and free Black people.

VIDEO SOURCES

Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998).
John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans (New York: Knopf, 1967).
Claude M. Steele, Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes Affect Us and What We Can Do (Reprint Edition ed. 2011).
Black Codes and Slave Codes, Colonial, , Oxford African American Studies Center , http://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.....1093/acref/978019530
Peter H. Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion (New York: W.W. Norton, 1974).
Jennifer L. Morgan, Partus sequitur ventrem: Law, Race, and Reproduction in Colonial Slavery, 22 Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 1–17 (2018).

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Check out Clint's book: https://bookshop.org/books/how....-the-word-is-passed-

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, Nick, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Laura Damon, Andrei Krishkevich, Sam Ferguson, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Brian Thomas Gossett, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

VIDEO SOURCES

-Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998).
-John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans (New York: Knopf, 1967).
-Claude M. Steele, Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes Affect Us and What We Can Do (Reprint Edition ed. 2011).
-Black Codes and Slave Codes, Colonial, , Oxford African American Studies Center , http://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.....1093/acref/978019530
-Peter H. Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion (New York: W.W. Norton, 1974).
-Jennifer L. Morgan, Partus sequitur ventrem: Law, Race, and Reproduction in Colonial Slavery, 22 Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 1–17 (2018).

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#crashcourse #history #slavery

You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

In this episode of Crash Course: How to College, Erica helps us think about how to best choose the right school for us. There's a lot to think about, like: what kind of learner you are, what kind of environment you like, how to know if your school is looking out for your success, what kinds of support do different schools offer, and of course what do you want to study?

Crash Course: How to College is part of Study Hall, a partnership between ASU and Crash Course. Head over to our new Study Hall channel to check out our Fast Guide series which break down different college majors.

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
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__________________________________________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
1:00 - How to find the right fit
4:10 - Types of colleges to choose from
5:57 - How to choose
6:21 - Modalities
7:09 - Conclusion
__________________

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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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#CrashCourse #HowtoCollege #StudyHall
***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Did you know that at a certain point on a moving wheel... there's no motion? I mean, kinda... it's all relative, right? Prepare to have your mind blown in this episode of Crash Course Physics where Shini delves into the world of rotational motion!

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

--

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Today we’re going to talk about measures of central tendency - those are the numbers that tend to hang out in the middle of our data: the mean, the median, and mode. All of these numbers can be called “averages” and they’re the numbers we tend to see most often - whether it’s in politics when talking about polling or income equality to batting averages in baseball (and cricket) and Amazon reviews. Averages are everywhere so today we’re going to discuss how these measures differ, how their relationship with one another can tell us a lot about the underlying data, and how they are sometimes used to mislead.


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What is globalization? Is globalization a good thing or not. Well, I have an answer that may not surprise you: It's complicated. This week, Jacob and Adriene will argue that globalization is, in aggregate, good. Free trade and globalization tend to provide an overall benefit, and raises average incomes across the globe. The downside is that it isn't good for every individual in the system. In some countries, manufacturing jobs move to places where labor costs are lower. And some countries that receive the influx of jobs aren't prepared to deal with it, from a regulatory standpoint. Anyway, Jacob and Adriene can explain the whole thing to you in 10 minutes.

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

--

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You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Now that we're to the point of actually applying for college, things can get a little overwhelming. But, not to worry, Erica has some helpful ways to manage everything you need to keep track of, fill out, and even ways to save some money in fees.

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Follow Study Hall on socials!
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_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
0:49 - List of schools
3:30 - Documents to assemble
4:12 - Writing samples
7:11 - Conclusion
_______________________________________________

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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#CrashCourse #HowtoCollege #StudyHall
***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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Bridges... bridges, bridges, bridges. We talk a lot about bridges in physics. Why? Because there is A LOT of practical physics that can be learned from the planning and construction of them. In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini talks to us about a particular mistake made in engineering the Millennium Bridge which allows us to talk about simple harmonic motion.

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

--

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This week Craig breaks out the crystal ball to try and figure out why our congresspeople do the things that they do. We’ll talk about the three motivating factors of congressional decisions - constituency, interest groups, and political parties - and we’ll break down how each of these factors motivates certain actions like casework, public opinion polls, and logrolling. Craig will even weigh in on which of these factors probably contributes most significantly to the actions and decisions of our congresspersons and he'll do it without even a touch of cynicism!

Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org
This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
How constituents & public opinion influence lawmakers 0:38
How interest groups influence lawmakers 2:01
How political parties influence lawmakers 3:07
Presidential power & political parties 4:20
Other influences on congressional decisions 5:20
Credits 6:05

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This week Craig Benzine discusses bureaucracies. Bureaucracies tend to be associated with unintelligible rules and time-wasting procedures, but they play an important, though controversial, role in governing. From the FDA to the EPA, these agencies were established to help the government manage and carry out laws much more efficiently - to bring rule-making and enforcement closer to the experts. But the federal bureaucracy (which is part of the executive branch) has a lot of power and sometimes acts like Congress in creating regulations and like the courts through administrative adjudications. It's all a bit problematic for that whole "separation of powers" thing. So we'll talk about that too, and the arguments for and against increased federal bureaucracy.

Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org

Chapters:
Introduction: Craig does paperwork 00:00
What is bureaucracy? 0:51
What do bureaucrats do? 1:34
Bureaucracy & division of powers 2:19
Bureaucracy & regulations 2:43
Bureaucracy & administrative adjudications 3:36
Why do we have bureaucracy? 4:15
Credits 6:25

--
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Just how small are nanomaterials? And what can we do with stuff that small? Today we’ll discuss some special properties of nanomaterials, how some can change at different sizes, and the difference between engineered nanomaterials and ones that occur naturally. We’ll also talk about some of the future research that’s needed on the use of nanomaterials.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

Check out Deep Look: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UC-3SbfTPJsL8fJAPK

***

RESOURCES:
http://www.safenano.org/knowle....dgebase/resources/fa
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/heal....th/topics/agents/sya
https://ec.europa.eu/health/sc....ientific_committees/
https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/seeing-nano
https://www.britannica.com/tec....hnology/nanotechnolo
http://www.essentialchemicalin....dustry.org/materials
https://www.britannica.com/tec....hnology/scanning-tun
http://www.hwnanomaterial.com/nanomaterials_n63
https://www.hindawi.com/journa....ls/amse/2016/4964828
https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special
https://www.zdnet.com/article/....nanotechnology-to-en
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC42403
http://news.mit.edu/2014/solid....-nanoparticles-defor
https://www.nanoscience.com/ap....plications/education
http://www.understandingnano.c....om/nanotubes-carbon.
http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2016..../10/06/smallest-tran
https://www.theverge.com/circu....itbreaker/2016/10/6/

***

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Mark Brouwer, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

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Today, Craig Benzine is going to tell you about the Supreme Court's most important case, Marbury v. Madison, and how the court granted itself the power of judicial review. Judicial review is the power to examine and invalidate actions of the legislative and executive branches. It happens at both the state and federal court levels, but today we're going to focus primarily on the court at the top - the Supreme Court of the United States. Now it's important to remember that the court has granted itself these powers and they aren't found within the Constitution, but as with the executive and legislative branches, the courts rely heavily on implied powers to get stuff done.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org

All Flickr.com images are licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 2.0

https://creativecommons.org/li....censes/by/2.0/legalc

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Today, Craig is going to talk about political parties and their role in American politics. So, when most people think about political parties they associate them with the common ideologies of the voters and representatives within that party, but the goal of a party is NOT to influence policies. The role of political parties is much simpler: to win control of the government. So today, we’re going got talk about why we have political parties in the first place and then finish with the five functions they use in reaching that goal. It’s a lot to cover, so next week we’ll talk about what each political party stands for and how that has changed historically.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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All attributed images are licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...

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This week we’re exploring aerospace engineering and its two main fields: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. We’ll explore life & buoyancy, propulsion systems, and the challenges of managing the human body in space.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

PBS Space Time: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UC7_gcs09iThXybpVg

***

RESOURCES:
https://www.history.com/topics/space-race
https://www.spacex.com/mars
https://www.princeton.edu/~asm....its/Bicycle_web/Bern
https://www.livescience.com/47....702-aerospace-engine
https://www.bls.gov/ooh/archit....ecture-and-engineeri
https://www.real-world-physics....-problems.com/hot-ai
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k....-12/airplane/bgp.htm
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://www.nasa.gov/audience/....forstudents/5-8/feat
https://www.nasa.gov/hrp/bodyinspace
https://www.space.com/25452-ze....ro-gravity-affects-a
https://www.space.com/21353-sp....ace-radiation-mars-m
http://www.planetary.org/blogs..../guest-blogs/2018/04
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/g....oddard/the-fact-and-
https://www.space.com/16907-wh....at-is-the-temperatur
https://www.wired.com/2010/11/....1110mars-climate-obs
http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/sp....ace/9909/30/mars.met
https://www.nasa.gov/audience/....forstudents/k-4/stor
http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/8965.aspx
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/t....he-next-generation-o
http://curious.astro.cornell.e....du/about-us/150-peop
https://engineering.purdue.edu..../~propulsi/propulsio
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k....-12/airplane/inlet.h


***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

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Today we’re talking about heat transfer and the different mechanisms behind it. We’ll explore conduction, the thermal conductivity of materials, convection, boundary layers, and radiation.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

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RESOURCES:
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k....-12/airplane/thermo1
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.g....su.edu/hbase/thermo/
http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.....edu/cosmic_classroo
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.g....su.edu/hbase/thermo/
https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/beat-the-heat/en/
http://www.weather.gov/jetstream/heat
https://physics.info/conduction/
https://physics.info/convection/
https://physics.info/radiation/
http://thermopedia.com/content/781/
Çengel, Yunus A., and Michael A. Boles. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. 8th ed., McGraw-Hill Education.

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And now we return to blood vessels. In this episode, we start discussing what blood pressure is, how it can become "high", and what that means for our health. One of the more interesting points is that your body has ways of dealing with high blood pressure, but they're not ways we want our bodies to operate on a full-time basis. And why can't we butter our bacon? WHY!?!?!

