http://ABCmouse.com/LearnMore

Big Bug and Little Bug - ABCmouse.com Beginning Reader Series

Introducing the --ug word family!

When the little bug falls into a hole, the big bug is there to save the day. An amusing story about sharing and helping others, this animated video is based on a story from ABCmouse.com's Beginning Reader Series called 'Big Bug and Little Bug.' The ABCmouse.com Beginning Reader Word Family Series introduces young learners to the joys of reading through stories that emphasize word families (a word family is a group of words with the same ending sound and letters, such as bug, dug, and hug).

About Us:
ABCmouse.com is an award-winning website that uses a variety of activities, including these songs, to help children build a strong foundation for future academic success. ABCmouse.com Early Learning Academy provides a full online curriculum from preschool through 2nd grade, with more than 10,000 interactive learning activities that teach the subjects of reading, math, science, social studies, art, and music.

Parents, learn more about ABCmouse.com at http://ABCmouse.com/LearnMore

Website: http://ABCmouse.com/LearnMore
Free Mobile Apps: http://ABCmouse.com/apps
Facebook: http://facebook.com/ABCmouse
Google+: http://google.com/+ABCmouse
Twitter: http://twitter.com/ABCmouse
Pinterest: http://pinterest.com/ABCmouse
YouTube Channel: http://youtube.com/ABCmouse

© Age of Learning, Inc. All rights reserved.

Visit https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube to learn more about our award-winning online learning program for children 2-8!

👉 Discover more fun learning songs and educational videos by subscribing to our YouTube channel at https://YouTube.com/ABCmouse.

And visit https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube to find out more about our award-winning online learning program for children 2–8!

© Age of Learning, Inc. All rights reserved.

https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube

Ham with Jam? - ABCmouse.com Beginning Reader Series

Introducing the --am word family!

Pam likes jam and dislikes ham, while Sam likes ham and dislikes jam. This quirky story about a sister and brother who find an unlikely compromise is based on the book, 'Ham with Jam?' which is part of ABCmouse.com's Beginning Reader Series. This animated video introduces young learners to words in the --am word family (a word family is a group of words with the same ending sound and letters, such as Pam, Sam, and jam).

About Us:
ABCmouse.com is an award-winning website that uses a variety of activities, including these songs, to help children build a strong foundation for future academic success. ABCmouse.com Early Learning Academy provides a full online curriculum from preschool through 2nd grade, with more than 10,000 interactive learning activities that teach the subjects of reading, math, science, social studies, art, and music.

Parents, learn more about ABCmouse.com at https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube

Website: https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube
YouTube Channel: http://youtube.com/ABCmouse

© Age of Learning, Inc. All rights reserved.

Visit https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube to learn more about our award-winning online learning program for children 2-8!

🌟🖌️ Join Violet in this exciting episode as she helps her friends—a leopard, a rabbit, and a big fuzzy monster—solve problems with creativity, kindness, and a little art magic! 🎨 Watch as Violet uses her artistic skills to draw spots, tails, and even wings for her friends, teaching kids about empathy, imagination, and problem-solving along the way. Plus, kids can follow along step-by-step to draw their own friendly monster while practicing colors, counting, and body parts! 🎶

👉 Discover more fun learning songs and educational videos by subscribing to our YouTube channel at https://YouTube.com/ABCmouse.

And visit https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube to find out more about our award-winning online learning program for children 2–8!

© Age of Learning, Inc. All rights reserved.

Visit https://ABCmouse.com/LearnMore to find out more about our award-winning online learning program for children 2–8!

Watch more video testimonials and preview our site/app content by subscribing to our YouTube channel: https://YouTube.com/ABCmouse.

© Age of Learning, Inc. All rights reserved.

Space travel is the most exciting adventure for humanity, but in an irony of history we may stop ourselves from going into space the more we do it. With every rocket launched we are creating a deadly trap for mankind.

Sources and further reading:
https://sites.google.com/view/....sourcesspacejunk/sta


OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeES


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get Merch designed with ❤ from https://kgs.link/shop
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The Kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of Kurzgesagt Soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook

The Soundtrack of this video:

Soundcloud: http://bit.ly/2w8eYsN
Bandcamp: http://bit.ly/2xpnhU2
Facebook: http://bit.ly/2qW6bY4


🐦🐧🐤 PATREON BIRD ARMY 🐤🐧🐦
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Many Thanks to our wonderful Patreons from http://kgs.link/patreon who support us every month and made this video possible:

Sean McGuinness, Kris Lang, Ashwin Rajesh, Trent Brown, Jens Jakobsson, Aleksandr Panchenko, James Ringold, Szabó Márton, Anson Thong, Eric Larmouth, Nnenna, Michael Wagner, Marco pescia, Ryan Luong, John Graves, Olivia Aramendi, Steve Austin, Yue Wu, Dire, Naked Vin, Anas Alamri, Cheryl Wang, Paco, Ben Cannon, Corentin Bienassis, Jan Šimonek, ceemdee, Carsten Müller, Kevin Templar, Robert Rosca, Gor Isajanyan, Lucas Meyer, Simon Sotak, devor, oligo, Diagon, Quentin Domon, Jérôme Grossé, Étienne-senpai, Soeren Apel, Tor Valstrøm, Nagamasa Inomata, Cesar Salazar, HYBRID, Morgan Allen, Arthur Tong, Giovanni Lanzoni, Jacob Niebloom, Marcus Julin, Cliff Warnstaedt, Gauste, Roger Cawkwell, Abhishek Modi, Joey Ephron, Julius Nass, Christian Kaiser, Ada Napiorkowski, Nathanael Baker, Alex Podgorski


