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I’ve explained a lot of weird bodily functions on this show but there’s one that we haven’t covered that’s always confused me: Tickling. What are you for, tickling? What’s the point of you? Why do you exist? Why do you make us laugh even though we hate you? Let’s dig into our evolutionary past to try and find an answer.

References:

Laughing, tickling, and speech http://untiredwithloving.org/dhahak.pdf
Pathogenic laughter https://n.neurology.org/content/64/12/2154.short
Tickling review http://charris.ucsd.edu/articl....es/Harris_EHB2012.pd
Darwin-Hecker http://charris.ucsd.edu/articles/Harris&Christenfeld_CE1997.pdf
Early thoughts https://www.jstor.org/stable/1....411471?seq=1#page_sc
Neural correlates of laughter https://academic.oup.com/cerco....r/article/23/6/1280/
Neural correlates of laughter https://academic.oup.com/brain..../article/126/10/2121 Experience of pleasure https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6877978
Tickling and laughter https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
Ticklish rats https://science.sciencemag.org..../content/354/6313/75
Social laughter and pain https://royalsocietypublishing.....org/doi/full/10.109


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Educational video for children that talks about the sixth of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), clean water and sanitation. Water is a very important resource that all living beings depend on. Water sanitation refers to the set of technical and social actions that make safe and accessible water available to everyone in the world. According to data from the United Nations, one out of every three people in the world does not have access to drinking water, and two out of every five do not have a basic facility to wash their hands. Millions of people do not even have access to a toilet. All this makes hygiene conditions in many places quite limited. For these and other reasons, the UN has made clean water and sanitation one of its Sustainable Development Goals. The United Nations aims to achieve universal access to safe drinking water within the next few years. To achieve this, it is essential to reduce pollution and to make water sources more available in every inhabited place on the planet.

This video is a very useful and interesting resource for children. It is perfect for teaching what the Sustainable Development Goals are. It is an excellent video for primary education.

Thanks for visiting us! If you want your children to smile and learn, subscribe! :D

If you like our videos, download Smile and Learn now. You’ll discover thousands of activities for children aged 3 to 12 years, all designed by educators. We have hundreds of games, interactive stories and videos in five languages: English, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Turkish and French. Try a month for free and start the adventure!

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Check out the FULL video from Smarter Every Day of jellyfish stinging in microscopic slow-motion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7WJCnC5ebf4

Jellyfish are mesmerizing and beautiful and I have no idea how they work. So I went behind the scenes at the Monterey Bay Aquarium with my new friend Tommy to learn all about them. I saw some things…

Why are we in Monterey? PBS and BBC are teaming up to bring you an incredible LIVE nature broadcast direct from Monterey Bay, California called BIG BLUE LIVE. In late summer, thousands and thousands of ocean animals come together here, in one of the richest ecosystems on Earth. We'll be bringing you a week of videos direct from Monterey Bay all about this incredible place and the biology it holds
Big Blue Live airs nightly on PBS 8/31-9/2 at 8 PM ET
Big Blue Live airs on BBC One 8/23 (7PM), 8/27 (8 PM), 8/30 (7 PM)

More info here:
pbs.org/bigbluelive
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Follow Joe during Big Blue Live!
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(Whale illustrations by Nobu Tamura/CC-BY-3.0)

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

In this video, I'm going to explain how to get straight A's in school regardless if you're in high school or in college. It comes down to being disciplined and having good study habits.

