Slime molds are intelligent, but they are single-celled creatures with no brains.
How is that possible?
↓ More info and sources below ↓

I really hope you guys check out Deep Look, it’s one of my favorite channels, full of great 4K, micro-world goodness! http://goo.gl/8NwXqt

Many thanks to Prof. Andy Adamatzky (UWE Bristol) for slime mold culturing advice.

Special thanks to the following for providing Dictyostelium microscope footage:
Prof. John Bonner (Princeton)
Prof. David Knecht (Univ. of Connecticut)
Prof. Richard Firtel (UCSD)
Prof. Jeremy Pickett-Heaps (Univ. of Melbourne)

References/further reading:
“Intelligence in Nature” by Jeremy Narby http://amzn.to/23HvtKG
“The Social Amoebae - The Biology of Cellular Slime Molds” by John Bonner http://amzn.to/1MEmmCR

Nakagaki, Toshiyuki. "Smart behavior of true slime mold in a labyrinth."Research in Microbiology 152.9 (2001): 767-770.
Nakagaki, Toshiyuki, Hiroyasu Yamada, and Masahiko Hara. "Smart network solutions in an amoeboid organism." Biophysical chemistry 107.1 (2004): 1-5.
Adamatzky, Andrew. Physarum machines: computers from slime mould. Vol. 74. World Scientific, 2010.

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Valar more-curious!

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WINTER:
Seasons of Westeros and the 3-body problem: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1304.0445v1.pdf
Other possible explanations for the seasons: http://io9.com/5906300/5-scien....tific-explanations-f
Why those other reasons are wrong:
http://bit.ly/1hYuRDJ
http://boingboing.net/2012/05/....14/great-moments-in-
http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles

NOTE ON MOONS AND STABILIZATION: I'm adding this comment after the video goes up: In retrospect I should have said that a moon doesn't *necessarily* have to be present to stabilize a planet. While our moon does cancel out some tugging from the other planets in the solar system, here's a recent paper shows that moonless planets can orbit with great stability even without the influence of a moon. Basically moons aren't required for stability: http://barnesos.net/publicatio....ns/papers/2012.01.Ic

Even more reasons for the seasons: http://www.tor.com/blogs/2011/....05/how-seasons-qwork

GEOLOGY:
Generation Anthropocene's AMAZING geologic history of Westeros and Essos: http://www.stanford.edu/group/....anthropocene/cgi-bin

VALYRIAN STEEL:
Damascus steel: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_steel

DRAGON FIRE:
Kyle Hill's explanation for real-life dragon fire: http://blogs.scientificamerica....n.com/but-not-simple

DRAGON FLIGHT:
Dragon-sized birds are biologically impossible: http://wapo.st/1lBV2RE

WILDFIRE:
Greek fire: http://www.sciforums.com/what-....is-greek-fire-t-6854
Trimethyl borate flame by hkparker: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6OrisgbsRmg

MILK OF POPPY:
Opates: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium

THE WALL:
Compression melting of ice: http://www.reddit.com/r/asksci....ence/comments/1qkdl0

DIRE WOLVES:
Canis dirus: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_wolf

REAL-LIFE CHARACTERS:
Abandon all productivity ye who click here: http://history-behind-game-of-thrones.com
Stark/Lannister feud in real life tapestry: http://history-behind-game-of-thrones.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/porte_saint_denis170-753x1024.jpg

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Edited by Stephanie Noone and Kirby Conn from Arts & Labor
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music:
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Stop and smell the flowers… and watch this video
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Bees and flowers have an amazingly close relationship. Flowers need bees in order to reproduce, and bees need flowers to feed their colonies. Take away one, and the other would disappear too. It begs the question: When it comes to evolution, which came first, the bees or the flowers?

