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Here we are, just a year after the first news of the coronavirus we now call SARS-CoV-2 and the global pandemic known as COVID-19… and scientists have already developed more than one safe & effective vaccine. How did they do that so quickly? I visited the lab whose work directly led to these first COVID vaccines, so you can learn how basic research connects to life-saving medicine. This is how to make a COVID-19 vaccine.

Coronavirus animation courtesy of: Janet Iwasa, University of Utah, with funding from the NSF, the Coronavirus Structural Task Force and the German Federal Ministery of Research

References:
Wrapp, D. et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 367, 1260–1263 (2020) doi: 10.1126/science.abb2507

Watanabe, Y., Allen, J. D., Wrapp, D., McLellan, J. S. & Crispin, M. Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike. Science eabb9983 (2020) doi:10.1126/science.abb9983.

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Cold War… warming planet?
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A few years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, a top-secret, first-of-its-kind US spy satellite program was declassified, leading to the unexpected story of how former enemies became scientific allies, and technology invented for Cold War espionage was repurposed to study and combat the newest and greatest threat to human civilization: Climate Change.

Thank you to the following for help in researching this video:
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The Office of Vice President Al Gore

0:00 Peeking behind the Iron Curtain
1:52 Spies in space
2:53 A time machine… but for Earth
3:41 Early days of the Space Race
5:37 Code name: CORONA
8:37 No more Iron Curtain… now what?
10:48 Spies… but for the Earth
13:20 New data & unlikely allies
16:31 Teamwork makes the dream work
17:46 Support us on Patreon!

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You may not be an expert, but perhaps you feel pretty confident that you could ride a motorcycle, or give someone a decent haircut - if you absolutely had to - right? Not so much, according to the psychological phenomenon known as the Dunning-Kruger Effect. Turns out we’re all at risk of being overconfident about something. Watch Joe put this theory to the test as he tries to land a 737 (in a simulator, of course). Oh, did we mention Joe's not a pilot?

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-dunning-kru

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A cosmic love story, starring a guy named Carl Sagan
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Love is a complicated combination of brain chemicals and behavior that scientists are only just beginning to figure out. And it's remarkable that in every society that we have looked at on Earth, romantic love exists. So if love is so universal, and there are 7 billion other people out there looking for it, why can it seem like it's so hard to find?

In this episode, we'll look at what we can learn about the search for love from the search for extraterrestrial life. We'll start with Enrico Fermi's paradox of why we haven't been contacted by any extraterrestrials yet, and then at Frank Drake's equation to estimate the number of civilizations that might exist in our galaxy (updated with current numbers). Finally, we'll meet a young lady named Ann and see if we can calculate how many special someones there might be out there for her. It's a cosmic love story!

References for this episode: http://dft.ba/-4bBW

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

Clips from this episode:
Carl Sagan - All the -illions: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZmafy...

Music from this episode:
Johnny Ripper's "Family." http://freemusicarchive.org/music/joh...

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Air. I bet you never even notice that it’s there. Yet you are swimming in an ocean of it every day. If there’s a literal ton of air pressing down on you all the time, so why don’t we feel it? We look back at the history of physics to learn how we figured out air pressure, why vacuums don’t suck, and how people like Galileo, Torricelli, and Otto von Guericke changed science forever with a few simple experiments. #AirPressure #Physics #Atmosphere

DISCLAIMER: Do not perform the trash bag experiment without adult supervision. Always have a helper nearby so you don’t get trapped in the bag. And never ever put your head inside a trash bag, ever. Here’s how to try it yourself: https://exploratorium.edu/snacks/feeling-pressured

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REFERENCES:
Walker, Gabrielle. An Ocean of Air: Why the Wind Blows and Other Mysteries of the Atmosphere. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008.

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The finest burritos in the world are made in San Francisco’s Mission District. But how can you get a hot & fresh one in New York City in time for lunch? Physics, that’s how. For this very serious and scientific video, we dug a classic documentary out of the vault that tells the story of the transcontinental burrito tunnel, and its successor, the transcontinental burrito hypertunnel. They are both true marvels of physics. Oh, and they aren’t real… but the science is.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....burrito-tunnel-refer

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Otters are more than just cute, adorable little fuzzballs, they are one of the greatest conservation success stories of all time. Sea otters are a keystone species, meaning that an entire ecosystem depends on their presence. After they were nearly hunted to extinction for their dense fur, sea urchins (the otters' favorite food) nearly destroyed the Pacific kelp forests, a habitat that hundreds of species rely on for food and shelter.

