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I’ve explained a lot of weird bodily functions on this show but there’s one that we haven’t covered that’s always confused me: Tickling. What are you for, tickling? What’s the point of you? Why do you exist? Why do you make us laugh even though we hate you? Let’s dig into our evolutionary past to try and find an answer.

References:

Laughing, tickling, and speech http://untiredwithloving.org/dhahak.pdf
Pathogenic laughter https://n.neurology.org/content/64/12/2154.short
Tickling review http://charris.ucsd.edu/articl....es/Harris_EHB2012.pd
Darwin-Hecker http://charris.ucsd.edu/articles/Harris&Christenfeld_CE1997.pdf
Early thoughts https://www.jstor.org/stable/1....411471?seq=1#page_sc
Neural correlates of laughter https://academic.oup.com/cerco....r/article/23/6/1280/
Neural correlates of laughter https://academic.oup.com/brain..../article/126/10/2121 Experience of pleasure https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6877978
Tickling and laughter https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
Ticklish rats https://science.sciencemag.org..../content/354/6313/75
Social laughter and pain https://royalsocietypublishing.....org/doi/full/10.109


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Laughing is a universal human behavior, one that transcends borders of language and culture. But it's also REALLY WEIRD. Why do we do it? The answer has less to do with humor than you might think
Learn more:
"Laughter: A Scientific Investigation" by Robert Provine http://amzn.to/1fzZQLy

"Ha! The Science of When We Laugh and Why" by Scott Weems http://amzn.to/1etLLyv



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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
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Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
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Are humans nature’s greatest architects? When we look elsewhere in nature, we find some pretty amazing animal architects. Species like ants, termites, prairie dogs, birds, and more have engineered some incredible structures. This week we look at how a few of these species have mastered physics to install air conditioning in their homes!

Special thanks to Dianna Cowern AKA Physics Girl for helping us get the physics right in this video! https://www.youtube.com/user/physicswoman

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REFERENCES:

Gould, James L., and Carol Grant Gould. Animal architects: building and the evolution of intelligence. Basic Books (AZ), 2007.

Hansell, M. (2007). Built by animals: the natural history of animal architecture. OUP Oxford.

Cosarinsky, M. I., & Roces, F. (2012). The construction of turrets for nest ventilation in the grass-cutting ant Atta vollenweideri: import and assembly of building materials. Journal of Insect Behavior, 25(3), 222-241.

Kleineidam, C., Ernst, R., & Roces, F. (2001). Wind-induced ventilation of the giant nests of the leaf-cutting ant Atta vollenweideri. Naturwissenschaften, 88(7), 301-305.

King, H., Ocko, S., & Mahadevan, L. (2015). Termite mounds harness diurnal temperature oscillations for ventilation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(37), 11589-11593.

Vogel, S., Ellington, C. P., & Kilgore, D. L. (1973). Wind-induced ventilation of the burrow of the prairie-dog, Cynomys ludovicianus. Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 85(1), 1-14.

Bahadori, M. M. (1978). Passive cooling systems in Iranian architecture. Sci. Am.;(United States), 238(2).

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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You’ve probably heard of Ben Franklin and the kite. But do you know the TRUE story of how his famous experiment changed the world? Here’s the tale of how one person’s quest for scientific knowledge altered the direction of history.

References:

Dray, Philip. “Stealing God's Thunder: Benjamin Franklin's Lightning Rod and the Invention of America.” Random House, 2005.

Franklin, Benjamin. “Experiments and observations on electricity, made at Philadelphia in America” 1769. https://archive.org/details/ex....perimentsobser00fran

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How many times do you look in a mirror every day? Have you ever stopped to wonder how they actually work? Mirrors do strange things to our world, seemingly flipping everything so that what was right is left and what was left is right. But what if I told you that mirrors don’t actually flip the world left to right? The real magic of mirrors is far stranger and more interesting, as you’re about to learn.

Inspired by:
Gardner, Martin - The New Ambidextrous Universe: Symmetry and Asymmetry from Mirror Reflections to Superstrings

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Earth’s climate is changing in a big way, and it’s because there's more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than at any point in our species’ history. But Earth’s climate has changed before. How do we know that this time we’re the cause? We know thanks to tiny bubbles of ancient atmosphere trapped in ice. #climatechange #globalwarming

Thanks to Dr. Jeff Severinghaus and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography

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This video is perfect for adults orchids.
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Many creatures wear disguises in order to keep safe from predators, but there are some that dress to kill. Orchid mantises are one of nature’s most awesome examples of aggressive mimicry. These killer insects are almost indistinguishable from orchids! Scientists recently learned that their disguise doesn’t work quite how we thought it did.

Special thanks to YouTuber Fruchtpudding for letting us use their awesome orchid mantis hunting footage! https://www.youtube.com/user/Fruchtpudding

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READ MORE:

O’Hanlon, J. C. (2016). Orchid mantis. Current Biology, 26(4), R145-R146.