Help us caption & translate this video!https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q&tab=2

Play it now on Steam: https://kgs.link/sb-ealaunch
Our first PC game Star Birds is now available in Early Access on Steam! 🚀
We’ve spent over two and a half years working on this with the amazing team at Toukana Interactive, and we’re incredibly proud to finally share it with you.
Join your flock of Star Birds on a mission across the great beyond, establish a thriving mining operation, and discover new technologies to advance even further.

Thanks for all your support so far!
This wouldn't have been possible without you! 💖🦆


OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish: https://kgs.link/youtubeES
French: https://kgs.link/youtubeFR
Portuguese: https://kgs.link/youtubePT
Arabic: https://kgs.link/youtubeAR
Hindi: https://kgs.link/youtubeHI
Japanese: https://kgs.link/youtubeJA
Korean: https://kgs.link/youtubeKO


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get Products designed with ❤️ https://shop.kgs.link
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
TikTok: https://kgs.link/tiktok
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of kurzgesagt Soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook


If you want to help us caption this video, please send subtitles to subtitle@kurzgesagt.org
You can find info on what subtitle files work on YouTube here:
https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2734698?hl=en-GB&ref_topic=7296214
Thank you!


🐦🐧🐤 PATREON BIRD ARMY 🐤🐧🐦
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Many Thanks to our wonderful Patreons (from http://kgs.link/patreon) who support us every month and made this video possible.

Get Merch designed with ❤ from https://kgs.link/shop-133
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon
▼▼ More infos and links are just a click away ▼▼

Sources & further reading:
https://sites.google.com/view/....sourcesgeoengineerin

By the end of the 21st century, humanity is becoming desperate. Decades of heatwaves and droughts have led to unusually poor harvests, while the warming oceans yield fewer fish each year. In the tropical zones, millions suffer from famine and resource wars have made millions more flee to the north. As things quickly get worse, in an act of desperation, the world's governments decide to enact an emergency plan...
It is far from certain that a grim scenario like this will play out. But the failure of world leaders to effectively address climate change, makes it far from impossible.
So in the near future it might become necessary to try something radical to slow down rapid climate change: Geoengineering. Interventions so massive in scale that they might undo centuries of human behavior. Or make everything much worse.
What is geoengineering, is it really an option and what if it goes wrong?


OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeES


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get Merch designed with ❤ from https://kgs.link/shop-133
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The Kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of Kurzgesagt Soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook

The Soundtrack of this video:

Soundcloud: https://bit.ly/3jmaA12
Bandcamp: https://bit.ly/3mhAKE3

🐦🐧🐤 PATREON BIRD ARMY 🐤🐧🐦
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Many Thanks to our wonderful Patreons from http://kgs.link/patreon who support us every month and made this video possible:

Ulgry MadHats, AleMez, lady-shroom, Marek Matas, Mitzy Sosa, Mattia Failla, Eugen Lounkine, Frankie Eder, Denis, Brian Wilson, Logan Allen, Martin Mägar, Bence Szebenyi, Jacob Michael, Maddy Berry, Sergey Voronov, Spiccy Panda, Domino Puttick, Morten Kahn, David, pascalfire, Dallas, Bruno Poli, Milka3105, Jonathan King, Matthew Jones, Giacomo Costanzi, Andre M, Thomas Fitchette, Jacob Ashton, Ryouran, Alexander Hansen, Omri Klag, Isak Ellmer, Shadmere, Rachel Smith, Eric Hegi, novatril, Ilya Kustov, Varsha Vidushi, Josef Vondrák, Taus Ahmed, Nicholas Smith, Apokalypsor, Max Strieder, Tim Tufts, Michelle S, David Bowman, Maxell Richardson, Jane Valley, StukaJi86, Max, Umar Kabz, Jonathan Krailler, Illia Tulupov, Kyle Begovich, Christopher B Kaehny, Tatiana Jiménez, Jon Tiburzi, ivo galic, Cole Stewart-Johnson, Ryan Everts, Alexia Colon, MightyGremlin, JT Schley, Eric Thorne, Farid Nader Nejad, mahan gopalan, Louisa O'Brien, Matija Potocnik, Margrethe N. S., chris, Tony B, Nathalie Johansson, Charlie, Leticia Hardin, Mihkel Remmelgas, 罗生楷, Markus Hofstätter, Michiel croes, Corentin Henry, Illia Koval, ARubiksCube, ThermoTorsten, Evgeniya Ruseva, Tyler Wellman, bromzh, kotykotyxdd

Sources:
https://sites.google.com/view/....sources-complement-s

One of the key players of our immune system is the complement system. An army of millions and trillions of tiny bombs, which work together in a complex and elegant dance to stop intruders in your body.


OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeES


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get Merch designed with ❤ from https://kgs.link/shop
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The Kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of Kurzgesagt Soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook

The Soundtrack of this video:

Soundcloud: https://bit.ly/2Y7VEO4
Bandcamp: https://bit.ly/2Yux1ut
Facebook: https://bit.ly/2GIoZlH
Youtube: https://bit.ly/2CZ6PeN


🐦🐧🐤 PATREON BIRD ARMY 🐤🐧🐦
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Many Thanks to our wonderful Patreons from http://kgs.link/patreon who support us every month and made this video possible:

Hannah & Jonah, Joey Asperger, Benjamin Rister, BaekSoungYeol, Gibok Jung, Tim Meulenbroeks, Chingiz, Chloe Hill, Filip Dabrowski, Ben Palmetshofer, Ludovic Audibert, Guruprasad Kulkarni, Tekant Gündoğan, Sali Morris, roberto vargas, Richard Musiol, Cedric T., Papp Roland, John Issa, Katie, Jonas Svendsen, François Balate, Connor Silva, Daniel, Buck Deerson, Teej, Abel, Harm, Goshia, John Chapman, Andrew Nguyen, Olivia Grubert, Sergei Kukhariev, Skeeh, adc400, Facundo Velasco, Dale agace, Kiran Babla


Help us caption & translate this video!https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q&tab=2

To support Kurzgesagt and learn more about Brilliant, go to https://www.brilliant.org/nutshell and sign up for free. The first 688 people that go to that link will get 20% off the annual Premium subscription.


OUR CHANNELS
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
German Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeDE
Spanish Channel: https://kgs.link/youtubeES


HOW CAN YOU SUPPORT US?
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
This is how we make our living and it would be a pleasure if you support us!

Get Merch designed with ❤ from https://kgs.link/shop
Join the Patreon Bird Army 🐧 https://kgs.link/patreon


DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Reddit: https://kgs.link/reddit
Instagram: https://kgs.link/instagram
Twitter: https://kgs.link/twitter
Facebook: https://kgs.link/facebook
Discord: https://kgs.link/discord
Newsletter: https://kgs.link/newsletter


OUR VOICE
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
The Kurzgesagt voice is from
Steve Taylor: https://kgs.link/youtube-voice


OUR MUSIC ♬♪
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
700+ minutes of Kurzgesagt Soundtracks by Epic Mountain:

Spotify: https://kgs.link/music-spotify
Soundcloud: https://kgs.link/music-soundcloud
Bandcamp: https://kgs.link/music-bandcamp
Youtube: https://kgs.link/music-youtube
Facebook: https://kgs.link/music-facebook


🐦🐧🐤 PATREON BIRD ARMY 🐤🐧🐦
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
Many Thanks to our wonderful Patreons from http://kgs.link/patreon who support us every month and made this video possible:

Michael Watson, Christos Kantas, master994, Patrick Norman, Ajay Panicker, Ali B, khl4us, Eduardo Ornelas, David Mendez, Ozaiy, Devin Bray, Jimmy Jimenez, Bryant Gabriel, Warp Institute, Ezgi Ceylan, Kaliam, Corcoran Smith, Grzegorz Matczak, Scott Enand, Martin Westphal, cagedmoney, Tanner Wildauer, Alex Hamil, hbarsquared, NetherLynx, Max Hermann, Drouhet, Grace McFarland, David Engel, Simone Ramello, Kevin Luther, Jacob Johnson, Jeffrey Mathis, Jeffrey Blatt, Robert R., Conner Martin, John J., Colin O, Marco Ehrler, Kevin Tavarez, Dolphin, Andrew Gozzard, Ivan Galinskiy, Alexis Osipenco, Kerstin Bo, Moonyoung Lee, Oliver Clark, Alex Gorstan, Mehmed Mutapcic, Ben Stewart, Alexander Frase, Zain, junsuim, Nikita Kulakov, Benjamin Ulseth, Daniel Rapp, Benjamin Hibbert, Mingyi Cisar, Ginomari Rallos, William Corrigan, Jerremy Goris, Greg Levy, Jan Dvořák, Ian Dejong, Jas Sun, Matthew Caruso, Ed Barmettler, Ben Ray, Tom Trval, Aliouch, bryce Kolton, Dallas Nolen, Rashmi Mallik, 804R, Avi Botbol, Дмитрий Созинов, FOXFYRE, Hamza, Martin Hult

Help us caption & translate this video!

http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q&tab=2

The Black Hole Bomb and Black Hole Civilizations

This was a pretty extraordinary experience - thanks to NASA for inviting me! The Atlas V 541 rocket took off carrying the Perseverance rover and Ingenuity the Mars helicopter at 7:50 am July 30, 2020. They should arrive in about seven months on February 18, 2021

Thumbnail by Fictionalhead https://www.youtube.com/fictionalhead

Subscribe to Veritasium - it's free! http://bit.ly/YSWpWm
Support Veritasium - get a t-shirt: http://dft.ba/-vetshirt
Happy Geek Week! http://bit.ly/16wdDuk

Everyone has played with a mixture of corn starch and water (or at least I hope they have). This was one of my favorite experiments as a kid. Your hand slides into the slime easily when moving slowly but the mixture behaves as a solid if you hit it quickly. That is what is meant by 'non-Newtonian' - the fluid's properties change depending on its relative motion. These properties can be exploited to dramatic effect as has been shown on speaker cones before. Here I wanted to understand what is going on, what frequencies and amplitudes work best so I used a slow-mo camera.

