Ratios and proportions, scaling up and down, currency conversions...even percentages - these are easy to do using this easy to apply method.


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Multiply ANY two numbers much faster than your teacher ever taught you.
Become a math genius!

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The Tale of Peter Rabbit Read Aloud for Children - Easter Books for Kids
by Beatrix Potter

Click here to purchase The Tale of Peter Rabbit: hhttps://www.amazon.com/Tale-Pe....ter-Rabbit-Beatrix-P

The Tale of Peter Rabbit is the original classic by Beatrix Potter. The Tale of Peter Rabbit was first published by Frederick Warne in 1902 and endures as Beatrix Potter's most popular and well-loved tale. It tells the story of a very mischievous rabbit and the trouble he encounters in Mr McGregor's vegetable garden! Re-originated in 2002 to mark the centenary of publication bringing it closer to the original edition, six illustrations were restored, four that were removed in 1903 to make room for endpapers and two that have never been used before, Beatrix having initially prepared more illustrations than could be accommodated in the original format. Beatrix Potter is regarded as one of the world's best-loved children's authors of all time. From her first book, The Tale of Peter Rabbit, published by Frederick Warne in 1902, she went on to create a series of stories based around animal characters including Mrs. Tiggy-winkle, Benjamin Bunny, Jemima Puddle-duck, Mr. Jeremy Fisher and Tom Kitten. Her humorous, lively tales and beautiful illustrations have become a natural part of childhood. With revenue from the sales of her books, Beatrix Potter bought a farm - Hill Top - in the English Lake District, where she later became a farmer and prize-winning sheep breeder. She launched the now vast merchandise programme by patenting the very first Peter Rabbit doll in 1903. The product range continues to grow today with licences around the world including baby clothing and bedding, nursery decor products and collectables. Upon her death, Beatrix Potter left 14 farms and over 4000 acres of Lake District farmland to the National Trust so that the place that she loved would remain undeveloped and protected for future generations to enjoy. Today Beatrix Potter's original 23 tales are still published by Frederick Warne, alongside a wide range of other formats including baby books, activity books and gift and sound books. The Tale of Peter Rabbit is number one in Beatrix Potter's series of 23 little books. Look out for the rest! 1 The Tale of Peter Rabbit 2 The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin 3 The Tailor of Gloucester 4 The Tale of Benjamin Bunny 5 The Tale of Two Bad Mice 6 The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle 7 The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher 8 The Tale of Tom Kitten 9 The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck 10 The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies 11 The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse 12 The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes 13 The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse 14 The Tale of Mr. Tod 15 The Tale of Pigling Bland 16 The Tale of Samuel Whiskers 17 The Tale of The Pie and the Patty-Pan 18 The Tale of Ginger and Pickles 19 The Tale of Little Pig Robinson 20 The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit 21 The Story of Miss Moppet 22 Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes 23 Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes

Ten Little Pumpkins
Read by Let's Read Stories

With rhymes on each page to be completed by the reader counting the pumpkins, this book offers educational and fun reading for parents and children to enjoy together.

Click here to purchase Ten Little Pumpkins: https://www.amazon.com/Ten-Lit....tle-Pumpkins/dp/1788

There was a lot of bad stuff going on in Europe in the 17th century. We've seen wars, plagues, and unrest of all types. But, there is some good news. Huge advances were underway in the scientific community in Europe at this time. In this video we'll look at the progress of knowledge with Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, Harvey, Newton, and more.

Sources
-Hunt, Lynn et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.
-Porter, Roy and Mikulás Teich, eds. The Scientific Revolution in National Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
-Shapin, Steven. The Scientific Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

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During World War II, Nazi Germany undertook the imprisonment and summary execution of many of its own citizens, and citizens of the nations they occupied. One of the groups that came under assault was the European Jewish population. More than six million Jewish people were killed in a systematized genocide. Five million more people died in the same time frame as a result of Nazi persecution. In addition to the Jews, Roma people, homosexuals, political dissidents, Polish people, Slavic people, black people, and many other perceived enemies were imprisoned and killed by the regime.

Sources
-Bergen, Doris. War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2016.
-Browning, Christopher. Ordinary Men: Reserve Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: Harper, 2017.
-Gross, Jan. Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
-Hanebrink, Paul. A Specter Haunting Europe: The Myth of Judeobolshevism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2018.
-Mazower, Mark. Hitler’s Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe. New York: Penguin, 2008.
-Naimark, Norman m. Genocide: A World History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
-Smith, Bonnie G. Europe in the Contemporary World, 1900 to the Present, 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury, 2020.