Thanks to the hard work of conservation scientists at places like the Monterey Bay Aquarium, sea otter populations are on their way back. Here's the story of one orphaned sea otter pup's journey back to the wild

(Whale illustrations by Nobu Tamura/CC-BY-3.0)

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
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Butterfly metamorphosis is still a bit of a mystery. What happens inside a chrysalis to turn a caterpillar into a beautifully painted butterfly? Does it really turn to soup? I visited Dr. Arnaud Martin, who uses the CRISPR genetic modification technology to learn about how genes build bodies. Dr. Martin uses CRISPR to disrupt certain genes, and then looks for changes in butterfly wing patterns, creating designs we never see in nature. This tells us which genes control which part of the "wing painting" process. In the process of visiting Dr. Martin’s lab, I had my mind blown about what REALLY happens during butterfly metamorphosis. You will too. #butterflies #CRISPR #genetics

Special thanks to Arnaud Martin and the entire Martin Lab at George Washington University
https://dnacrobatics.com

Chrysalis window timelapses courtesy of Aaron Pomerantz from the lab of Dr. Nipam Patel. http://www.patellab.net/
Check out Aaron’s YouTube channel:
https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCHr0u7Jsktou2CFl2

SOURCES: https://sites.google.com/view/....painting-wings-with-

The Great Courses Plus is currently available to watch through a web browser to almost anyone in the world and optimized for the US, UK, and Australian markets. The Great Courses Plus is currently working to both optimize the product globally and accept credit card payments globally.

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When it comes to science, is there a monster in us all?

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Are you watching "Frankenstein, MD"? Check it out: http://bit.ly/Y9HYz8

"Experiments on the Revival of Organisms" full video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDqh-r8TQgs

Murder Act and Anatomy Act: http://brainblogger.com/2011/0....9/17/human-dissectio

Percy Shelley's influence:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm....c/articles/PMC127968

Erasmus Darwin:
http://blogs.dickinson.edu/rom....nat/2011/06/10/erasm

Real-life influences for Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein":
http://io9.com/5949176/real-li....fe-scientists-who-me
http://gizmodo.com/5504746/how....-a-real-life-dr-fran
http://mentalfloss.com/article..../19855/who-was-dr-fr
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/....roseanne-montillo/th

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen
Post-production intern - Dalton Allen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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No Sandra Bullocks were harmed in the making of this video.
Tweet this video ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSjunk Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSjunkFB
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Window chip in the ISS: http://www.esa.int/spaceinimag....es/Images/2016/05/Im
The extent of space debris: http://www.esa.int/spaceinvide....os/Videos/2013/04/Sp
Where did all that debris come from? http://blogs.scientificamerica....n.com/guest-blog/whe
USSTRATCOM space surveillance fact sheet: https://www.stratcom.mil/facts....heets/11/Space_Contr
This is cool: http://stuffin.space/
Every satellite orbiting Earth, visualized: http://qz.com/296941/interacti....ve-graphic-every-act
8 weird pieces of space junk: http://www.wired.com/2009/02/spacestuff/
Project West Ford: http://www.wired.com/2013/08/project-west-ford/

STK animation courtesy of Analytical Graphics, Inc.

Get yourself an awesome IOTBS shirt! http://dftba.com/besmart
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Stock images from SciencePhoto http://www.sciencephoto.com/ and Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
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It's definitely higher than "11"
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What is the loudest possible sound? What about the quietest thing we can hear? And what do decibels measure, anyway? In this video you'll learn what makes sound

The loudest sound on Earth (the we know of anyway), great story by Aatish Bhatia: http://nautil.us/blog/the-soun....d-so-loud-that-it-ci

Video of the Papua New Guinea volcano eruption from YouTuber bacobjee: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUREX8aFbMs

Calculation of the shock wave from teleportation: http://www.quora.com/Teleporta....tion/If-you-were-to-

The sometimes-painful effects of different sound pressure levels: http://www.makeitlouder.com/De....cibel%20Level%20Char

How loud are rocket launches? http://testtube.com/dnews/how-....loud-are-space-shutt

NASA's sound suppression water system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LehY5avJUM

Can a sound be loud enough to kill you? http://www.straightdope.com/co....lumns/read/2298/can-

-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D
Follow me on Twitter/Instagram: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Jen Piper/Arts+Labor - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer

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Other music via APM
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French subtitles by Alessandro Dal Cero

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Nothing is guaranteed in life except death, taxes, and entropy. What do other life forms have to teach us about staying alive as we get old, and will we ever conquer death?