Thanks to everyone at the YouTube Space LA for helping me film this. I couldn't have done it without you.

Music licensed from http://www.cuesongs.com
Love Lost (Instrumental) by Temper Trap
A Life in the Day by Ghost of Otis
Fortune's Fool Instrumental by Hiatus & Shura
The Man by Audio Android

In a zero-g plane I experimented with flames and slinkies with surprising results.
Check out e-penser's video: http://ve42.co/EPzeroG
Check out Physicsgirl's video: http://ve42.co/PGzeroG

Thanks to Novespace: http://ve42.co/novespace

Special thanks to Patreon Supporters:
Tony Fadell, Donal Botkin, Nick Luchsinger, Jeff Straathof, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen

The zero-g plane allows for a lot of experiments to be conducted without the expense of getting equipment into orbit. Apparently 80% of microgravity research can be performed in a zero-gravity plane, which is much cheaper than going to space. The flame from the lighter seemed much lazier in zero-g because without weight there is no buoyant force and therefore no convection. This makes the process of combustion more challenging because it's difficult for oxygen to reach the fuel.

Music from the Epidemic Sound: http://ve42.co/epidemic
"Serene Story 2" "In Orbit 2"

Scientists like Prof Sinclair have evidence of speeding up, slowing, and even reversing aging.
Thanks to LastPass for sponsoring this video. Click here to start using LastPass: https://ve42.co/VeLP

What causes aging? According to Professor David Sinclair, it is a loss of information in our epigenome, the system of proteins like histones and chemical markers like methylation that turn on and off genes. Epigenetics allow different cell types to perform their specific functions - they are what differentiate a brain cell from a skin cell. Our DNA is constantly getting broken, by cosmic rays, UV radiation, free radicals, x-rays and regular cell division etc. When our cells repair that damage, the epigenome is not perfectly reset. And hence over time, noise accumulates in our epigenome. Our cells no longer perform their functions well.

To counter this decline, we can activate the body's own defenses against aging by stressing the body. Eat less, eat less protein, engage in intense exercise, experience uncomfortable cold. When the body senses existential threats it triggers longevity genes, which attempt to maintain the body to ensure its survival until good times return. This may be the evolutionary legacy of early bacteria, which established these two modes of living (repair and protect vs grow and reproduce). Scientists are uncovering ways to mimic stresses on the body without the discomfort of fasting. Molecules like NMN also trigger sirtuins to monitor and repair the epigenome. This may slow aging.

Reversing aging requires an epigenetic reset, which may be possible using Yamanaka factors. These four factors can revert an adult cell into a pluripotent stem cell. Prof. Sinclair used three of the four factors to reverse aging in the retinal cells of old mice. He found they could see again after the treatment.

Special thanks to:
Professor David Sinclair, check out his book "Lifespan: Why We Age & Why We Don't Have To"
Assistant Professor David Gold
Noemie Sierra (for polyp images)
Genepool Productions for telomere animations from Immortal: https://ve42.co/immortal
Epigenetics animations (DNA, histones, methylation etc) courtesy of: http://wehi.tv
Animation: Etsuko Uno
Art and Technical Direction: Drew Berry
Sound Design: Francois Tetaz & Emma Bortignon
Scientific Consultation: Marnie Blewitt
Courtesy of Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research

Filming, editing and animation by Jonny Hyman and Derek Muller

Music from https://epidemicsound.com "Clearer Views" "Innovations" "A Sound Foundation" "Seaweed"
Additional music by Kevin MacLeod from https://incompetech.com "Marty Gots a Plan"

*Watch with headphones on!
Is 45 minutes really the longest anyone can stay in a perfectly silent, pitch-black room?
Support Veritasium on Patreon http://bit.ly/VePatreon
Check out Audible: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe
Want to watch the whole hour of silence? http://youtu.be/jr1UMFC9DV0

Many stories have circulated claiming the longest anyone has stayed in an ultra-quiet anechoic chamber is 45 minutes, the reason being any longer would drive you insane. To me this sounded like unsubstantiated rubbish, like the claim the Great Wall is the only manmade structure visible from space. So I put my own psyche on the line, subjecting myself to over an hour of the most intense quiet on Earth. No, this was not THE quietest room on Earth (-9dB) but it is one of the quietest, and the truth is once you put a person inside, they are by far the loudest thing in there so the sound rating of the room is irrelevant.

I was not surprised to find that I could stay in there for as long as I liked and feel perfectly fine. What was surprising is that my heartbeat was audible. You can hear it on the sound recording. Now I wasn't consciously aware of the sound of my heart while in the room, but I was more aware of the feeling of it beating.