Book recommendation:
"A Sting in the Tale" by Dave Goulson, a great scientific and cultural history of bees http://amzn.to/1BcytS5

Special thanks to the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center in Austin, TX for letting us hang out with their bees and flowers! https://www.wildflower.org/

More info/sources:
http://www.scientificamerican.....com/article/the-begu

http://www.the-scientist.com/?....articles.view/articl

http://www.bbc.com/earth/story..../20141017-how-flower

http://science.nationalgeograp....hic.com/science/preh


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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
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Last week's video:
The Energy Series! https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLsmqeqKj7M-

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Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
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Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

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2023 was a wild year with everything from scorching temperatures to massive wildfires. Even with more renewable energy than ever, 2023’s climate data still seems really bad. So how should we think about climate change today? And what can we do about it? Learn what climate scientists think about 2023’s climate milestones, what the models tell us about the future of Earth’s climate, and how we can tackle climate doomerism.

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Check out “Venomous” by Christie Wilcox: http://bit.ly/VenomousBook
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Learn more:
LD50’s of various venomous snakes: http://snakedatabase.org/pages/LD50.php

Lynne Isbell’s “The Fruit, the Tree, and the Serpent” http://amzn.to/2afXQ91

Fry, Bryan G., et al. "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes." Nature 439.7076 (2006): 584-588. http://www.nature.com/nature/j....ournal/v439/n7076/ab

Reyes-Velasco, Jacobo, et al. "Expression of venom gene homologs in diverse python tissues suggests a new model for the evolution of snake venom." Molecular biology and evolution 32.1 (2015): 173-183. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/....content/32/1/173.sho

Drabeck, Danielle H., Antony M. Dean, and Sharon A. Jansa. "Why the honey badger don't care: Convergent evolution of venom-targeted nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mammals that survive venomous snake bites."Toxicon 99 (2015): 68-72. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S

Opossum venom resistance: https://www.acs.org/content/ac....s/en/pressroom/newsr

Reddit AMA with Steve Ludwin, a snake venom self-immunizer: https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/....comments/17hzhk/iama

Van Le, Quan, et al. "Pulvinar neurons reveal neurobiological evidence of past selection for rapid detection of snakes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110.47 (2013): 19000-19005. http://www.pnas.org/content/110/47/19000.short

Thrasher, Cat, and Vanessa LoBue. "Do infants find snakes aversive? Infants’ physiological responses to “fear-relevant” stimuli." Journal of experimental child psychology 142 (2016): 382-390. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S

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**We said 30 days free, but CuriosityStream is feeling extra generous and is giving our viewers the first 60 days free!!**

Do you remember having a cold in 5th grade? Or the flu a couple years ago? Your immune system does. Our bodies hold many levels of immune defense.Physical barriers like skin, the innate immune system, and our body’s most powerful defender, the adaptive immune system. Millions of B cells and T cells and antibodies are constantly on patrol for germs and antigen invaders. As scientists learn more about how this system works and how to engineer it, could we ever actually be immune to everything?

Special thanks to Dr. James Crowe (Vanderbilt University) http://www.crowelab.com/

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We all breathe the same air. Literally.
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Take a deep breath. Smell that? It could be a little eau de Einstein. Or maybe a whiff of Cleopatra. Here's an amazing thought: every time you breathe, you could be sharing air with everyone who's ever lived. A few million of the same air molecules that enter your lungs in a lifetime also entered Albert Einstein or Marie Curie's lungs! That's some smart air.

Earth's atmosphere is big, but not as big as many people think. All the air that keeps us alive is just a thin candy shell around our planet. In this episode, echoing the words of John F. Kennedy, I'll show you the science of how we all share the same air. So let's be careful about what we're putting in it!

References for this episode: http://dft.ba/-5AuU

Read about John F. Kennedy's American University speech: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A....merican_University_s

Earth's atmosphere illustrated by Adam Nieman: http://adamnieman.posterous.com/

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

Music: Johnny Ripper (with Ekoda) - Speak
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The flu might feel like some minor illness that you don’t need to worry about much, but tens of thousands of people still die from it every year. And back in 1918, Flu killed up to 5% of the world’s population. Could a flu that bad happen again?

REFERENCES:
https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/121YpoKjQvYp2FK

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
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Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

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The ABSOLUTE best place to learn more about atmospheric optics: http://www.atoptics.co.uk/

Excellent resource on ice crystal physics: http://www.snowcrystals.com/

Video showing “5 suns” over Cambodia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejM6MJVVSFI
(actually two sun dogs, a parhelic circle, and two 120˚ parhelions!)

