Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh died on April 9th 2021, just 2 months before his 100th birthday. He had been happily married to Queen Elizabeth the Second, the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom, for 73 years.

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The British Special Air Service, known universally as the SAS, is one of the top Special Forces units in the world.

Their motto is "Who Dares Wins".

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Undoubtedly, the jungle terrain was a tremendous obstacle for the Americans in fighting the war. For that reason, they fought it by all means possible.
The best, but also the most controversial weapon in their arsenal were chemical defoliants such as ‘Agent Orange’.

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Sources:
Wilcox, Fred A. Scorched Earth: Legacies of Chemical Warfare in Vietnam. Seven Stories Press, 2011.
Tucker, Spencer. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO, 2011.
Wiest, Andrew. The Vietnam War 1956-1975 Andrew Wiest. Osprey, 2002.
Buckingham, William A. Jr. "Operation Ranch Hand: The Air Force and Herbicides in Southeast Asia, 1961-1971." The SHAFR Guide Online. doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim170170073.
Stellman, Jeanne Mager, et al. “The Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam.” Nature, vol. 422, no. 6933, 2003, pp. 681–687., doi:10.1038/nature01537.

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Since its earliest history, the term ‘Legion’ has been heavily associated with the Roman military, whether it denoted entire armies in the formation years of the Roman Republic, or the more elite forces we have come to associate with the period of the Roman Empire.

Serving as trailblazers in the early years of the Empire, Roman Legions spearheaded imperial expansion allowing Rome to dominate much of Europe and beyond in the classical era.


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Sources:
Cowan, Ross, and Angus McBride. Roman Legionary: 58 BC-AD 69. Osprey Publishing, 2014.
Cowan, Ross. Roman Legionary, AD 69-161. Osprey Publ., 2014.
Cowan, Ross, and Angus McBride. Imperial Roman Legionary AD 161-284. Osprey, 2003.

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‘The Giant Killer’, as his comrades-in-arms called him, was the smallest man to serve in the military of the United States.
With a height of only 4 feet 9 inches, and weighing just 97Ibs, he wasn’t even supposed to enter the force.
The Army was his life’s dream, though, and he was determined to make it happen contrary to other people’s opinions.


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With World War II rapidly approaching, there was a call for the Volksdeutsche, - people of German heritage outside the Reich to return home to the Fatherland and help defend it.

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Books and articles
MacDonald, C. A., The United States, Britain and Appeasement 1936-1939, MacMillan Press, 1981
Hawgood, John A., The Evolution of Germany, Routledge, 2019
Sondhaus, Lawrence, World War One: The Global Revolution, Cambridge University Press, 2011
Sussna, Stephen, Defeat and Triumph: The Story of a Controversial Allied Invasion and French Rebirth, Xlibris Corporation, 2008
Weinberg, Gerhard L., Hitler’s Image of the US”, The American Historical Review, Volume 69, Number 4, July 1964, p. 1021

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Rearguard is a type of unit formed during operations of tactical withdrawal. In essence, rearguard units are standard military units, most often infantry, but with a specific task.
Rearguard units were formed when a military formation was forced to evacuate its troops or to withdraw from the battlefield, very often under strong pressure made by enemy forces. In these cases the withdrawing main body of the formation would not be capable of fighting back. Quite opposite, it was very vulnerable to enemy attacks and in great danger of being destroyed.


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Sources:
Dildy, Douglas C., and Howard Gerrard. Dunkirk 1940: Operation Dynamo. Osprey, 2010.
Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh. Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man. Viking, 2017.
Small Unit Tactics including Communications: The ROTC Manual for Senior Division Army ROTC Units. Military Service Pub., 1953. retrieved from
Small Unit Tactics, Including Communications
: United States. Department of the Army

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The successor to the KGB, the FSB is Russia's latest internal security installment, reorganised to continue protecting its civilians and to stomp out any perceived dissent.

Made up mainly of the Border Guard Service, it specialises in military and foreign counterintelligence, counterterrorism, economic state security, and internet monitoring. But how do they operate, why do members call themselves by their early predecessor name the 'chekists', and why are they still significant today?

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“Beslan school siege: Russia 'failed' in 2004 massacre” April 13, 2017. BBC News.
Bruetsch, Nickolas. "The FSB: Sword and Shield of the Federation." August 30, 2021. TheSecurityDistillery
Corera, Gordon. Russians Among Us: Sleeper Cells, Ghost Stories, and the Hunt for Putin’s Spies. New York, New York, 2020.
Dear, I.C.B. and M.R.D Foot, editors. The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Okhranka,” Encyclopedia Britannica.
“Federal Security Service” GlobalSecurity.
Leigh, Numbers. Defecting from the FSB. Kindle Edition. July 16, 2021.
Pringle, Robert. “KGB” Britannica.
The Russian Government. “Federal Security Service.”
Sinai, Joshua. “The Terrorist Threats Against Russia and its Counterterrorism Response Measures.” Connections Vol. 14, No. 4 (Fall 2015), pp. 95-102.
Sinelschikova, Yekaterina. 'Dog-headed people': What was Ivan the Terrible's ‘Oprichnina Force. August 4, 2017. RussiaBeyond.

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MREs are they all that bad?

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Advances in technology have led to the creation of numerous, deadly bullet designs, including: homing bullets that can track targets from hundreds of yards away, full metal jacket bullets that can penetrate the toughest of surfaces, incendiary bullets that ignite on contact, and armor-piercing bullets that remain intact as they cut through a target.

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After all, there is no time to reinvent the wheel during war. To desperately stay ahead, nations sometimes create whole departments of people to spy, infiltrate, and copy enemy advancements in technology. Perhaps even more absurd, being the first country to make progress in new technology seems to rarely balance the power favorably for long as every other country, enemy and ally alike, are soon sending spies and envoys to get their hands on it.


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Salomon was not truly recognised for his selfless heroism and sacrifice until 2002, nearly sixty years after his death, when he was finally awarded America’s highest military honour, the Medal of Honor.

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Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
Script: Dejan Milivojevic
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Originating in Ancient Greece as a device only for torture, the wheel, otherwise known as the breaking wheel or Catherine wheel, was used as a form of public execution and torture up until the early 19th century.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner

Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/

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When World War II ended in 1945, leading Nazi officials and prominent members of the party were either found dead, were arrested, or in many cases, had simply vanished.
Those who were arrested faced justice for their war crimes and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg trials. There were those who escaped however, who were never found, and never experienced retribution for their horrific actions during the war.
It seems almost unreal that such prominent, well-known individuals could just disappear. But, unfortunately, not everyone was horrified by the Nazi’s actions and despite the war ending, these men still had friends in high places willing to help them take on new identities.
Usually, these Nazis ended up scattered across the world with a large number heading to North and South American countries including Brazil and Paraguay. But the most popular, and most researched, escapee destination was Argentina.


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Credit:
Show Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
Script: Robert De Graff
Narrator: Rex Randanvo

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