Is beer the perfect beverage? Let's see what science says...

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Big thank you to Jester King Brewery in Austin, TX: http://jesterkingbrewery.com/

The chemistry of beer flavors: http://www.compoundchem.com/20....14/07/10/beerchemica

Uncorking the past, a history of alcoholic beverages: http://www.economist.com/node/883706

Domestication of grain in near east: http://www.nature.com/nrg/jour....nal/v3/n6/abs/nrg817

Alcohol and social complexity in ancient western Asia: http://alexanderjoffe.net/alcohol.pdf

Finally, a weird Dutch Heineken ad from the 1950's about sending beer to the moon: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I03AxY5gA8I

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen
Post-production intern - Dalton Allen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

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How scientifically accurate is your favorite sci-fi space battle?

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Joseph Shoer has several extensive, in-depth articles on the physics of space warfare:
http://josephshoer.com/blog/20....09/12/thoughts-on-sp
http://josephshoer.com/blog/20....10/07/projecting-spa

Space warfare: Almost everything you know is probably wrong http://www.escapistmagazine.co....m/forums/read/18.100

Is space warfare really practical? http://www.escapistmagazine.co....m/forums/read/18.846

Zero-g dogfighting for dummies: http://www.citizenstarnews.com..../news/zero-g-dogfigh

Projectile weapons vs. directed energy weapons: http://forum.gateworld.net/thr....eads/17263-Projectil

Nukes in space: http://www.projectrho.com/publ....ic_html/rocket/space

Effects of radiation weapons in space: http://www.projectrho.com/publ....ic_html/rocket/radia

Could the Death Star really destroy a planet? http://www.universetoday.com/9....2746/could-a-death-s

"Sir Isaac Newton is the deadliest son of a b***h in space" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLpgxry542M

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews/Kirby Conn
Gaffers - John Knudsen/Philip Sheldon
Post-production intern - Dalton Allen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

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-We’d like to thank these folks-

Special thanks to Dr. Lorna Gibson of MIT for her woodpecker biomechanics expertise

Three-dimensional reconstructions based on CT data courtesy of DigiMorph.org

Pileated woodpecker slo-mo footage courtesy of Dr. Robert Shadwick/University of British Columbia

-References/Learn More-

Daneshvar, Daniel H., et al. "The epidemiology of sport-related concussion." Clinics in sports medicine 30.1 (2011): 1-17.

Gibson, L. J. "Woodpecker pecking: how woodpeckers avoid brain injury." Journal of Zoology 270.3 (2006): 462-465.

Haldane, John BS. "On being the right size." Harper’s Magazine 152 (1926): 424-427.

Maroon, Joseph C., et al. "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in contact sports: a systematic review of all reported pathological cases." PloS one 10.2 (2015): e0117338.

May, Philip RA, et al. "Woodpecker drilling behavior: an endorsement of the rotational theory of impact brain injury." Archives of Neurology 36.6 (1979): 370-373.

Schwab, Ivan R. "Cure for a headache." British Journal of Ophthalmology86.8 (2002): 843-843.

Wang, Lizhen, et al. "Why do woodpeckers resist head impact injury: a biomechanical investigation." PloS one 6.10 (2011): e26490.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Humans have a hard time with really big numbers, especially when it comes to DEEP TIME. The history of the Earth took a lot longer than you think, trust me. But I’m here to help you put it in perspective. With some string.

REFERENCES:
http://bit.ly/DeepTimeRefs

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We're taking the week off while we work on some special episodes for the next few weeks. In the meantime, here's me messing up. A lot.

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Joe Hanson - Host and writer
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And how we're fighting back!
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Special thanks to Dr. Rob Plowes from the University of Texas at Austin fire ant research lab for letting us come film their ants and phorid flies: http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/fire....ant/Research%20Progr

If you want to learn everything there is to know about fire ants, read "The Fire Ants" by Walter R. Tschinkel http://amzn.to/1U8jz1S
Check your local library! https://www.worldcat.org/title..../fire-ants/oclc/6437

Rachel Carson - "Silent Spring" http://amzn.to/20QwWbM

Fire ant raft - Matt Bennett https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FA-e65i3bDs

Fire ant escape rafts - Company of biologists https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UxjT99l0mqw
----

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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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Another YouTube #shorts from Dr. Joe! Subscribe for more fun science stories.

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…or how I learned to study physics and start fearing the bomb
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Nuclear weapons represent the darker side of E=mc^2. Science has given us the ability to understand what will happen if these weapons are ever used again… and what will happen if they are *never* used again.

Atomic test footage from the archives of the Department of Energy, the United States Air Force, the United States Army, and the Nevada Nuclear Testing Archive:
https://archive.org
https://www.nnss.gov/pages/res....ources/NuclearTestin

Turco, R. P., Toon, O. B., Ackerman, T. P., Pollack, J. B., & Sagan, C. (1983). Nuclear winter: global consequences of multiple nuclear explosions. Science, 222.