REFERENCES:

Arias, E. et al. (2013). United States life tables eliminating certain causes of death, 1999–2001. National Vital Statistics Reports 61(9)

De Cecco, M. et al. (2013). Transposable elements become active and mobile in the genomes of aging mammalian somatic tissues. Aging 5(12): 867–883. DOI: 10.18632/aging.100621

Hayflick, L. (2016). Unlike aging, longevity is sexually determined. In Handbook of theories of aging, 3rd ed. (pp. 31-52). New York, NY, Springer.

Hayflick, L. (UCSF School of Medicine). Interview.

Klapper, W. et al. (1998). Longevity of lobsters is linked to ubiquitous telomerase expression. FEBS Letters 439: 143-146

Martinez, D.E. (1998). Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in hydra. Experimental Gerontology 33(3): 217–225

Reilly, M.T. et al. (2013). The role of transposable elements in health and diseases of
the central nervous system. The Journal of Neuroscience 33(45): 17577–17586

Roth, A.W. and Polotsky, A.J. (2012). Can we live longer by eating less? A review of caloric restriction and longevity. Maturitas 71: 315–319

Sturm, A. et al. (2015). The mechanism of ageing: primary role of transposable elements in genome disintegration. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 72:1839–1847

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Why is the universe organized the way it is? And why is it so empty? From planets and stars to superclusters and galactic filaments, the universe’s largest structures formed because of its smallest. In this special collaboration with PHD Comics, we’ll learn how the earliest, quantumest blips seeded the structure of everything everywhere.

Special thanks to Jorge Cham and Daniel Whiteson!
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@PHDcomics
@DanielWhiteson

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READ MORE:
Check out “We Have No Idea”: http://amzn.to/2yFfWyr

We used visualizations from:
NASA Goddard
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov

The Aquarius Project
http://wwwmpa.mpa-garching.mpg.de/aquarius/

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Matt Caplan, Ph.D.
Editor/animator: David Schulte
Additional animation: Jorge Cham
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

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Comic book heroes ain't got nothin' on evolution.

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Evolution has come up with some pretty amazing ways to get things done when it comes to animals, plants and microbes. From radiation-resistant bacteria (like Dr. Manhattan) to geckos who climb glass using atomic adhesion (like Spider-Man) to a shrimp that can shoot a bubble the temperature of the sun (like Aquaman), nature is pretty super!

Watch more YouTube Geek Week videos at http://youtube.com/geekweek

Clips from this episode: http://bit.ly/15aWwcF

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

Special thanks to Dragon's Lair Comics & Fantasy in Austin, TX

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Can we really clean our way out of this problem?
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There’s been a lot of talk on YouTube lately about ocean plastic pollution and #TeamSeas. But there hasn’t been enough talk about the **ridiculously unthinkable scale of the ocean plastic pollution problem** or how it intersects with other environmental issues like climate change. And here’s a big spoiler alert: Nearly all environmental scientists agree that ocean plastic pollution isn’t a problem we can clean our way out of. So what CAN we do? That’s what this video is about.