Huge thank you to everyone at BYU: Duane Merrell, Spencer Perry, Cameron Vongsawad, Jazz Myers, Ann Clawson, and Robert Willes.

Spinning objects have strange instabilities known as The Dzhanibekov Effect or Tennis Racket Theorem - this video offers an intuitive explanation.
Part of this video was sponsored by LastPass, click here to find out more: https://ve42.co/LP

References:
Prof. Terry Tao's Math Overflow Explanation: https://ve42.co/Tao

The Twisting Tennis Racket
Ashbaugh, M.S., Chicone, C.C. & Cushman, R.H. J Dyn Diff Equat (1991) 3: 67. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01049489

Janibekov’s effect and the laws of mechanics
Petrov, A.G. & Volodin, S.E. Dokl. Phys. (2013) 58: 349. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028335813080041

Tumbling Asteroids
Prave et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.021

The Exact Computation of the Free Rigid Body Motion and Its Use in Splitting Methods
SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 30(4), 2084–2112
E. Celledoni, F. Fassò, N. Säfström, and A. Zanna
https://doi.org/10.1137/070704393

Animations by Ivy Tello and Isaac Frame

Special thanks to people who discussed this video with me:
Astronaut Don Pettit
Henry Reich of MinutePhysics
Grant Sanderson of 3blue1brown
Vert Dider (Russian YouTube channel)

Below is a further discussion by Henry Reich that I think helps summarize why axes 1 and 3 are generally stable while axis 2 is not:

In general, you might imagine that because the object can rotate in a bunch of different directions, the components of energy and momentum could be free to change while keeping the total momentum constant.

However, in the case of axis 1, the kinetic energy is the highest possible for a given angular momentum, and in the case of axis 3, the kinetic energy is the lowest possible for a given angular momentum (which can be easily shown from conservation of energy and momentum equations, and is also fairly intuitive from the fact that kinetic energy is proportional to velocity squared, while momentum is proportional to velocity - so in the case of axis 1, the smaller masses will have to be spinning faster for a given momentum, and will thus have more energy, and vice versa for axis 3 where all the masses are spinning: the energy will be lowest). In fact, this is a strict inequality - if the energy is highest possible, there are no other possible combinations of momenta other than L2=L3=0, and vice versa for if the energy is the lowest possible.

Because of this, in the case of axis 1 the energy is so high that there simply aren't any other possible combinations of angular momentum components L1, L2 and L3 - the object would have to lose energy in order to spin differently. And in the case of axis 3, the energy is so low that there likewise is no way for the object to be rotating other than purely around axis 3 - it would have to gain energy. However, there's no such constraint for axis 2, since the energy is somewhere in between the min and max possible. This, together with the centrifugal effects, means that the components of momentum DO change.

Discover strange new universes that turn up at the core of Einstein’s General Relativity. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever:
https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
A massive thank you to Prof. Alex Kontorovich for all his help with this video.

A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis and Dr. Ashmeet Singh for helping us understand the applications of Non-Euclidean geometry in astronomy/cosmology.

Lastly, a big thank you to Dr. Henry Segerman and Dr. Rémi Coulon for helping us visualize what it’s like to be inside hyperbolic space and helping us understand hyperbolic geometry.

▀▀▀
Images:
Euclid via Science Museum Group - https://ve42.co/Euclid

Geodesy survey via ams - https://ve42.co/Geodesy

John Wheeler via NAS Online - https://ve42.co/Wheeler

▀▀▀
References:
Dunham, W. (1991). Journey through Genius: Great Theorems of Mathematics. John Wiley & Sons.

Bonola, R. (1955). Non-Euclidean geometry: A critical and historical study of its development. Courier Corporation.

Library of Congress. (n.d.). The Library of Congress. - https://ve42.co/LibofCongress

Euclid’s Elements, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Elements

The History of Non-Euclidean Geometry, Extra History via YouTube - https://ve42.co/ExtraHistory

We (could) live on a 4D Pringle - Physics for the Birds via YouTube - https://ve42.co/4DPringle

Parallel Postulate, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Parallel

Prékopa, A., & Molnár, E. (Eds.). (2006). Non-euclidean geometries: János Bolyai memorial volume (Vol. 581). Springer Science & Business Media.

St Andrews, University of. (n.d.). Bolyai. MacTutor History of Mathematics. - https://ve42.co/Bolyai

Bolyai, J. (1896). The Science Absolute of Space.. (Vol. 3). The Neomon.

Gauss, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Gauss

Singh, U. (2022). Gauss-Bolyai-Lobachevsky: The dawn of non-euclidean geometry. Medium. - https://ve42.co/CPNonEuclidean

Landvermessung, D. Z. (1929). Abhandlungen ueber Gauss' wissenschaftliche Taetigkeit auf den Gebieten der Geodaesie, Physik und Astronomie Bd. 11, Abt. - https://ve42.co/Landvermessung

Nikolai Lobachevsky, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Lobachevsky

Lobachevskiĭ, N. I. (1891). Geometrical researches on the theory of parallels. University of Texas.