Oh look, an easter egg: https://youtu.be/xtyU78RHWAo

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Arrow of Time FAQ: http://preposterousuniverse.co....m/eternitytohere/faq

Arrow of Time wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

Sean Carroll's TED talk on time and the multiverse: http://www.ted.com/talks/sean_....carroll_distant_time

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
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If the sun instantly switched off like a light bulb–which can’t happen, by the way–then we wouldn’t know for almost 8 and a half minutes. Light travels at the fastest speed there is, but it still takes almost 500 seconds to get to Earth. That’s how long it would take before we knew the sun went dark. But the most amazing thing about the sunlight we see is it’s actually really old. SUPER old. AMAZINGLY OLD! Tens of thousands of years old. How is that possible? Because of the physics and mathematics of random walks.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....how-old-is-sunlight-

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I’m guessing you’re pretty familiar with ice. We use it in our drinks, slip on it, skate on it, worry about climate change melting it. But have you ever stopped to really think about this stuff? The freezing and melting of water affects so much of our world. It’s ice crystals in thunderclouds that create lightning. Ice is powerful enough crack boulders, float stones, and alter entire landscapes. Ice is such a common substance, you'd think we'd know everything about it by now. But it has some secrets and weird properties we’ve only just begun to figure out. One question about ice that's, still not totally answered, is one of the most obvious: why is ice slippery? It's a more complicated answer than it seems!


References: https://sites.google.com/view/....why-is-ice-slippery-

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Science is delicious!

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Franklin BBQ: https://franklinbarbecue.com/

Basic BBQ science:
http://bbq.tamu.edu/bbq-science/
http://amazingribs.com/tips_an....d_technique/meat_sci

Chemistry smoke ring:
http://amazingribs.com/tips_an....d_technique/mythbust

Thermodynamics of BBQ cooking
http://amazingribs.com/tips_an....d_technique/thermody

The dreaded "stall":
http://amazingribs.com/tips_an....d_technique/the_stal

Does BBQ smoke contain carcinogens?:
http://chemistry.about.com/b/2....013/05/05/barbeque-c

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
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Edited by Arts + Labor: http://arts-and-labor.com/

Music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

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Scientists have found amino acids (the building blocks of life) inside the Bennu asteroid samples, hinting that the ingredients for life on Earth's may not be so unique in the universe after all!

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Your winter isn't everyone's winter
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Sources:
Trenberth, Kevin E. "What are the seasons?." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 64.11 (1983): 1276-1282.
http://climate.envsci.rutgers.....edu/climdyn2014/Tren

http://nautil.us/blog/dont-bel....ieve-the-hype-winter



Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
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Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
Head to BrainCraft for more doggy science! http://youtu.be/OBy3idLwwYM
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Do you ever talk to your dog? Do they ever talk back? Humans and dogs have a truly amazing relationship, developed along an evolutionary journey that goes back nearly 10,000 years. Do they really understand what we say, think, and feel? Recent research suggests dogs know more about our language and emotions than you might think
CORRECTION: Chaser is a she. Oops!

Meet Chaser the border collie: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/18/science/18dog.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&
See Chaser in action: https://www.youtube.com/user/pilleyjw

Dogs can process words' emotion separate from meaning: http://www.cell.com/current-bi....ology/pdf/S0960-9822

Left-gaze bias in dogs and humans: http://www.plosone.org/article..../info%3Adoi%2F10.137

Charles Darwin's "Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals" https://archive.org/details/ex....pressionofemot1872da

Decoding dog barks: http://www.apa.org/monitor/may05/dogs.aspx

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!

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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Oliver Hanson - Dog
Joe Nicolosi - Director
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Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

-----------------

Last week's video:
Is Santa Real? (A Scientific Analysis): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCOf6Su0Yvw

More videos:
Building Curiosity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__tPaFaPCHo
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Why Did We Blow on NES Games? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Gf9mtXnJfM
The Science of Game of Thrones - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utu-LpJn3Is
There Was No First Human - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdWLhXi24Mo
How The Elements Got Their Names - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtg9p6A6xnY

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Epigenetic inheritance is really weird, but is it real?
Tweet this ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSepi Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSepiFB
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Crash Course Physics with Dr. Shini Somara: https://www.youtube.com/user/crashcourse

Want more on epigenetic inheritance? Start here:
Univ. of Utah’s Learn Genetics: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu..../content/epigenetics
Virginia Hughes - “Epigenetics: The Sins of the Father” http://www.nature.com/news/epi....genetics-the-sins-of

Dig deeper:

Szyf, Moshe. "Nongenetic inheritance and transgenerational epigenetics."Trends in molecular medicine 21.2 (2015): 134-144.
Sharma, Abhay. "Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance requires a much deeper analysis." Trends in molecular medicine 21.5 (2015): 269-270.
Heard, Edith, and Robert A. Martienssen. "Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: myths and mechanisms." Cell 157.1 (2014): 95-109.
Rando, Oliver J. "Daddy issues: paternal effects on phenotype." Cell 151.4 (2012): 702-708.
Jablonka, Eva, and Gal Raz. "Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: prevalence, mechanisms, and implications for the study of heredity and evolution." The Quarterly review of biology 84.2 (2009): 131-176.
Heijmans, Bastiaan T., et al. "Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105.44 (2008): 17046-17049.
Pembrey, Marcus, et al. "Human transgenerational responses to early-life experience: potential impact on development, health and biomedical research." Journal of medical genetics (2014): jmedgenet-2014.


