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It’s one of the most annoying sensations our bodies can feel, but does anything feel better than when you scratch an itch? Ok, maybe *some* things. But itching and scratching are up there. How does this weird sensation work? And what is itching for?

References: http://bit.ly/2IiIqWn

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Kimberly McCoy
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Editor/animator: Karl Boettcher and Derek Borsheim
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Thank you to Blinkist for supporting PBS. For more information and trial go to http://www.blinkist.com/OkayToBeSmart.

“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 3, we look at ecosystems at their largest and smallest scales of time and size from the Serengeti to Andrews Experimental Forestin Oregon. How does the cycling of nutrients and molecules make life possible on Earth? Who are these recyclers and scavengers? Sometimes this recycling happens fast and violently, and sometimes it happens slow and beautifully.

In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!

Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy

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“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
We’re on PATREON! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 2, we study the complex family relationships of elephants in Africa’s Serengeti plains and how their shared knowledge can help them survive. Then we travel to San Francisco to discover how the intricate songs of birds have changed in the face of our own culture. How common is culture in the animal kingdom? And what role does it play in the survival of species?

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....in-our-nature-episod

00:00 Intro
00:45 What is culture?
02:42 Do animals have culture?
03:33 Serengeti: Culture in African elephants
14:18 San Francisco: Culture in urban songbirds
23:34 Conclusion

In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!

Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy

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Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:

DeliciousKashmiri
Mario Orso
Brian Chang
Roy Lasris
Javier Soto
dani bowman
David Johnston
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Amy Sowada
Benjamin Teinby
Eric Meer
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Karen Haskell
AlecZero

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The Nobel Prizes reward the greatest accomplishments of the human race. Right? Then why haven't they changed much in 100+ years? Do they really represent how science is done? And why so few women?

References and more:

Molly Oldfield - The Secret Museum http://amzn.to/173lLpj

Georgia Lupi Nobel Prize infographic: http://www.brainpickings.org/i....ndex.php/2012/11/29/

Alfred Nobel's will: http://www.nobelprize.org/alfr....ed_nobel/will/will-f

Top 10 Nobel snubs: http://www.scientificamerican.....com/slideshow.cfm?id

Nobel Prize controversies (like Johannes Fibiger) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N....obel_Prize_controver

Women who have won science Nobels http://mentalfloss.com/article..../53186/14-women-whov

The Nobel ignores how modern science works: http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-....talk/aerospace/astro

Nobel prize and myth of the "lone genius" http://blogs.scientificamerica....n.com/the-curious-wa

Thomas Edison on success: http://www.brainpickings.org/i....ndex.php/2013/02/11/

Steve Jobs on creativity: http://www.wired.com/wired/arc....hive/4.02/jobs_pr.ht

Open letter to Nobel committee: http://www.newscientist.com/ar....ticle/dn17863-open-l

Thumbnail art via catwalker/Shutterstock

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Ever wonder why you have thumbs?

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The human hand, with its multi-talented thumb, might be man's greatest tool. But did you know we can trace that thumb, and the hand and arm it's connected to, all the way back to a 375 million-year-old fish named Tiktaalik?

This week I sit down with paleontologist and geneticist Dr. Neil Shubin to learn what a fish, and a little blue hedgehog, can teach us about the evolution of thumbs.

Be sure to watch Neil Shubin's special 3-part series "Your Inner Fish" on your local PBS station, premiering Wednesday, April 9 at 10 PM Eastern!
http://www.pbs.org/your-inner-fish/home/

Also check out Neil's book "Your Inner Fish": http://amzn.to/1ssBCFt

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editor and motion graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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A giant asteroid took out the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. Could a big meteor hit Earth again? And if we find one coming our way, how can we use science to avoid a deadly asteroid or meteorite impact?