A Problem with the Parallel Postulate, Numberphile via YouTube - https://ve42.co/NumberphileParallel

Riemann, B. (2016). On the hypotheses which lie at the bases of geometry. Birkhäuser. - https://ve42.co/Riemann

Einstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Annalen der physik, 17(10), 891-921. - https://ve42.co/Einstein1905

ESA/Hubble. (n.d.). Hubblecast 90: The final frontier of the Frontier Fields. ESA/Hubble. - https://ve42.co/Einstein1905

Agazie, G., et al. (2023). The NANOGrav 15 yr data set: Constraints on supermassive black hole binaries from the gravitational-wave background. - https://ve42.co/NANOGrav

Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background, PBS Spacetime via YouTube - https://ve42.co/PBSCMB

Wood, C. (2020). How Ancient Light Reveals the Universe's Contents. Quanta Magazine. - https://ve42.co/AncientLight

Collaboration (2014). Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters. A&A, 571, A16. - https://ve42.co/Planck2013

WMAP Science Team, NASA. (2014). Matter in the Universe. WMAP, NASA. - https://ve42.co/WMAP2014

What Is The Shape of Space, minutephysics via YouTube - https://ve42.co/SpaceShape

Shape of the universe, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/UniverseShape

Crocheting Hyperbolic Planes: Daina Taimina by Ted, via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Hyperbolic

Hyperbolic Crochet model - https://ve42.co/Crochet

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, and Alex Kontorovich
Edited by Jack Saxon
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Mike Radjabov
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek and Celia Bode
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, and Han Evans

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, and by courtesy of: NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA’s WMAP science teams, ESO, and ESA/Hubble.
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley

The best and worst predictions in science are both based on the same underlying physics
Check out the Great Courses Plus: http://ow.ly/cePe303oKDM
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon

Special thanks to:
Prof. Sean Carroll
Prof. Brian Schmidt
Prof. Stephen Bartlett
Prof. Geraint Lewis

More on this topic: http://wke.lt/w/s/XDkwi

Patreon supporters:
Bryan Baker, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Jason Buster, Saeed Alghamdi, Nathan Hansen

Virtual particles are a way of talking about fields and their interactions as though particles are doing all the work. This is why there is some controversy around using the term 'virtual particles'. Some people think the term is useful, especially since in calculating with Feynman diagrams you draw all the particle interactions that are possible (and then do the calculations to get the right answer). While others feel this terminology is misleading because virtual particles don't behave like real particles and can't be observed.

Why are bicycles stable? The most common answer is gyroscopic effects, but this is not right. This video was sponsored by Kiwico. Get 50% off your first month of any crate at https://kiwico.com/veritasium50

Huge thanks to Rick Cavallaro for creating this bike on short notice. Thanks to all the friends who participated in the filming. Rick was also responsible for the Blackbird Faster Than The Wind Downwind Cart. https://youtu.be/jyQwgBAaBag

Much of the information presented here on the stability of a riderless bicycle stems from original research at
Delft http://bicycle.tudelft.nl/schwab/Bicycle/
and
Cornell http://ruina.tam.cornell.edu/r....esearch/topics/bicyc

This line of bicycle-balance research was initiated by Jim Papadopoulos: https://www.nature.com/articles/535338a

Great videos on bikes and counter-steering:

MinutePhysics: How Do Bikes Stay Up? https://youtu.be/oZAc5t2lkvo

MinutePhysics: The Counterintuitive Physics of Turning a Bike: https://youtu.be/llRkf1fnNDM

Why Bicycles Do Not Fall - Arend Schwab TED talk: https://youtu.be/2Y4mbT3ozcA

Today I Found Out: We Still Don't Know How Bicycles Work https://youtu.be/YWsK6rmsKSI

TU Delft - Smart motor in handlebars prevents bicycles from falling over: https://youtu.be/rBOQp2uY_lk

Andy Ruina Explains How Bicycles Balance Themselves: https://youtu.be/NcZCzr9ExKk

▀▀▀
More References:

TU Delft Bicycle Site: http://bicycle.tudelft.nl/schwab/Bicycle/

Bicycle stability program: http://ruina.tam.cornell.edu/r....esearch/topics/bicyc

▀▀▀
Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Luis Felipe, Anton Ragin, Paul Peijzel, S S, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Sam Lutfi, MJP, Gnare, Nick DiCandilo, Dave Kircher, Edward Larsen, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Mike Tung, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Ismail Öncü Usta, Crated Comments, Anna, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, Oleksii Leonov, Jim Osmun, Tyson McDowell, Ludovic Robillard, Jim buckmaster, fanime96, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Vincent, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Joar Wandborg, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson,Ron Neal

▀▀▀
Written by Derek Muller
Filmed by Trenton Oliver, Raquel Nuno and Derek Muller
Edited by Derek Muller
Music from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev and Emily Zhang

The most elegant interpretation of quantum mechanics is the universe is constantly splitting
A portion of this video was sponsored by Norton. Get up to 60% off the first year (annually billed) here: https://bit.ly/32SM0yd or use promo code VERITASIUM

Special thanks to:
Prof. Sean Carroll https://www.preposterousuniverse.com
His book, a major source for this video is 'Something Deeply Hidden: Quantum Worlds and The Emergence of Spacetime'

Code for solving the Schrödinger equation by Jonny Hyman available here: https://github.com/jonnyhyman/QuantumWaves

I learned quantum mechanics the traditional 'Copenhagen Interpretation' way. We can use the Schrödinger equation to solve for and evolve wave functions. Then we invoke wave-particle duality, in essence things we detect as particles can behave as waves when they aren't interacting with anything. But when there is a measurement, the wave function collapses leaving us with a definite particle detection. If we repeat the experiment many times, we find the statistics of these results mirror the amplitude of the wave function squared. Hence the Born rule came into being, saying the wave function should be interpreted statistically, that our universe at the most fundamental scale is probabilistic rather than deterministic. This did not sit well with scientists like Einstein and Schrödinger who believed there must be more going on, perhaps 'hidden variables'.