In other news, we've partnered with Arizona State University for a new bunch of video series! Check out Study Hall: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLNrrxHpJhC8

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From 1932 to 1972, the United States Public Health Service and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention operated an extremely unethical medical experiment on the effects of outcomes of untreated syphilis. Hundreds of poor Black men from Macon County, Alabama were enrolled in the study, and treatment for syphilis was withheld from them. Even after antibiotics became available that could cure syphilis, these men were left to suffer from the disease and expose their families to syphilis as well. Today we're learning about the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, a shameful example of racism in American medicine, and a tragedy that still impacts how many Black Americans think about healthcare today.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

VIDEO SOURCES
● Susan Reverby, Examining Tuskegee: The Infamous Syphilis Study and Its Legacy (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2009).
● Susan Reverby ed., Tuskegee’s Truth’s: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).
● Harriet A. Washington, Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Penguin Random House, 2008).
Nia Johnson. Expanding Accountability: Using the Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress Claim to Compensate Black American Families Who Remained Unheard in Medical Crisis. Hastings Law Journal. (Forthcoming, Summer 2021).
Brandt, Allan M. 1978. "Racism and research: The case of the Tuskegee Syphilis study." The Hastings Center Report 8(6): 21-29.
Tuskegee's Truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (edited by Susan M. Reverby)
https://www.npr.org/sections/h....ealth-shots/2021/03/

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#crashcourse #history #tuskegee

In which John Green teaches you about some of the colonies that were not in Virginia or Massachusetts. Old New York was once New Amsterdam. Why they changed it, I can say; ENGLISH people just liked it better that way, and when the English took New Amsterdam in 1643, that's just what they did. Before the English got there though, the colony was full of Dutch people who treated women pretty fairly and allowed free Black people to hold jobs. John also discusses Penn's Woods, also known as Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania was (briefly) a haven of religious freedom, and William Penn dealt relatively fairly with the natives his colony displaced. Of course, as soon as Penn died, the colonist started abusing the natives immediately. We venture as far south as the Carolina colonies, where the slave labor economy was taking shape. John also takes on the idea of the classless society in America, and the beginning of the idea of the American dream. It turns out that in spite of the lofty dream that everyone had an equal shot in the new world, there were elites in the colonies. And these elites tended to be in charge. And then their kids tended to take over when they died. So yeah, not quite an egalitarian paradise. In addition to all this, we get into the Salem Witch Trials, the treatment of women in the colonies, and colonial economics. Oh yeah, one more thing, before you comment about how he says we're talking about the American Revolution next week, but the end screen says Seven Years War, consider that perhaps the Seven Years War laid the groundwork for the revolution to happen.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
New Amsterdam Becomes New York 0:55
Pennsylvania and the Quakers 2:05
South Carolina 3:37
Mystery Document 4:08
Bacon's Rebellion 5:14
The Dominion of New England and The Tolerance Act 6:17
The Salem Witch Trials 7:31
Colonial American Economics 8:05
Colonial American Society 9:11
Women's Roles in Colonial America 9:51
Credits 11:05

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The Milky Way is our neighborhood in the universe. It’s a galaxy and there are many others out there. Galaxies contain gas, dust, and billions of stars or more. They come in four main shapes: elliptical, spiral, peculiar, and irregular. Galaxies can collide, and grow in size by eating each other.