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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AKA "The Brazil Nut Effect" but brazil nuts are blah
You can learn more at https://curiositystream.com/smart
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

The bottom of the cereal box is a disappointing place. But at least now you know why. Where do you see the Brazil Nut Effect around you?

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Fyfluiddynamics: https://www.youtube.com/user/fyfluiddynamics
Origin of Everything: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCiB8h9jD2Mlxx96ZF

REFERENCES:


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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Editor/animator: Derek Borsheim and Sara Roma
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Slime molds are intelligent, but they are single-celled creatures with no brains.
How is that possible?
↓ More info and sources below ↓

I really hope you guys check out Deep Look, it’s one of my favorite channels, full of great 4K, micro-world goodness! http://goo.gl/8NwXqt

Many thanks to Prof. Andy Adamatzky (UWE Bristol) for slime mold culturing advice.

Special thanks to the following for providing Dictyostelium microscope footage:
Prof. John Bonner (Princeton)
Prof. David Knecht (Univ. of Connecticut)
Prof. Richard Firtel (UCSD)
Prof. Jeremy Pickett-Heaps (Univ. of Melbourne)

References/further reading:
“Intelligence in Nature” by Jeremy Narby http://amzn.to/23HvtKG
“The Social Amoebae - The Biology of Cellular Slime Molds” by John Bonner http://amzn.to/1MEmmCR

Nakagaki, Toshiyuki. "Smart behavior of true slime mold in a labyrinth."Research in Microbiology 152.9 (2001): 767-770.
Nakagaki, Toshiyuki, Hiroyasu Yamada, and Masahiko Hara. "Smart network solutions in an amoeboid organism." Biophysical chemistry 107.1 (2004): 1-5.
Adamatzky, Andrew. Physarum machines: computers from slime mould. Vol. 74. World Scientific, 2010.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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Valar more-curious!

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↓ More info and sources below ↓

WINTER:
Seasons of Westeros and the 3-body problem: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1304.0445v1.pdf
Other possible explanations for the seasons: http://io9.com/5906300/5-scien....tific-explanations-f
Why those other reasons are wrong:
http://bit.ly/1hYuRDJ
http://boingboing.net/2012/05/....14/great-moments-in-
http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles

NOTE ON MOONS AND STABILIZATION: I'm adding this comment after the video goes up: In retrospect I should have said that a moon doesn't *necessarily* have to be present to stabilize a planet. While our moon does cancel out some tugging from the other planets in the solar system, here's a recent paper shows that moonless planets can orbit with great stability even without the influence of a moon. Basically moons aren't required for stability: http://barnesos.net/publicatio....ns/papers/2012.01.Ic

Even more reasons for the seasons: http://www.tor.com/blogs/2011/....05/how-seasons-qwork

GEOLOGY:
Generation Anthropocene's AMAZING geologic history of Westeros and Essos: http://www.stanford.edu/group/....anthropocene/cgi-bin

VALYRIAN STEEL:
Damascus steel: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_steel

DRAGON FIRE:
Kyle Hill's explanation for real-life dragon fire: http://blogs.scientificamerica....n.com/but-not-simple

DRAGON FLIGHT:
Dragon-sized birds are biologically impossible: http://wapo.st/1lBV2RE

WILDFIRE:
Greek fire: http://www.sciforums.com/what-....is-greek-fire-t-6854
Trimethyl borate flame by hkparker: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6OrisgbsRmg

MILK OF POPPY:
Opates: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium

THE WALL:
Compression melting of ice: http://www.reddit.com/r/asksci....ence/comments/1qkdl0

DIRE WOLVES:
Canis dirus: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_wolf

REAL-LIFE CHARACTERS:
Abandon all productivity ye who click here: http://history-behind-game-of-thrones.com
Stark/Lannister feud in real life tapestry: http://history-behind-game-of-thrones.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/porte_saint_denis170-753x1024.jpg

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Edited by Stephanie Noone and Kirby Conn from Arts & Labor
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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Stop and smell the flowers… and watch this video
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub Twitter: @jtotheizzoe @okaytobesmart
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Bees and flowers have an amazingly close relationship. Flowers need bees in order to reproduce, and bees need flowers to feed their colonies. Take away one, and the other would disappear too. It begs the question: When it comes to evolution, which came first, the bees or the flowers?

Book recommendation:
"A Sting in the Tale" by Dave Goulson, a great scientific and cultural history of bees http://amzn.to/1BcytS5

Special thanks to the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center in Austin, TX for letting us hang out with their bees and flowers! https://www.wildflower.org/

More info/sources:
http://www.scientificamerican.....com/article/the-begu

http://www.the-scientist.com/?....articles.view/articl

http://www.bbc.com/earth/story..../20141017-how-flower

http://science.nationalgeograp....hic.com/science/preh


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks


-----------------

Last week's video:
The Energy Series! https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLsmqeqKj7M-

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8