Want to wear your love for science? We’ve got merch: http://dftba.com/besmart

References/Learn More:

Impact Earth! Simulator: https://www.purdue.edu/impactearth/

Thanks to Destin for letting us use a clip from Smarter Every Day #84! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NLBtZKx2cA

National Academies report: “Defending Earth” https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12....842/defending-planet

3D asteroid simulation www.asterank.com/3d/

NASA’s near-Earth object program http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/

Facts about asteroids from NASA http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pa....ges/asteroids/overvi

Great meteor/meteorite FAQ http://www.amsmeteors.org/mete....or-showers/meteor-fa

----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
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http://twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from SciencePhoto http://www.sciencephoto.com/ and Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

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You can learn more about your personal DNA story by going to https://23andMe.com/okay

↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Why do we love people we're related to? Compared to strangers, why do we feel such a deep sense of connection with our family members? Sure, they're nice to us, we take care of each other, and we often live with them, but there has to be a deeper biological reason. That reason, unsurprisingly is evolution. In this video, I explain why taking care of our family, or even dying for them, makes sense in the eyes of evolution.

SOURCES:
This video covers more than a half century of evolutionary biology theory and observation, but here's some reading if you'd like to learn more:

Dawkins, Richard. (1976) "The Selfish Gene" http://amzn.to/2Dhd257

Fisher, R. A. (1930). "The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection" http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880368061

Haldane, J.B.S. (1932). "The Causes of Evolution." London: Longmans, Green & Co.

Hamilton, W. D. (1963). "The evolution of altruistic behavior." The American Naturalist, 97(896), 354-356.

Hamilton, W. D. (1964). "The genetical evolution of social behaviour I." Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7(1), 1-16.


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It's Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Stephanie Keep
Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Orsak
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
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My ode to space exploration and Discovery... Galileo would have made a great astronaut.

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Why do we go to space? In the beginning of our space program, the answer had a lot to do with war and paranoia. But with the dawn of the space shuttle, that all changed. Where do we go from here?

Special thanks to the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center for letting us hang out with the shuttle Discovery
Link to the interactive Mars panorama as seen on my phone: http://bit.ly/16ttUwr

Historical footage via NASA
Music: "Divider" by Chris Zabriskie
http://freemusicarchive.org/mu....sic/Chris_Zabriskie/

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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What can you do to make the oceans plastic-free?
(HINT: Hitting the subscribe button uses zero plastic)
↓↓↓Check the resources below ↓↓↓

Ocean plastic pollution is a massive environmental problem. Millions of tons of plastic waste enter the ocean every year, even plastic that goes in the trash can often ends up in the sea! This week we learn about the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and look at the dangers ocean plastic poses to ocean animals. Plus, a few tips for you to reduce your own plastic use!

Plastic Oceans Foundation: http://www.plasticoceans.org/

United Nations “Clean Seas” program: http://www.cleanseas.org/

The 5 Gyres Institute: https://www.5gyres.org/

Lonely Whale Foundation: https://www.lonelywhale.org/

Take this quiz to learn about your plastic impact: https://www.nytimes.com/intera....ctive/2016/science/b

10 ways to reduce plastic pollution: https://www.nrdc.org/stories/1....0-ways-reduce-plasti

The no plastic straw pledge: http://www.plasticpollutioncoa....lition.org/no-straw-

Ocean plastic pollution resources from Monterey Bay Aquarium: https://www.montereybayaquariu....m.org/conservation-a

What will it take to get plastic out of the ocean? https://ensia.com/features/wha....t-will-it-take-to-ge

Resources for teachers: https://www.montereybayaquariu....m.org/education/teac


-----------
REFERENCES:

Cózar, Andrés, et al. "Plastic debris in the open ocean." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.28 (2014): 10239-10244.

Jamieson, Alan J., et al. "Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the deepest ocean fauna." Nature Ecology & Evolution 1 (2017): 0051.

Jambeck, Jenna R., et al. "Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean." Science 347.6223 (2015): 768-771.

“Moby-Duck” by Donovan Hohn (Harper’s Magazine) http://harpers.org/archive/200....7/01/moby-duck/?sing

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-----------

It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Matthews
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Why is some science fiction so good at predicting actual science?

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Do Ray Bradbury, Arthur C. Clarke, Jules Verne, Philip K. Dick, Hugo Gernsback, Robert Heinlein, or Isaac Asimov hold a candle to H.G. Wells when it comes to correctly predicting the future of science via science fiction?