In the 1950's Hugh Everett proposed the Many Worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. It is so logical in hindsight but with a bias towards the classical world, experiments and measurements to guide their thinking, it's understandable why the founders of quantum theory didn't come up with it. Rather than proposing different dynamics for measurement, Everett suggests that measurement is something that happens naturally in the course of quantum particles interacting with each other. The conclusion is inescapable. There is nothing special about measurement, it is just the observer becoming entangled with a wave function in a superposition. Since one observer can experience only their own branch, it appears as if the other possibilities have disappeared but in reality there is no reason why they could not still exist and just fail to interact with the other branches. This is caused by environmental decoherence.

Schrodinger's cat animation by Ivy Tello
Wave functions, double slit and entanglement animation by Jonny Hyman
Filming of opening sequence by Casey Rentz

Special thanks to Mithuna Y, Raquel Nuno and Dianna Cowern for feedback on the script

Music from https://epidemicsound.com "Experimental 1" "Serene Story 2" "Seaweed" "Colorful Animation 4"

Why does superglue always stick to your hands and never what you want it to? Get a little smarter every day with Brilliant. Visit https://brilliant.org/veritasium for a 30-day free trial and 20% off your annual premium subscription.

A heartfelt thank you to Dr. Allison Christy and Dr. John Bobo for their invaluable expertise, fresh perspectives, and explanations.
Thank you to Emily Von Stein and Chris Masahiro at Aron Alpha, Dr. Chantelle Champagne, and Dr. Rohit Gupta for their time and contributions to the initial research that laid the groundwork for this project.

Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together.
https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter

ANIMATION CORRECTION:
At 4:52, the negative charge should be drawn on the carbon at the end of the chain, not on the second to last carbon. This also holds during the polymerization process (5:15), where the negative charge should move right to the end of the chain.

▀▀▀
0:00 The Invention of Super Glue
2:43 How Does Super Glue Work?
5:38 How To Get Superglue Off Your Skin
8:33 Why Is Super Glue So Strong?
12:00 Why Doesn’t Super Glue Work on plastic?
13:45 Mixing Super Glue and Baking Soda
15:30 Using Super Glue Underwater
15:59 Super Glue On Wounds
19:47 A Solution To Microplastics?

▀▀▀
References and Credits:


Dr. Harry Coover Jr. (Nov 2023) via Sutori - https://ve42.co/sutori
Allison Christy, Closed-loop recyclable plastics from poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) - https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adg2295
About Cyanoacrylate Adhesives. via Permabond - https://ve42.co/permab
Kodak Eastman In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/kodakw
Harry Coover and the Invention of Super Glue. (Mar 2022) via SciHi Blog - https://ve42.co/scihio
Humphrey Sam Samuel (May 2024). Cyanoacrylate Chemistry and Polymerization Mechanisms. - https://ve42.co/pcbioc
Radical polymerization.. In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/wikira
Overview of materials for Cyanoacrylate Adhesive. via MATWEBb - https://ve42.co/matweb
United States Patent Office: US2776232. (Jan 1957) via US patent office - https://ve42.co/patentb
Medical Grade Cyanoacrylate Adhesive Market Size Growth Report. (Nov 2024) via Linkedin - https://ve42.co/linkpu
Science Channel. (Dec 2017). Think Super Glue Can Lift A Pickup Truck? via Youtube - https://ve42.co/ytbpee
Loctite & Teroson UK. (Apr 2023). Learn How Loctite SF 7452 Can Accelerate Bonding When using Loctite 454 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/loctiteg

Image and Video Credits
LOCTITE® North America. (May 2017). Loctite 4902FL Highly Flexible Cyanoacrylate via Youtube - https://ve42.co/loctitef
The Gorilla Glue Company. (May 2021). How To Use Gorilla Super Glue via Youtube - https://ve42.co/gluehowt
Flex Seal. (Nov 2022). Flex Super Glue Commercial - The Flex Seal Family of Products via Youtube - https://ve42.co/flexglue
ewjxn. (Nov 2020). 1984 Instant Krazy Glue Strong enough to hold this woman TV Commercial.mp4 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/krazyglue
tvdays. (Nov 2007). ELMERS GLUE 1960.mp4 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/elmer
Aron Alpha Industrial Krazy Glue. (Feb 2024). The Leader in High Performance Instant Adhesives via Youtube - https://ve42.co/aronalpha
How researchers turned superglue into a cheap plastic alternative by via fastcompany - https://ve42.co/superplastic
Woman Mistakenly Uses Glue Instead Of Eye Drops by via CBS News - https://ve42.co/eyegludd

Further References: https://ve42.co/refsuperglue


▀▀▀
Special thanks to our patrons for sticking around!