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Galaxies 00:00
Spiral Galaxies 3:00
Elliptical Galaxies 5:22
Galactic Collisions 6:18
Peculiar Galaxies 8:46
Irregular Galaxies 9:29
Review 11:08
--
PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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--
PHOTOS/VIDEOS
NGC 5363 http://aftar.uaa.alaska.edu/gallery/details.cfm?img=316&type=# [credit: T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage) and H. Schweiker (WIYN and NOAO/AURA/NSF)]
Panorama of Spiral Galaxy, M31 http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im1259.html [credit: Local Group Survey Team and T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage)]
Animation of a variable star http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1323j/ [credit: NASA, ESA, M. Kornmesser]
Hubble M31 PHAT Mosaic http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ [credit: NASA, ESA, J. Dalcanton, B.F. Williams, and L.C. Johnson (University of Washington), the PHAT team, and R. Gendler]
Elliptical - Death of giant galaxies spreads from the core https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1508/ [credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA]
Spiral - HUBBLE VIEW OF BARRED SPIRAL GALAXY MESSIER 83 http://sci.esa.int/hubble/5359....0-hubble-view-of-bar [credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA). Credit: William Blair (Johns Hopkins University)]
Peculiar - Colliding galaxies make love, not war https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic0615/ [credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration]
Irregular - Little Galaxy Explored http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pa....ges/spitzer/multimed [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/STScI]
Hubble Image of Messier 101 http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ [credit: NASA, ESA, K. Kuntz (JHU), F. Bresolin (University of Hawaii), J. Trauger (Jet Propulsion Lab), J. Mould (NOAO), Y.-H. Chu (University of Illinois, Urbana), and STScI]
A poster-size image of the beautiful barred spiral galaxy NGC 1300 http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo0501a/ [credit: NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team STScI/AURA)]
NGC 3344 http://skycenter.arizona.edu/g....allery/Galaxies/NGC3 [credit: Adam Block/Mount Lemmon SkyCenter/University of Arizona]
Flocculent spiral NGC 2841 http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1104/ [credit: NASA, ESA and the Hubble Heritage Team]
Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC1365 https://www.noao.edu/image_gal....lery/html/im1034.htm [credit: SSRO/PROMPT and NOAO/AURA/NSF]
Magnificent Details in a Dusty Spiral Galaxy http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ [credit: The Hubble Heritage Team]
Panning across Messier 77 http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1305b/ [credit: NASA, ESA, Digitized Sky Survey 2. Acknowledgement: A. van der Hoeven]
Hubble Mosaic of the Sombrero Galaxy http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo0328a/ [credit: NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team]
Spiral Galaxy NGC 4565 http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0525a/ [credit: ESO]
M87 (with Jet) http://skycenter.arizona.edu/g....allery/Galaxies/M87% [credit: Adam Block/Mount Lemmon SkyCenter/University of Arizona]
M59, NGC4621 https://www.noao.edu/image_gal....lery/html/im0579.htm [credit: NOAO/AURA/NSF]
Fulldome simulation of colliding galaxies http://www.spacetelescope.org/....videos/gal_coll_dome [credit: NASA/STScI]
Antennae Galaxies http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1345a/ [credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA]
Terzan 5 Artist’s Concept http://www.sdss3.org/press/ima....ges/20111130.fourtai [credit: Amanda Smith, Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge]
Interacting Galaxy Pair Arp 87 http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ [credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team]
Doing cartwheels to celebrate the end of an era http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1036a/ [credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA]
Hoag's Object http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ [credit: NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team]
Paranal Nights https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1401a/ [credit: Y. Beletsky (LCO)/ESO]
Tarantula Nebula http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1023a/ [credit: TRAPPIST/E. Jehin/ESO]
Hubble Ultra Deep Field 2014 http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ [credit: NASA, ESA]

Last week, Hank talked about how stuff mixes together in solutions. Today, and for the next few weeks, he will talk about the actual reactions happening in those solutions - atoms reorganizing themselves to create whole new substances in the processes that make our world the one we know and love. This week, we focus on acids and bases and their proton-exchanging ways.

Watch this video in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel! https://youtu.be/Or2h02mqvD4

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Table of Contents
Chemistry Can Cause Death 00:00
Acids and Bases are Complicated 02:25
Conjugate Bases 05:37
Conjugate Acids 04:48
Acid-Base Stoichiometry 06:49

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Can two people who make the same bad decision bear different levels of moral responsibility? Today, we try to address this question with the concept of moral luck. Hank explains the difference between moral and causal responsibility and the reasons we assign praise and blame.

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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The end of the Napoleonic Wars left the great powers of Europe shaken. Judging from the destruction that had been wrought across the continent, it seemed to the powers that be that the Enlightenment had liberated the people, and led to disaster. So, everybody got together in Vienna to have a Congress, and to try to put Europe "right" again. By "right" I mean they wanted to go back to the old days of kings, queens, and nobles running the show. But this new yearning for the past pervaded the continent. Roomanticism arose at the same time, looking back at (imagined) golden age of Medieval Times. Today we'll talk about the Congress of Vienna, The Holy Alliance, and the Romantic movement across the arts.