The coolest sky picture I’ve ever seen: https://www.facebook.com/NWSAmarillo/photos/a.376992752312629.94660.208741279137778/940978792580686/?type=3&theater

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
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Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
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Katie Graham - Camera
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Thumbnail image by Фтещт Нфтлщмнш CC BY-SA 4.0

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In case you have a strange new desire to get an IOTBS shirt: http://store.dftba.com/collect....ions/its-okay-to-be-

See if you share a famous birthday (I got Tom Hiddleston): http://www.buzzfeed.com/kimber....leydadds/which-celeb

Explore the math behind Birthday Paradox #1: https://www.khanacademy.org/ma....th/probability/proba

Explore Birthday Paradox #2: http://www.trans4mind.com/pers....onal_development/mat

The “Facebook Birthday Problem” is a variant of the Coupon Collector’s Problem: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Coupon_collector%27s


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Life, uh… finds a way
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What have we learned from exploring Earth’s harshest locations? That pretty everywhere we look for life, we find it. From smoking hot hydrothermal vents to icy deserts, up in clouds and inside rocks, extremophiles have found a way to survive. These survivors and adapters are not only teaching us about life on Earth, but expanding the possibilities of where life can exist elsewhere.

READ MORE:

Horikoshi, K., Antranikian, G., Bull, A. T., Robb, F. T., & Stetter, K. O. (Eds.). (2010). Extremophiles handbook. Springer Science & Business Media.

Schulze-Makuch, D., Airo, A., & Schirmack, J. (2017). The Adaptability of Life on Earth and the Diversity of Planetary Habitats. Frontiers in microbiology, 8, 2011.


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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

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Try 23andMe: http://www.23andme.com/okay
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Who built the pyramids? The colossal geometric monuments found at Giza and elsewhere in Egypt are some of Earth’s most impressive constructions. Pyramids are truly wonders of the ancient and modern world.

But when the pyramids were built, the ancient Egyptians hadn’t invented the wheel, developed bronze tools, or discovered pi. How were they able to stack two million stone blocks, each weighing more than two tons, into precise geometric alignments that would survive more than 4,000 years and capture the imaginations of explorers throughout history? They did it the same way we always have: by trial and error. The true history of the pyramids is one of experimentation and science, not magic… or aliens.

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REFERENCES:

Lehner, M. (1997). The complete pyramids. Thames and Hudson.

Parry, D. (2005). Engineering the pyramids. The History Press.

Verner, M. (2003). The pyramids: their archaeology and history. Atlantic.

Verner, M. (2007). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove/Atlantic, Inc..


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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Orsak
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

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Check out Destin’s video on Smarter Every Day: “DEVIL FACIAL TUMOR DISEASE” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hol33ga9G_E

“The Vital Question” by Nick Lane: http://amzn.to/1SntUdG

Further reading:
Bonner, J. T. (1998), The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol., 1: 27–36.

Grosberg, Richard K., and Richard R. Strathmann. "The evolution of multicellularity: a minor major transition?." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics (2007): 621-654.

Parfrey, Laura Wegener, and Daniel JG Lahr. "Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes" Bioessays 35.4 (2013): 339-347.

Szathmary, Eors, and John Maynard Smith. "The major evolutionary transitions." NATURE 374 (1995): 16.

Szathmáry, Eörs. "Toward major evolutionary transitions theory 2.0."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112.33 (2015): 10104.

----

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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This video is so cool, it's ICE COLD
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Glacier ice is weird. It’s solid. Solid things aren’t supposed to flow. But glacier ice flows like a liquid, and it does that without melting! How is this possible? I traveled to Mendenhall Glacier in Juneau, Alaska to find out.