Detailed references and annotations: https://sites.google.com/view/....besmart-plasticpollu

We’d like to thank the following researchers for helpful interviews and background materials for this episode:

Winnie Lau - Pew Charitable Trusts
Dr. Max Liboiron - Civic Laboratory for Environmental Action Research (CLEAR)
Dr. Miriam Goldstein

0:00 Intro
1:21 History of plastic
2:59 How much plastic are we making?
4:28 Plastic is petroleum
5:29 How much plastic is in the ocean?
7:38 How plastic gets to the ocean
9:09 Can we clean our way out of this?
10:30 The ACTUAL solutions
13:09 Final thoughts


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A massive new study has just been released showing that human activities are threatening Earth’s other life forms in some very bad ways. One million species may be at risk of extinction. Just let that sink in. Isn’t the Anthropocene awesome? Check out the study below to learn more and find out how we can stop it. #anthropocene #extinction #nature

REFERENCES:

IPBES Biodiversity Global Assessment Report https://www.dropbox.com/sh/yd8....l2v0u4jqptp3/AAACtf6

Information on the IPBES Biodiversity Report https://www.ipbes.net/news/Med....ia-Release-Global-As

IPBES Summary for Policymakers: https://www.ipbes.net/sites/de....fault/files/download

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“An Inconvenient Sequel” is former Vice President Al Gore’s newest film 🌎🎥
Learn more: http://InconvenientSequel.com #BeInconvenient
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

News about climate change is often full of doom, guilt, and anxiety. This can make many people reluctant to pay attention to or discuss it. We asked former Vice President Al Gore to help us find a different way to talk about climate change.

Special thanks to former Vice President Al Gore (@AlGore)
http://InconvenientSequel.com
Facebook: @AnInconvenientTruth
Twitter: @AITruthFilm
Instagram: @AnInconvenientTruth
The book: http://amzn.to/2vdTYCD

Unless otherwise noted, data used in this video comes from:
NASA, NOAA, The Global Carbon Project, U.S. Energy Information Administration, and Scripps Institute of Oceanography
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director/Editor: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Animator: David Schulte
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

I mean… how do you really know?
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If we lived light years from Earth, how would we know there’s life here? Let’s take a look at the search for extraterrestrial life on habitable exoplanets, and discover what biosignatures would show someone else that we’re here.

REFERENCES:
http://exoplanet.eu/

Kaltenegger, Lisa. “How to Characterize Habitable Worlds and Signs of Life.” Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 55, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 433–85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annure....v-astro-082214-12223

Sagan, Carl. “Is There Life On Earth?” Engineering and Science 35, no. 4 (1972): 16–19.

Sagan, Carl, W. Reid Thompson, Robert Carlson, Donald Gurnett, and Charles Hord. “A Search for Life on Earth from the Galileo Spacecraft.” Nature 365 (October 21, 1993): 715.

Schwieterman, Edward W., Nancy Y. Kiang, Mary N. Parenteau, Chester E. Harman, Shiladitya DasSarma, Theresa M. Fisher, Giada N. Arney, et al. “Exoplanet Biosignatures: A Review of Remotely Detectable Signs of Life.” Astrobiology 18, no. 6 (June 2018): 663–708. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2017.1729.

Seager, Sara, and Drake Deming. “Exoplanet Atmospheres.” Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 48, no. 1 (August 2010): 631–72. https://doi.org/10.1146/annure....v-astro-081309-13083

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BOOKS WE’VE FEATURED:
http://smart-books.tumblr.com/

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editors/animators: Derek Borsheim and Sara Roma
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

What you need to know about one of nature's scariest viruses.

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Don’t miss our next video! SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Read David Quammen's "Ebola": http://amzn.to/1wBLmzw

Ebola infection/death simulation from Washington Post: http://bit.ly/ebola_sim

Read the original 1976 case report describing the first Ebola patient: http://1.usa.gov/1svWp7i

Ebola outbreak disease info and case counts: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/o....utbreaks/2014-west-a

Ebola Deeply (a calm take on Ebola news): http://www.eboladeeply.org/

How contagious is Ebola? http://www.npr.org/blogs/healt....h/2014/10/02/3529837

Ebola outbreak and symptoms FAQ from WHO: http://bit.ly/1td3TBn

Can Ebola go airborne? No. http://www.virology.ws/2014/09..../18/what-we-are-not-

Ebola: What we should and shouldn't be worried about http://www.wired.com/2014/10/e....bola-virus-infection

Hi-tech Ebola treatments: http://arstechnica.com/science..../2014/08/bio-high-te

The political effects of Ebola in West Africa: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10..../14/world/africa/ebo

Maps of infectious disease vs. public health spending: http://ted.tumblr.com/post/996....54182795/heres-what-

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Graham Hutchins - Editing/Motion Graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

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