O’Hanlon, J. C., Holwell, G. I., & Herberstein, M. E. (2013). Pollinator deception in the orchid mantis. The American Naturalist, 183(1), 126-132.

O’Hanlon, J. C., Herberstein, M. E., & Holwell, G. I. (2014). Habitat selection in a deceptive predator: maximizing resource availability and signal efficacy. Behavioral Ecology, 26(1), 194-199.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Over 200 years ago, scientists were looking at sunlight through a prism when they noticed that part of the rainbow was missing. There were dark lines where there should have been colors. Since then, scientists have unlocked the secrets encoded in these lines, using it to uncover mind-boggling facts about the fundamental nature of our universe and about worlds light-years away.

Want to build your own DIY spectrometer? Mine is a modified version of this one from @exploratorium https://www.exploratorium.edu/....snacks/cd-spectrosco
And here's what you'll need to make one: https://amzn.to/3sbhr7C

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....whysomeoftherainbowi

0:00 Fraunhofer's mystery of missing colors
0:54 Playing with fire
2:11 Puzzle pieces and color codes
3:30 Electrons do the strangest things
5:40 How to make a rainbow analyzer
8:00 Using rainbows to understand the universe
9:57 Life beyond Earth
10:57 Final thoughts

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Vintage arcade footage courtesy of: http://patrickscottpatterson.com/

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References:
Thompson, Joseph J., Mark R. Blair, and Andrew J. Henrey. "Over the hill at 24: persistent age-related cognitive-motor decline in reaction times in an ecologically valid video game task begins in early adulthood." PloS one 9.4 (2014): e94215.

Thompson, Joseph J., et al. "Video game telemetry as a critical tool in the study of complex skill learning." PloS one 8.9 (2013): e75129.

Lewis, Joshua M., Patrick Trinh, and David Kirsh. "A corpus analysis of strategy video game play in starcraft: Brood war." Proceedings of the 33rd annual conference of the cognitive science society. 2011.

ESA Essential Facts About the Computer and Video Game Industry 2016 http://essentialfacts.theesa.com/

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Check out Far Out on @pbsterra : https://youtu.be/jpUjze3v_6c
Check out Why Am I Like This? on @pbsterra : https://youtu.be/eWzBNfBnFys

What's the tallest mountain on Earth? It might seem like an easy question to answer, but in reality it's one that brings up more NEW questions than answers. It turns out that the way we measure mountains rests on a lot of approximations, assumptions, and averages. And when you dig into those, there's several contenders for the tallest mountain, each with their own good case for the title. So, which mountain do YOU think should take the throne?

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....references-tallest-m

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On April 8, 2024, the Moon’s shadow fell upon the Earth, creating a total solar eclipse across North America. If you had the chance to see it, you're surely glad you didn't miss it. It’s an amazing coincidence that total eclipses happen at all — and that we’re alive at a time when we can see and predict them. We made this video so you can learn how to watch an eclipse safely, what to look for during an eclipse, why eclipses happen, and how eclipses have helped advance scientific research.

Explore this April 8, 2024 eclipse map from NASA! https://science.nasa.gov/eclip....ses/future-eclipses/

Find your next solar eclipse here: https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas.html

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Ever feel like you aren't totally yourself? Well, maybe you aren't. In this video, we explore the idea of human chimeras. In mythology, the "Chimaera" was a beast made from different animals combined into one. But in biology, a chimera is a single organism whose body is made from parts of two or more genetically distinct individuals of the same species. Biological chimeras were once thought to be rare, but modern genetics has shown us that these genetic mashups are so common, that you yourself may actually be a chimera. And even if you don't have part of another body in you, your body is certainly not just one thing. We also discuss the idea of mosaicism and how it relates to cancer, Tasmanian devils, and circus sideshow attractions. #genetics #chimera

Special thanks to Dr. Emily Zarka, our favorite monsterologist!

SOURCES: https://sites.google.com/view/....human-chimeras-refer

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This time, we're the asteroid.

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Read "The Sixth Extinction by Elizabeth Kolbert: http://amzn.to/1xGKn0K

Rodolfo Dirzo et al. "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" http://bit.ly/1H7JQdw
Stuart Pimm et al. "Biodiversity of Species and Their Rates of Extinction" http://bit.ly/1A5UZJM

Get to know an endangered species: http://discover.iucnredlist.org/

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Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

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Hold on to your butts. This episode is about… butts. The science and evolutionary history of your rear end, the down-low on your derriere, shining a little light where the sun don't shine… you get the picture. But(t) seriously, we don't talk about this all-important hole enough, and how, from an evolutionary perspective, it might be the most important orifice on your body.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....briefhistoryofbutts-

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You can be a human computer too. Our cheat sheet: http://bit.ly/2rftqkv