And why does some science fiction do such a good job of predicting the future in the first place?

Check out these other great H.G. Wells-inspired videos from our PBS friends:

PBS Idea Channel: "What Is Fiction?"

PBS Digital Studios/James W. Griffiths: "A Solitary World" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWJKLYcypz8

Fun links to dig deeper:

Arthur C. Clarke's 1945 article "Extra Terrestrial Relays" http://lakdiva.org/clarke/1945ww/
Isaac Asimov's 1964 World's Fair predictions: http://www.nytimes.com/books/9....7/03/23/lifetimes/as
Mouse memory "implantation": http://wapo.st/Md1gN3
Ray Bradbury hanging with Arthur C. Clarke and Carl Sagan: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hyst-D-1ssk
Isaac Asimov talks to Bill Moyers Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CwUuU6C4pk
Isaac Asimov talks to Bill Moyers Part 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJAIERgWhZQ

Music:
"Ourobouros" by Kevin MacLeod
"Opening Theme A" by Kevin MacLeod

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editor and motion graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Isaac Hammons - Sound

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Why is the weatherperson wrong?
Support us on Patreon https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
↓ More info and sources below ↓

What is El Niño? Why can’t we predict the weather? Just a few slight changes in global climate patterns can drastically shift the weather. Thanks to chaos theory, even our smartest meteorologists can’t predict weather correctly.

Cool demonstration of the Butterfly Effect: http://www.exploratorium.edu/c....omplexity/java/loren

2:20 El Niño graph by Jan Null: http://ggweather.com/enso/oni.htm


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
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-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @DrJoeHanson
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Kate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: “Ouroboros” by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

SPOILERS: It doesn't end well.

Special thanks to Ethan Siegel and Sean Carroll for help with this episode:
http://preposterousuniverse.com/
https://medium.com/starts-with-a-bang/

More interesting things that will happen in the future:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T....imeline_of_the_far_f
http://www.bbc.com/future/stor....y/20140105-timeline-

This episode was a part of a collaboration with several other PBS Digital Studios shows, all talking about THE FUTURE!! Check out the other episodes!

Learn about the Collab Here: http://youtu.be/ygmD5lz6rd8

Idea Channel: The Future of Fandoms
http://youtu.be/eJ3EBR1hlbI
Game/Show: The Future of Games
http://youtu.be/oON6S4fXS4k
Crafts For Kids: DIY Robot Masks
http://youtu.be/PtETQ_aIz8s
Indie Alaska: Augmented Reality
http://youtu.be/8Elu87SfL98
Bon Appétempt: Post-Apocalyptic Pantry Cooking
http://youtu.be/xzsyop6XZn8
Shanks FX: Holograms
http://youtu.be/P8Uj9uHgCQY
Makin' Friends With Ryan Miller: Bruce Duncan and Bina48
http://youtu.be/3e-JuaSc7B0
24 Frames: The Future: 3D Printing
http://youtu.be/l__1P1PCGZM
Coma Niddy: Future Rap
http://youtu.be/OUpPaEZHITI
BBQ With Franklin: The Future of BBQ
http://youtu.be/gbR7Tu2TqKk

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editor and motion graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Could humans ever evolve to have wings? Why don’t fish have propellers? Why don’t tigers have wheels? Why don’t zebras have laser turrets? These might all seem like stupid questions (and maybe they are!) but they can teach us a lot about how evolution actually works, and how it doesn’t work.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....whatisimpossible-ref

-----------

Big Thank you to our Brain Trust Patrons:

Roy Lasris
Javier Soto
dani bowman
David Johnston
Ahmed Elkhanany
Zenimal
Salih Arslan
Baerbel Winkler
Robert Young
Amy Sowada
Benjamin Teinby
Eric Meer
Jay Stephens
Peter Ehrnstrom
Dustin
Marcus Tuepker
Karen Haskell
AlecZero
Diego Lombeida


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It's the season for sneezin'!
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub Twitter: @okaytobesmart
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Springtime means the arrival of green grass, bright flowers, and buzzing bees. But for many of us, it's also about sneezing, watery red eyes, and a runny nose, thanks to allergies. In this week's video, you'll learn why we get allergies, how our immune system turns against us to attack pollen and pets, and why allergies seem to be on the rise in developed nations.