Sources

-Blanning, Tim. The Romantic Revolution: A History. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2011.
-Hunt, Lynn. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford St Martin’s, 2019.
-Vick, Brian E. Congress of Vienna: Power and Politics after Napoleon. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.

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#Crashcourse #history #europeanhistory

Escape was one of the many ways that enslaved people resisted their captivity in the system of American slavery. The Underground Railroad was not literally a railroad. It was a network of people, routes, and safe houses that helped people escape from slavery in the south to freedom in the north. Today we'll talk about the origins of the Underground Railroad, the systems that helped people escape, and the people who helped along the route.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

SOURCES
https://www.newyorker.com/maga....zine/2016/08/22/the-
http://www.pbs.org/black-cultu....re/shows/list/underg
https://www.nationalgeographic.....org/encyclopedia/un
https://www.theatlantic.com/ma....gazine/archive/2015/
https://www.nps.gov/subjects/u....ndergroundrailroad/w

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Toni Miles, Oscar Pinto-Reyes, Erin Nicole, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Evan Lawrence Henderson, Vincent, Michael Wang, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, JJurong, Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Eric Prestemon, Jirat, Katie Dean, TheDaemonCatJr, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Matthew, Justin, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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#crashcourse #history #undergroundrailroad

In which John Green teaches you about the (English) colonies in what is now the United States. He covers the first permanent English colony at Jamestown, Virginia, the various theocracies in Massachusetts, the feudal kingdom in Maryland, and even a bit about the spooky lost colony at Roanoke Island. What were the English doing in America, anyway? Lots of stuff. In Virginia, the colonists were largely there to make money. In Maryland, the idea was to create a colony for Catholics who wanted to be serfs of the Lords Baltimore. In Massachusetts, the Pilgrims and Puritans came to America to find a place where they could freely persecute those who didn't share their beliefs. But there was a healthy profit motive in Massachusetts as well. Profits were thin at first, and so were the colonists. Trouble growing food and trouble with the Natives kept the early colonies from success. Before long though, the colonists started cultivating tobacco, which was a win for everyone involved if you ignore the lung cancer angle. So kick back, light up a smoke, and learn how America became profitable. DON'T SMOKE, THOUGH! THAT WAS A JOKE!

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Modern Native Americans have varied perspectives on Thanksgiving and the start of European colonization in America. Chuck Larsen's Plymouth Thanksgiving Story reveals a new native and anthropological take on the famous first Thanksgiving meal: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/the-plymouth-thank

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Jamestown, Virginia: The First Successful English Colony 0:43
The Headright System, Indentured Servants, and Slavery in Jamestown 2:20
Tobacco Plantations in the Virginia Colony 3:10
Class Structure in the Virginia Colony 3:54
The Maryland Colony 4:38
The Massachusetts Bay Colony 5:07
Pilgrims, the Mayflower, and the First Thanksgiving 5:27
Governance in the Massachusetts Bay Colony 7:25
Mystery Document 8:01
"City on a Hill" 9:20
Equality and Representation in the Massachusetts Bay Colony 9:50
Credits 11:53

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Hank describes how cells regulate their contents and communicate with one another via mechanisms within the cell membrane.

"Concert" music used with permission from Chameleon Circuit.
This video uses sounds from Freesound.org

Table of Contents time codes:
1) Passive Transport - 1:17
2) Diffusion - 1:25
3) Osmosis - 2:12
4) Channel Proteins- 4:37
5) Active Transport - 4:58
6) ATP - 5:37
7) Transport Proteins - 6:19
8) Biolography - 6:37
9) Vesicular Transport - 9:02
10) Exocytosis - 9:21
11) Endocytosis - 9:50
12) Phagocytosis - 9:57
13) Pinocytosis - 10:29
14) Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis - 10:48

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Despite all the hardship of being a Black person in Colonial America, some Black people were able to defy the harsh conditions and create art. Today we're learning about a teenager who attained literacy and wrote poems that reached a large slice of the population and helped changed the ways that white Colonists thought about Black people.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