Want to go NEXT LEVEL? Learn how to adjust for Julian calendar and BC dates

You might think that computers are the only things that run algorithms, but you're wrong. Here's a neat mental trick for calculating the day of the week for any day ever, developed by famous mathematician John H. Conway

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READ MORE:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomsday_rule

Martin Gardner, "The Universe in a Handkerchief: Lewis Carroll's Mathematical Recreations, Games, Puzzles, and Word Plays"

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It's Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Producer/editor/animator: Jordan Husmann
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox
Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
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Check out What Do I Do With This? from @NinePBS and our full Earth Month playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SL_gYWba5NM&list=PLnNZYWyBGJ1F8ofFm4H9UTrHxqU8zngK4&index=6
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Plants eat sunlight and air to make life. But the key enzyme behind it all, called rubisco, isn’t actually all that great at its job. Let’s talk about how photosynthesis really works, why oxygen isn’t coming from where you think, and whether we can fix the biggest flaw in one of Earth’s most essential processes.

References and further reading: https://sites.google.com/view/....fixing-photosynthesi

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This video was supported by Bill and Melinda Gates. You can check out the Gates Annual Letter here: http://b-gat.es/2lhhtmJ.
↓ More info and sources below ↓

We’re proud to collaborate with Bill and Melinda Gates for this week’s video! It may sometimes seem like things are getting worse, but there’s lots of reasons to be optimistic about the future. More people have access to toilets and sanitation than ever before. Thanks to public health improvements like this, since 1990, 122 million children’s lives have been saved. Diseases like polio are nearing eradication. Women have more access to health care and education than ever before.

But our work is not done. How can YOU help make the future better for the world’s poorest?

SPECIAL THANKS:
Bill and Melinda Gates
Francisco de los Reyes (watch his TED talk: https://www.ted.com/talks/fran....cis_de_los_reyes_san

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LEARN MORE:

George, Rose. “The Big Necessity: The unmentionable world of human waste and why it matters.” 2008.

Perdew, Laura. “How the Toilet Changed History” 2016.

Ferriman, A. (2007). BMJ readers choose the “sanitary revolution” as greatest medical advance since 1840. BMJ : British Medical Journal, 334(7585), 111. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39097.611806.DB

CDC Global WASH statistics: https://www.cdc.gov/healthywat....er/global/wash_stati

WHO Toilet/Sanitation Fact Sheet: http://www.who.int/mediacentre..../factsheets/fs392/en

WaterAid “We Can’t Wait”: http://www.wateraid.org/what-w....e-do/our-approach/re

Unilever “Toilets for Health” https://www.unilever.com/Image....s/sd_toilets-for-hea

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Editor/animator: Andrew Orsak
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Is autism really on the rise—or are we just recognizing it more? This video breaks down what ASD is, explores real vs rumored causes, and examines how science separates fact from fiction. A clear, evidence-based look at autism amidst the noise from media, government officials, and online speculation.

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“High fives to all our Brain Trust Patrons:”

Reuben Brewer
Marcus Pingel
Olivia Ruiz
Mike and Patty Loftis
Ed Eyden
Holly, Brett, and Ashe Bullion
Jaap Westera
Barbora Bei
dani bowman
David Johnston
Baerbel Winkler
Eric Meer
Karen Haskell

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-autism-refe

0:00 Intro - Autism myths vs. science
1:18 Is the autism epidemic real?
2:57 What IS autism anyway?
4:54 The untold history of autism
7:21 Is it really just changes in diagnosis?
9:23 The trend we CAN’T explain
10:03 How much of autism is genetic?
15:37 Maybe it’s our environment too
17:07 Environmental factors: What we know
18:16 Autism and pregnancy
19:05 Pre-term birth
20:27 Pollution
21:16 Pesticides and heavy metals
22:53 Tylenol and pharmaceuticals
27:14 SSRIs
27:51 Vaccines
32:08 Gut microbiome
33:09 PFAS/plastics/pthalates
33:27 Why do we care?
34:13 Figuring it all out (conclusion)

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Evolution doesn’t pick a side!
Don’t miss our next video! SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

In almost every animal species on Earth, equal numbers of males and females are conceived. Why is that? Especially in populations like lions or elephant seals, where most males don’t get to mate? That’s survival of the laziest, not survival of the fittest. It turns out that in most cases, an equal balance of the sexes is the evolutionary stable strategy. From Charles Darwin to Ronald Fisher to W.D. Hamilton to Richard Dawkins, the question of why there’s as many males as females has fascinated biologists. Today, we’ll explain why that is the way it is.

READ MORE:

Fisher, R. A. “The genetical theory of natural selection”

Dawkins, Richard “The Selfish Gene” http://amzn.to/2omkuFr

Hamilton, W. D. (1967). Extraordinary sex ratios. Science, 156(3774), 477-488.

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Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Stephanie Keep
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Karl Boettcher and Derek Borsheim
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
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