Special thanks to Josh Cassidy from KQED’s Deep Look for joining me in Alaska and shooting this episode! ► https://www.youtube.com/user/KQEDDeepLook

Filmed under a Special Use Permit on the Juneau Ranger District, Tongass National Forest

Archival glacier image: Glacier Photograph Collection - National Snow and Ice Data Center

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READ MORE:

Paterson, William Stanley Bryce. “The Physics of Glaciers.” Elsevier, 2016.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Cinematography: Josh Cassidy
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The dose makes the poison…
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CORRECTION: @2:14 we showed the wrong Paul Ehrlich (guy on the left). Instead of Paul Ehrlich the German doctor, we meant to show Paul Ehrlich the biologist: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich

Plants are the most important source of nutrients for pretty much all of Earth's animals, and many of the planet's bacteria and fungi too. Humans like them so much that we line them up in salad bars so we can feast upon their crunchy cronch by the plate full.

But plants don't always want to be eaten, ya know? Here's a look at some of our favorite plant flavors and how they are actually a form of chemical warfare
We owe caterpillars for spicy mustard:
http://www.pnas.org/content/ea....rly/2015/06/17/15039
http://munews.missouri.edu/new....s-releases/2015/0622

Overview of plant chemical defenses and what we use them for in the kitchen: http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter..../intropp/topics/Page

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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
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Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Producer
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More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

Check out Nourish from PBS! https://www.youtube.com/PBSNourish
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People who live near the equator use more spices per recipe than people who live far from the equator. But that isn't for the reason you think. Spices and other plant ingredients have special powers that make them a truly magical superfood!

REFERENCES:

Billing, J., & Sherman, P. W. (1998). Antimicrobial functions of spices: why some like it hot. The Quarterly review of biology, 73(1), 3-49.

Juneja, V. K., Dwivedi, H. P., & Yan, X. (2012). Novel natural food antimicrobials. Annual review of food science and technology, 3, 381-403.

Sherman, P. W., & Billing, J. (1999). Darwinian gastronomy: why we use spices: spices taste good because they are good for us. BioScience, 49(6), 453-463.

Li, Z., Henning, S. M., Zhang, Y., Zerlin, A., Li, L., Gao, K., ... & Heber, D. (2010). Antioxidant-rich spice added to hamburger meat during cooking results in reduced meat, plasma, and urine malondialdehyde concentrations–. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 91(5), 1180-1184.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 6, we investigate a mystery. Millennia ago, while much of the Earth was covered in ice, enormous animals lived on every continent except Antarctica. Species like ground sloths, mammoths, gomphotheres, sabertooth cats, even wombats the size of cars! Today, Africa is the only continent where these megafaunas still exist. Why? What happened to the rest of Earth’s giants?

In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!

Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy

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Axolotls are special salamanders. Not only to they stay in their juvenile form their whole lives, they can regenerate entire limbs! Studying how they do it could change the way we treat human limb injuries.

Special thanks to the Dallas Zoo!

References: http://bit.ly/2Gkoihd

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Karl Boettcher and Derek Borsheim
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Part 4 of our special series on Human Ancestry. Watch it all ►► http://bit.ly/OKTBSHuman
Watch Mutant Menu on BrainCraft: https://youtu.be/NrDM6Ic2xMM
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In part 4 of our special series on human ancestry and evolution, we look into the future. Now that genetic engineering tools like CRISPR allow us to edit our genes, how will that impact human evolution going forward? Are designer babies or eugenics around the corner? Welcome to a world of nonrandom mutation and unnatural selection.

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REFERENCES:

WHO fact sheet on obesity risks and death vs underweight: http://www.who.int/mediacentre..../factsheets/fs311/en

Jinek, M., Chylinski, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2012). A programmable dual-RNA–guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science, 337(6096), 816-821.

Knoepfler, P. (2015). GMO Sapiens: the life-changing science of designer babies. World Scientific.

Enriquez, J., & Gullans, S. (2015). Evolving Ourselves. Oneworld Publications.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Matthews
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Try Lynda.com: http://lynda.com/okay
Best experienced in 240p or lower
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Check out Stanford’s “Raw Data” podcast:
https://soundcloud.com/rawdatapodcast
https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/r...

Most numbers in the video are from this book:
Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think - Viktor Mayer-Schönberger and Kenneth Cukier
http://amzn.to/1Vhc3Ei

Sources:
DNA Storage: http://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i35/Sc...

Square kilometer array (and other data scales): http://highscalability.com/blog/2012/...

How much data does ___ store? http://techexpectations.org/2015/03/2...


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
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-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigita...

Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)