VIDEO SOURCES

Catherine Adams and Elizabeth H. Pleck, Love of Freedom: Black Women in Colonial and Revolutionary New England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
Vincent Carretta, Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011).
Woody Holton, Black Americans in the Revolutionary Era: A Brief History with Documents (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009).
·Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1969).
Jessica M. Parr, Inventing George Whitefield: Race, Revivalism, and the Making of a Religious Icon (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi Press, 2015).
THE BAD-ASS LIBRARIANS OF TIMBUKTU, (2017), https://www.simonandschuster.c....om/books/The-Bad-Ass (last visited Oct 14, 2020).
ORAL EPICS FROM AFRICA :VIBRANT VOICES FROM A VAST CONTINENT /, (c1997), http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.32106014509043.
Claude Sumner, The Light and the Shadow: Zera Yacob and Walda Heywat: Two Ethiopian Philosophers of the Seventeenth Century 172–182 (2005).
On the Death of George Whitefield by Phillis Wheatley Analysis & Poem, , POEM OF QUOTES: READ, WRITE, LEARN , https://www.poemofquotes.com/p....hilliswheatley/on-th (last visited Oct 22, 2020).
Waddill v. Chamberlayne, 1735 Va. LEXIS 3 (Apr. 1, 1735).


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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

VIDEO SOURCES

-Catherine Adams and Elizabeth H. Pleck, Love of Freedom: Black Women in Colonial and Revolutionary New England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
-Vincent Carretta, Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011).
-Woody Holton, Black Americans in the Revolutionary Era: A Brief History with Documents (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009).
·-Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1969).
-Jessica M. Parr, Inventing George Whitefield: Race, Revivalism, and the Making of a Religious Icon (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi Press, 2015).
-THE BAD-ASS LIBRARIANS OF TIMBUKTU, (2017), https://www.simonandschuster.c....om/books/The-Bad-Ass (last visited Oct 14, 2020).
ORAL EPICS FROM AFRICA :VIBRANT VOICES FROM A VAST CONTINENT /, (c1997), http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.32106014509043.
-Claude Sumner, The Light and the Shadow: Zera Yacob and Walda Heywat: Two Ethiopian Philosophers of the Seventeenth Century 172–182 (2005).
-On the Death of George Whitefield by Phillis Wheatley Analysis & Poem, , POEM OF QUOTES: READ, WRITE, LEARN , https://www.poemofquotes.com/p....hilliswheatley/on-th (last visited Oct 22, 2020).
-Waddill v. Chamberlayne, 1735 Va. LEXIS 3 (Apr. 1, 1735).


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#crashcourse #history #philliswheatley

In which John Green teaches you about the Wild, Wild, West, which as it turns out, wasn't as wild as it seemed in the movies. When we think of the western expansion of the United States in the 19th century, we're conditioned to imagine the loner. The self-reliant, unattached cowpoke roaming the prairie in search of wandering calves, or the half-addled prospector who has broken from reality thanks to the solitude of his single-minded quest for gold dust. While there may be a grain of truth to these classic Hollywood stereotypes, it isn't a very big grain of truth. Many of the pioneers who settled the west were family groups. Many were immigrants. Many were major corporations. The big losers in the westward migration were Native Americans, who were killed or moved onto reservations. Not cool, American pioneers.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. America’s Westward expansion was fueled by both Manifest Destiny and a desire to grow the nation and its resources — though at a cost: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/manifest-destiny
As Americans continued to stream West under the name of Manifest Destiny, American Indians saw their lives changed forever as they moved from practicing resistance to lives on reservations: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/from-resistance-to

Chapters:
Introduction: The Wild, Wild West 00:00
The Western Frontier 0:52
Who Settled in the West? 1:43
Railroads Facilitated Westward Expansion 2:20
Forced Removal of Native Americans 3:22
Indigenous Resistance & The Ghost Dance Movement 4:20
The Dawes Act 5:01
Mystery Document 5:50
American Indian Boarding Schools 7:01
Cowboys 8:04
Ranches Became Family-Run Farms 8:52
Irrigation Projects in the Great Plains 9:51
The Legacy of the Westward Expansion Era 10:49
Credits 12:09

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We’re continuing our look at engineering materials with third main type of material that you’ll encounter as an engineer: polymers. They’re made of long, repeating chains of smaller molecules known as monomers and today we’ll explore their strange history of polymers and the things that contributed to how we use them today.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

Check out Hot Mess: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCsaEBhRsI6tmmz12f