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Farbod Mansorian, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, I. H., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

Join us on Patreon for early access videos, bonus content, and to support Veritasium! https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Live on Patreon now is an exclusive unseen interview with Chantelle Champagne https://www.patreon.com/posts/121045719

▀▀▀
Directed by Sulli Yost
Written by Sulli Yost and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Assistant Editor - James Stuart
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek and Caine Esperanza
Animated by Emma Wright, Andrew Neet and Fabio Albertelli
Filmed and demos done by Sulli Yost, Derek Muller and Wylie Overstreet
Additional research by Geeta Thakur
Produced by Sulli Yost, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain
Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Ben Powell
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman

Kodak detected the first atomic bomb before anyone else figured it out. Then they made a deal not to tell anyone. Thanks to HBO Max, and their new show raised by Wolves for sponsoring this video! https://rb.gy/alghwn

Thanks to Uranium: Twisting the Dragon's Tail for the opening clip: https://www.pbs.org/show/urani....um-twisting-dragons-

References:
Albuquerque Tribune Bulletin, July 16, 1945 – https://www.marshallfoundation.....org/library/documen

Webb, J. H. (1949). The fogging of photographic film by radioactive contaminants in cardboard packaging materials. Physical Review, 76(3), 375.

Julian Webb at Oak Ridge – Snavely, B. B. (1989). Julian H. Webb. PhT, 42(7), 87.https://physicstoday.scitation.....org/doi/pdf/10.1063

Radium in watch dials – https://www.epa.gov/radtown/radioactivity-antiques

A 1958 video about how Kodak film is made, noting the careful monitoring of radioactive contaminants – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qjBJOFImaU&t=597s&ab_channel=OwenMorgan

Radioactive fallout in 1951 - https://www.nytimes.com/1951/0....2/03/archives/increa

1998 senate hearing – https://www.govinfo.gov/conten....t/pkg/CHRG-105shrg44

Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. 1999. Exposure of the American People to Iodine-131 from Nevada Nuclear-Bomb Tests: Review of the National Cancer Institute Report and Public Health Implications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/6283. https://www.cancer.gov/about-c....ancer/causes-prevent

Baby Teeth Survey – Reiss, L. Z. (1961). Strontium-90 absorption by deciduous teeth. Science, 134(3491), 1669-1673.

Strontium 90 and Cancer rates – Gould, J. M., Sternglass, E. J., Sherman, J. D., Brown, J., McDonnell, W., & Mangano, J. J. (2000). Strontium-90 in deciduous teeth as a factor in early childhood cancer. International Journal of Health Services, 30(3), 515-539.

Wine forensics – Hubert, P., Perrot, F., Gaye, J., Médina, B., & Pravikoff, M. S. (2009). Radioactivity measurements applied to the dating and authentication of old wines. Comptes Rendus Physique, 10(7), 622–629. doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2009.08.007

Strontium 90 in forensics – Maclaughlin-Black, S. M., Herd, R. J., Willson, K., Myers, M., & West, I. E. (1992). Strontium-90 as an indicator of time since death: a pilot investigation. Forensic science international, 57(1), 51-56.

Research and Writing by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Jonny Hyman

Filmed and edited by Derek Muller
Animations by Ivy Tello and Jonny Hyman
Music by Jonny Hyman
Additional Music from:
Epidemic Sound https://epidemicsound.com "Seaweed"
Kevin MacLeod https://incompetech.com "Lightless dawn"
Craig Conrad https://www.craigconard.com/royaltyfree "ASTRAL"

An atom is mostly empty space, but empty space is mostly not empty. The reason it looks empty is because electrons and photons don't interact with the stuff that is there, quark and gluon field fluctuations.
It actually takes energy to clear out space and make a true 'empty' vacuum. This seems incredibly counter-intuitive but we can make an analogy to a permanent magnet. When at low energies, like at room temperature, there is a magnetic field around the magnet due to the alignment of all the magnetic moments of the atoms. But if you add some energy to it by heating it, the particles gain thermal energy, which above the Curie temperature makes their magnetic moments randomly oriented and hence destroying the magnetic field. So in this case energy is needed to clear out the field, just as in the quantum vacuum.

Special thanks to Professor Derek Leinweber, find out more about his research here: http://bit.ly/ZZTKFP

The Earth spins on its axis, completing a full revolution every day. By why does it do this? One of the most common misconceptions in physics is the belief that constant motion requires a constant force. So many people believe there must be some force in the Earth (e.g. gravity, centrifugal force) that keeps it spinning. In truth, no force is required because a fundamental property of mass is that it maintains its state of motion in the absence of external forces. This property is called inertia.

A quote by Einstein: A human being is a part of the whole, called by us "Universe", a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings as something separated from the rest — a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty. Nobody is able to achieve this completely, but the striving for such achievement is in itself a part of the liberation and a foundation for inner security.