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

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Chapters:
Introduction: High Blood Pressure 00:00
Cardiac Output - How Blood Flows 1:36
Blood Pressure & Resistance 2:17
Blood Flow Formula 3:07
Short Term Blood Pressure Regulation 3:54
Long Term Blood Pressure Regulation 5:44
Chronic High Blood Pressure 6:22
Review 8:15
Credits 8:42

***

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***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***

TO: Hunter Boyajian
FROM: Chase Boyajian

In the darkest times, hope is something you give yourself.

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TO: The World
FROM: Andrew Johnstone

Lets all make a podcast

***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***

Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:

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This week Craig is going to give you a broad overview of elections in the United States. So as you may have noticed, there are kind of a lot of people in the U.S, and holding individual issues up to a public vote doesn't seem particularly plausible. So to deal with this complexity, we vote for people, not policies, that represent our best interests. But as you'll see, this process was not thoroughly addressed in the Constitution, so there have been a number of amendments and laws at the state level implemented to create the election system we all know and (maybe) love today.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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All attributed images are licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 4.0
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Continuing with last week's calculus introduction, Shini leads us through how integrals can help us figure out things like distance when we have several other essential bits of information. Say, for instance, you wanted to know how far your window was off the ground. You can figure that out by using integrals, a tennis ball, and a stopwatch! It's all here in this episode of Crash Course Physics!


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Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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So, what is geography? In our first episode of Crash Course Geography, we will endeavor to answer this seemingly simple question with the help of a similarly simple factoid: that the US imports more than 3 billion pounds of bananas from Guatemala each year. But as it turns out, beneath the kinds of factoids we usually associate with Geography are much grander stories that really are Geography. So let's go a little bananas as we explore the sordid history of the Chiquita banana.

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[SOURCES]

http://sethrainforestecosystem.....weebly.com/the-rain
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.....com/essay/plantatio
https://www.tripsavvy.com/moun....t-everest-facts-1458
https://time.com/3923694/mount....-everest-nepal-earth
https://sajana1231.wordpress.c....om/2011/05/02/enviro
https://adventure.howstuffwork....s.com/outdoor-activi
https://theodora.com/wfbcurren....t/guatemala/guatemal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_origin
https://www.nytimes.com/1991/0....4/19/world/cholera-k
https://www.history.com/topics..../inventions/history-
https://www.farmingindia.in/banana-cultivation/
http://new-ag.info/en/country/profile.php?a=842
https://www.worldatlas.com/art....icles/where-do-ameri
https://insteading.com/blog/gl....obal-agriculture-thr
https://fews.net/sites/default..../files/documents/rep
https://www.mapsofworld.com/la....t_long/guatemala-lat
https://www.touropia.com/volcanoes-in-guatemala/
https://www.touropia.com/touri....st-attractions-in-gu
https://www.findlatitudeandlon....gitude.com/l/Tikal%2

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Vincent LaBarca, Bjartur Thorlacius, Scott Harrison, Alexander Thomson, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Sam Ferguson, Jirat, Brian Thomas Gossett, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Jessica Wode, Caleb Weeks, Mark, Patty Laqua, Stephen Saar, John Lee, Eric Prestemon
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In which Craig Benzine talks about the structure of the U.S. court system and how exactly it manages to keep things moving smoothly. You'll learn about trial courts, district courts, appeals courts, circuit courts, state supreme courts, and of course the one at the top - the U.S. Supreme Court. It’s all quite a bit to manage with jurisdictions and such, but it's important to remember that the vast majority of cases never even make it to court! Most are settled out of court, but also terms like mootness and ripeness are used to throw cases out altogether. Today, we're going to focus on how cases make it to the top, and next week we’ll talk about what happens when they get there.

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Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org

All Flickr.com images are licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 2.0
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Oh my, Craig has his work cut out for him this week. The process of how a bill becomes a law can be pretty complex, fraught with potential bill-death at every corner. As if just getting through committee isn’t difficult enough, bills have to navigate a series of amendments and votes in both houses, potentially more committees, further compromise bills, and even more floor votes, just to end up on the chopping block of the President. And then in one fell swoop, the President can stop a bill in its tracks with a veto! But then again, a presidential veto isn’t necessarily a bill’s end either.

As you can see we’ve got to lot to cover, and we’ll be the first to admit this has been covered before, and extraordinarily well might we add, by the folks at School House Rock. But we’ll give it our best shot - without the singing of course. Well, not too much singing anyway.

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This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

Chapters:
Introduction: How a Bill Becomes a Law 00:00
Bill introduction 0:49
Committee referral 1:02
Senate rules 1:35
The bill passes the other chamber 1:59
Conference committee 2:19
The President signs the law 2:39
Vetos & Pocket Vetos 2:45
Overriding a veto 3:15
Why do so few laws get passed? 3:57
Places a bill can die 4:14
Veto gates 5:02
Why Congress has so many procedural hurdles 5:52
Credits 6:28

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