***

RESOURCES:
http://www.slate.com/articles/....news_and_politics/ex
https://www.britannica.com/science/polymer
http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/basics.htm
https://www.livescience.com/60682-polymers.html
https://www.britannica.com/science/copolymer
https://www.britannica.com/science/elastomer
https://www.cmu.edu/gelfand/ed....ucation/k12-teachers
http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/xlink.htm
https://www.britannica.com/tec....hnology/vulcanizatio
https://news.nationalgeographi....c.com/news/2010/06/1
https://www.britannica.com/sci....ence/polyvinyl-aceta
https://sciencebob.com/make-your-own-bouncy-ball/
https://www.smithsonianmag.com..../smart-news/once-upo
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Hermann-Staud
https://www.theatlantic.com/te....chnology/archive/201
https://www.britannica.com/sci....ence/polyethylene-te
https://physics.aps.org/articles/v11/29

***

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Now that we’re done with the planets, asteroid belt, and comets, we’re heading to the outskirts of the solar system. Out past Neptune are vast reservoirs of icy bodies that can become comets if they get poked into the inner solar system. The Kuiper Belt is a donut shape aligned with the plane of the solar system; the scattered disk is more eccentric and is the source of short-period comets, and the Oort Cloud which surrounds the solar system out to great distances is the source of long-period comets. These bodies all probably formed closer to the Sun and got flung out to the solar system’s suburbs by gravitational interactions with the outer planets.

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

--

Chapters:
Introduction: Where Do Comets Come From? 00:00
Kuiper Belt, Scattered Disk, and Oort Cloud 2:52
Long-Period Comets come from the Oort Cloud 4:03
Short-Period Comets come from the Scattered Disk 4:27
Pluto, Plutinos, and other Kuiper Belt Objects 4:47
Oort Cloud Objects 8:25
Review 10:38
--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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--

PHOTOS/VIDEOS
HD Long Exposure Star Timelapse https://vimeo.com/34172172 [credit: Jeffrey Beach, Beachfront B-Roll]
Fine Structure in the Comet’s Jets http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2....015/01/16/fine-struc http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P....rotoplanetary_disk#m [credit: ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA]
Artist's impression of a protoplanetary disk. [credit: ESO/L. Calçada - ESO]
Creating Gas Giants http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
What is a Sungrazing Comet? http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
Pluto/Neptune Orbit http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/files..../images/browse/pluto [credit: NASA]
1992 QB1 http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/mu....ltimedia/gallery/199 [credit: ESO]
Eris http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap060918.html [credit: W. M. Keck Observatory]
Moons of Pluto http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K....erberos_(moon)#/medi [credit: NASA, ESA, and M. Showalter (SETI institute)]
New Horizons Approach http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/common..../content/animations/ [credit: JHUAPL]
Moon http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....000000/a003800/a0038 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio]
Pluto http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?Category=Planets&IM_ID=20073 [credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute]
Sedna’s Orbit http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Sedna-PIA05 [credit: NASA]
Artist’s Conception of Kuiper Belt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F....ile:14-281-KuiperBel [credit: NASA, Wikimedia Commons]
Kuiper Belt World (video) http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/video/41 [credit: NASA Kepler Mission/Dana Berry]
Pluto Discovery Plates http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/....cdm/singleitem/colle [credit: Clyde Tombaugh, Lowell Observatory]

In which John Green teaches you about one of the least funny subjects in history: slavery. John investigates when and where slavery originated, how it changed over the centuries, and how Europeans and colonists in the Americas arrived at the idea that people could own other people based on skin color.

Slavery has existed as long as humans have had civilization, but the Atlantic Slave Trade was the height, or depth, of dehumanizing, brutal, chattel slavery. American slavery ended less than 150 years ago. In some parts of the world, it is still going on. So how do we reconcile that with modern life? In a desperate attempt at comic relief, Boba Fett makes an appearance.

Learn more about the Transatlantic Slave Trade in Episode #1 of Crash Course Black American History here: https://youtu.be/S72vvfBTQws

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
The Atlantic Slave Trade 0:30
The History of European Slave Trade 1:12
How Africans Became Enslaved 1:54
Living Conditions of Enslaved People 2:55
An Open Letter to the Word 'Slave' 5:41
What is the Definition of Slavery? 6:45
Other Models of Slavery: Greek, Roman, Judeo-Christian, and Muslim 7:26
Credits 10:35

Resources:
Inhuman Bondage by David Brion Davis: https://bit.ly/3vdSdTX
Up From Slavery by Booker T Washington: https://bit.ly/3JJlxH4

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Today we're going to tell the story of a quiet revolution in the 1960s that shifted our entire understanding of how the Earth works. We currently believe that the Earth's broken outer shell rises from the mantle and folds back in - kind of like a dance of creative destruction and reconstruction - giving us our continents and oceans, mountains and valleys, volcanoes, and earthquakes. And it would take a group of scientists all over the world to get us this grand unifying theory of plate tectonics.