Hygiene hypothesis: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis

Spread of allergies in developed nations: http://www.nature.com/nature/j....ournal/v479/n7374_su

TGF-beta and allergies: http://bit.ly/1HXjm05

Microbiome and allergies: http://www.bbc.com/news/health-28934415

Gut microbes and peanut allergy in mice: http://news.sciencemag.org/bio....logy/2014/08/gut-mic


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
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-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Google+ https://plus.google.com/+itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM

Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks

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Last week's video:
How Many Stars Are There? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vh8-ZUIX_1o

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

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Hurricanes, typhoons, and tropical cyclones are Earth’s most powerful storms, capable of unleashing destruction and death on coastal areas worldwide. As climate change warms Earth’s oceans, we face more risk of storms rapidly intensifying into category 5, sometimes in less than a single day. Being able to predict these rapidly intensifying storms will save lives, but studying hurricanes in detail is difficult and dangerous. So in order to improve our understanding of hurricanes, scientists have built a machine that can create hurricane conditions indoors. #weather #hurricanes

Filmed at the Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. SUSTAIN Laboratory at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science at the University of Miami https://sustain.rsmas.miami.edu/

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Thanks to Brilliant for supporting PBS. Learn more at: https://brilliant.org/BeSmart

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If everyone would just put more in the recycling bin instead of the trash can, the world would be a better place. Right? Well, that’s not exactly true. For many items that end up in the recycling bin, you’ve actually created more trash by trying to recycle them. You’ve also made it harder to recycle the stuff that CAN be saved, and basically demonstrated that recycling is broken… at least the way we do it today. Here’s how we can fix it.

What can you recycle? Some helpful links:
https://www.recyclenow.com/
https://www.wm.com/us/en/insid....e-wm/recycle-right/r

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....recycling-is-broken/

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Check out Serving Up Science on @PBSFood : https://youtu.be/Mi84o9ZKuXs
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All of modern society relies upon a seemingly simple but surprisingly complex unit of measurement: the second. But knowing exactly what a “second” is is more complicated than you might think!

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Thank you to the following for helpful discussions and research for this episode:
Geoff Chester - U.S. Naval Observatory
Judah Levine - National Institute of Standards and Technology
Jeffrey Sherman - National Institute of Standards and Technology
Elizabeth Donley - National Institute of Standards and Technology

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Honeycomb. Strawberries. Flower pods. Some people find these things incredibly scary. We call this extreme fear trypophobia. But why does it exist?

REFERENCES: http://bit.ly/2NvhWki

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Berly McCoy, Ph.D.
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editors/animators: Sara Roma
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
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Why are our bodies so symmetrical, but our guts aren't?

This is part 3 of 3 in my series about how our bodies evolved to look like they do. Check out the others:

Part 1 - Why your brain is in your head https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdNE4WygyAk
Part 2 - Consider the upside-down lobster https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYbJqYVtRyA

More info:

Left-Right asymmetry in embryonic development: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15582774

Development of the asymmetric human: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=331635&fileId=S1062798705000682

Role of cilia and fluid flow: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24091059

Situs inversus: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situs_inversus
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06..../04/science/growing-

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Post Producer - Stephanie Noone
Editing/Motion Graphics - Arts+Labor, Austin, TX
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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Where did life come from? It’s one of the biggest questions humans have ever asked — and the answer might be locked in ancient space rocks that were around before life began. To find out, NASA pulled off one of its most ambitious missions ever, landing on an asteroid and sending a rock sample back to Earth. Today, we’re going to take a look at what it brought back.

Join our Patreon community: https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

References:
https://www.asminternational.o....rg/early-analysis-of
https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.11794
https://www.lpl.arizona.edu/ne....ws/spotlight/first-l
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-03178-0
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-03978-4
https://science.nasa.gov/wp-co....ntent/uploads/2023/0

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