Significant Figures - A Fast Review: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2yuDvwYq5g

Scientific Notation - A Fast Review:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtB0vJMGve4

Percent Uncertainty:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b881nOem4vg

Unit Conversion Mega Review:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eK8gXP3pImU

Temperature Conversions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7sRfdAq4M8

__________________________________
Greek Alphabet Symbol List:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AWZZP3J5Nw

Top 50 Mathematical Symbols:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkhiZCtegXE

How To Calculate Your GPA:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYHsThZWydY

Student Loan Calculation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KRBqpnR0xs

How To Save Money & Time In College:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNO02qfMSwI

____________________________________
How To Get Straight A's In School:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTqiryumeoA

Studying Tips - Next College Semester:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWnvUSWvARU

Feynman Technique For Studying:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmhfOjuAaew

SAT Math Part 1:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTGuTEQCsZY

ACT Math Test Prep:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsA7rZ8kczM

GRE Math Test Prep:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6lbrzaCbdk

_______________________________________
Final Exams and Video Playlists:
https://www.video-tutor.net/

Full-Length Videos and Worksheets:
https://www.patreon.com/MathSc....ienceTutor/collectio

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
I’m thankful for science. And also pie. SUBSCRIBE! http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Want to wear your love for science? We’ve got merch: http://dftba.com/besmart

References/Learn More:

How turkeys got so big: https://www.wired.com/2008/11/turkeytech/

Benjamin Franklin’s 1784 letter to Sarah Bache about turkeys: http://franklinpapers.org/franklin/framedVolumes.jsp?vol=41&page=281

Ames, Mercedes, and David M. Spooner. "DNA from herbarium specimens settles a controversy about origins of the European potato." American Journal of Botany 95.2 (2008): 252-257.

Doebley, John. "The genetics of maize evolution." Annu. Rev. Genet. 38 (2004): 37-59.

Grun, Paul. "The evolution of cultivated potatoes." Economic Botany 44.3 (1990): 39-55.

McWilliams, James. The Pecan: A history of America's native nut. University of Texas Press, 2013.

Nee, Michael. "The domestication of cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae)." Economic Botany 44.3 (1990): 56-68.

Polashock, James, et al. "The American cranberry: first insights into the whole genome of a species adapted to bog habitat." BMC plant biology 14.1 (2014): 1

Speller, Camilla F., et al. "Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.7 (2010): 2807-2812.

----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter: @okaytobesmart @DrJoeHanson
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson


Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from SciencePhoto http://www.sciencephoto.com/ and Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

YouTube 👉 වලින් සල්ලි http://MasterAcademy.lk සෝෂල් මීඩියා වලින් ඔබත් සාර්ථක වෙන්න දියුනුවෙන්න, සහ තවත් බොහෝ දේ ඉගෙන ගන්න.. දැන්ම Master Academy එකට එකතු වෙන්න. මුලින්ම එකතු වෙන අයට විතරයි.
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In this video you will learn how to identify fractions on a number line. Grade 3. Lesson 8.5.
Watch also INTRODUCTION TO FRACTIONS https://youtu.be/CG-yfc8Mv5I
#fractions #numberline #addsubtractfractions #numerator #denominator

How can you turn #decimals into #fractions? Let me show you how.

Follow me on:
INSTAGRAM: https://www.instagram.com/lyqamaravilla
FACEBOOK: https://www.facebook.com/AteLyqaMaravilla
TWITTER: https://www.twitter.com/lyqamaravilla

You can click here to see the other videos I made:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GU5TL5pNww0&list=PLdtpIaZj6fcLO2Qb7vEFiGW9yu5hhbhre

You can go to my website for free lessons and worksheets:
http://teamlyqa.com/

Join Team Lyqa by liking this page:
https://www.facebook.com/teamlyqa

Happy learning!

This statistics video tutorial provides practice problems on hypothesis testing. It explains how to tell if you should accept or reject the null hypothesis. It gives two examples - one involving the z-test and the other involving the t-test or t-statistic. One of those examples include a one tailed test and the other contains an example of the two tailed test.