SOURCES
Petersen, et al 2011. Fundamentals of Physical Geography. Cengage
Christopherson, R.W. 2010. Elemental Geosystems. Prentice Hall. 6th edition
Strahler, A. 2011. Introducing Physical Geography. Wiley and Sons. 5th Edition
http://metrocosm.com/earth-19000bc-3000ad.html
https://dinosaurpictures.org/ancient-earth#750
https://earthsky.org/space/ear....th-as-seen-from-spac
https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov..../explorations/lewis_
https://www.nationalgeographic.....org/encyclopedia/ri
ttps://www.ck12.org/earth-science/Oce....an-Ocean-Convergent-
https://www.reference.com/scie....nce/oceanic-oceanic-
http://www.geosci.usyd.edu.au/....users/prey/ACSGT/ERe

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#CrashCourse #Geography #Tectonics

In which John Green teaches you about the Mughal Empire, which ruled large swaths of the Indian Sub-Continent from 1526 to (technically) 1857. While John teaches you about this long-lived Muslim empire, he'll also look at the idea of historical reputation and how we view people from history. Namely, he'll look at the reputations of Mughal emperors Akbar I and Aurangzeb. Traditionally, Akbar I is considered the emperor that made the Mughal Empire great, and Aurangzeb gets the blame for running the whole thing into the ground and setting it up for decline. Is that really how it was, though? It turns out, it's complicated.

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Hank teaches us why water is one of the most fascinating and important substances in the universe.

Review:
Re-watch = 00:00
Introduction = 00:42
Molecular structure & hydrogen bonds = 01:38
Cohesion & surface tension = 02:46
Adhesion = 03:31
Hydrophilic substances = 04:42
Hydrophobic substances = 05:14
Henry Cavendish = 05:49
Ice Density = 07:45
Heat Capacity = 09:10

Citations:
http://www.extension.umn.edu/d....istribution/youthdev
http://www.uni.edu/~iowawet/H2OProperties.html
http://www.hometrainingtools.c....om/properties-water-
http://science.howstuffworks.c....om/environmental/ear
http://www.robinsonlibrary.com..../science/chemistry/b
http://chemistry.mtu.edu/~pcha....rles/SCIHISTORY/Henr
http://www.nndb.com/people/030/000083778/
http://www.notablebiographies.....com/Ca-Ch/Cavendish-

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In which John Green explores F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel of the Jazz Age, The Great Gatsby. John introduces you to Nick Carraway, Jay Gatsby, Daisy and Tom Buchanan, and the other characters in the novel, and tries to look beyond the surface story to figure out what this thing is ABOUT. Set in the 1920s against a conflicted backdrop of prohibition and excess, The Great Gatsby takes a close look at the American Dream as it existed in Fitzgerald's time. It turns out, it had a lot to do with money and status, and it still does today. John will cover the rich symbolism of the novel, from the distant green light to the pale gold of wealth and decay. Also, Paris Hilton drops by.

Turn on the captions. You'll like it.

Consider supporting local bookstores by purchasing your books through our Bookshop affiliate link https://bookshop.org/shop/complexly or at your local bookseller.

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In which John introduces you to quite a lot of Chinese history by discussing the complicated relationship between the Confucian scholars who wrote Chinese history and the emperors (and empress) who made it. Included is a brief introduction to all the dynasties in Chinese history and an introduction to Confucius and the Confucian emphasis on filial piety, the role the mandate of heaven played in organizing China, and how China became the first modern state.

Chapters:
Introduction: China 00:00
Dynasties of China 0:39
The Mandate of Heaven 3:08
The Qin Dynasty 4:59
Confucius and Confucianism 6:32
An Open letter to the Xia Dynasty 8:21
Ren and Li 9:17
The Problem with Early Written Chinese History 9:57
Credits 11:40

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