Confidence Intervals & Margin of Error:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DT-fPG0Hff8

Find The Z-Score Given Confidence Interval:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJyZ9vRhP7o

Student's T-Distribution:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUD390jtgQs

Hypothesis Testing - Null & Alternative:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiYJWyfdGg4

Type I and Type II Errors:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yQm9F2_yIk

One Tailed and Two Tailed Tests:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHPIEp-3yC0

_______________________________________
Test Static For Means & Pop Proportions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hag0GW9B6EY

Hypothesis Testing Problems:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ8e_wAWUzE

P-Value Method - Hypothesis Testing:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Aw45HN5lnA

Hypothesis Testing - Proportions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76VruarGn2Q

Difference of 2 Means - H Testing:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcZwyzwWU7o

Cohen's D - Pooled Standard Deviation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDe4M0xEghs

Hypothesis Testing - 2 Proportions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCbNUnZ98oE

__________________________________
Matched or Paired Samples t-Test:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiQR0lHLe74

Chi Square Test:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKDqlYSLt68

Chi Square Distribution Test:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6a76Dnn104

Test of Independence - Chi Square Dist:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5nxiL6civU

Final Exams and Video Playlists:
https://www.video-tutor.net/

Full-Length Videos and Worksheets:
https://www.patreon.com/MathSc....ienceTutor/collectio

Anthropic just released a strict, proctored AI credential. No Claude, no notes, just your knowledge. Learn the 14-day sprint strategy to pass the exam and prove your architectural competence to employers. #Anthropic #AICertification #SoftwareEngineering #TechCareers #MachineLearning #AIJobs

#CodingTips #AIExam

#Shorts

This calculus video tutorial explains the concept of implicit differentiation and how to use it to differentiate trig functions using the product rule, quotient rule - fractions, and chain rule.

Derivatives - Fast Review: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yfh5cf4-0w&t=1s

Derivatives - The Product Rule - f*g:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17X5g9QArTc

Derivatives - The Quotient Rule:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jVDEcQ0wXk

Derivatives - The Chain Rule:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaHsqDjWMLU

Derivatives - Composite Functions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNXjMTv4vHs

__________________________________
Implicit Differentiation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbviQHhU1rA

Derivatives of Inverse Trig Functions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbYW9FDm-Zk

Derivatives of Exponential Functions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yg_497u6JnA

Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dp9sgIvaKPk

Logarithmic Differentiation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9z1Dz60mWcQ

___________________________________
Derivatives - Using Logarithms:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnB59SrT0PY

Derivatives of Inverse Functions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hw6ltuCEtuU

Derivatives - Differentiation Rules:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvLpN1G1Ncg

Derivatives - Function Notations:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BK_mmYckmI

Derivatives - The Reciprocal Rule:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dsqD5zg9hLY

_________________________________
Final Exams and Video Playlists:
https://www.video-tutor.net/

Full-Length Videos and Worksheets:
https://www.patreon.com/MathSc....ienceTutor/collectio

This electronics video tutorial provides a basic introduction into NPN and PNP transistors which are known as BJTs or Bipolar Junction Transistors. This video discusses the 3 operating regions of a transistor - the cutoff, active, and saturation region. It also explains how the transistors act as switches and how to determine the current and voltages in a transistor base bias circuit.

Transistors - NPN & PNP: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcxDiesy-nI

BJT Transistors - Electronic Switches:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJJuxQk5fTY

Night Activated LDR Sensor Circuit:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5jm9_nikd8

Finding The DC Load Line & Q-Point:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKIEyN_y3d4

Voltage Divider Bias Circuit:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jPSIQDyKm90

Collector Feedback Bias Circuit:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzanqOFnCx4

__________________________________
Emitter Feedback Bias Circuit:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1zKogDwXyk

Common Emitter Amplifier:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUXG9eZfSlw

Common Collector & Base Amplifier:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SmsTQ7MVqRw

Darlington Pair & Beta Current Gain:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1YECnWPGbQ

Class A, AB, B, & C Amplifier Circuits:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0e_OUyGCaBs

Voltage Gain of Transistor Amplifier:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MyVscG-Pew

_________________________________
Multistage Transistor Amplifier Circuit:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJrL9N9uhkE

Transistor Audio Mixer Circuit:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKaDxZrjaGA

Operational Amplifiers:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idJEMYhrIfs

Summing Amplifiers:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4FQyOwjhLA

LM386 Audio Amplifier:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvTCROpv_jw

LC Oscillator Tank Circuit:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nh4q7mIhLrY

_______________________________
Final Exams and Video Playlists:
https://www.video-tutor.net/

Full-Length Videos and Worksheets:
https://www.patreon.com/MathSc....ienceTutor/collectio

_______________________________
NPN Transistors: https://amzn.to/3i90bY3

Disclaimer: Some of the links associated with this video may generate affiliate commissions on my behalf. As an amazon associate, I earn from qualifying purchases that you may make through such affiliate links.

This physics video tutorial explains how to solve series and parallel capacitor circuit problems such as calculating the electric charge, voltage, and potential energy stored across each capacitor in the DC circuit network. This video contains a few examples and practice problems with the equations / formulas and calculations needed to answer questions related to this topic.

Capacitors - Basic Introduction:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BimpNou0orc

How To Solve DC Circuits:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFlJy0cPbsY

KCL and KVL Circuit Analysis:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Zu3ppq3n8I

Equivalent Capacitance:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPhSmZ6w9WY

__________________________
More Example Problems:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-gPuw6JsxQ

Electron Flow In Capacitors:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQZknlJjaj4

RC Circuit Physics Problems:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLQrPqYlPmI

Voltmeters and Ammeters:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLPSHwDUYrY

Wheatstone Bridge Circuit:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFvVtB10B1I

______________________________
Basic Electronics For Beginners:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXr4lXYjXuU

Magnetic Force on a Wire:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nv28Cp-ILJ0

Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MBawzone30

The Homopolar Motor:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Oj4qvCR6ow

Physics PDF Worksheets:
https://www.video-tutor.net/ph....ysics-basic-introduc

Hank and his brother John discuss heredity via the gross example of relative ear wax moistness.

This video uses sounds from Freesound.org.

References:
http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de..../en/research/project
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/her_ari.html
http://www.universityofcalifor....nia.edu/news/article
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01..../29/science/29cnd-ea
http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/mythearwax.html

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

In which John introduces you to quite a lot of Chinese history by discussing the complicated relationship between the Confucian scholars who wrote Chinese history and the emperors (and empress) who made it. Included is a brief introduction to all the dynasties in Chinese history and an introduction to Confucius and the Confucian emphasis on filial piety, the role the mandate of heaven played in organizing China, and how China became the first modern state.

Chapters:
Introduction: China 00:00
Dynasties of China 0:39
The Mandate of Heaven 3:08
The Qin Dynasty 4:59
Confucius and Confucianism 6:32
An Open letter to the Xia Dynasty 8:21
Ren and Li 9:17
The Problem with Early Written Chinese History 9:57
Credits 11:40

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

In which John teaches you about the Seven Years' War, which may have lasted nine years. Or as many as 23. It was a very confusing war. The Seven Years War was a global war, fought on five continents, which is kind of a lot. John focuses on the war as it happened in the Americas, Asia, and Africa. the "great" European powers were the primary combatants, but they fought just about everywhere. Of course, this being a history course, the outcomes of this war still resonate in our lives today. The Seven Years' war determined the direction of the British Empire and led pretty directly to the subject of Episode 28, the American Revolution.

Chapters:
Introduction: War 00:00
The Seven Years War: When, Where, and Why 1:43
The British vs. the French 2:52
Native American Participation in The Seven Years War 4:04
Fighting in the Caribbean, West Africa, and India 6:16
An Open Letter to Robert Clive 8:30
The Outcome of the Seven Years War 9:47
Credits 11:29

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
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Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

The end of the Napoleonic Wars left the great powers of Europe shaken. Judging from the destruction that had been wrought across the continent, it seemed to the powers that be that the Enlightenment had liberated the people, and led to disaster. So, everybody got together in Vienna to have a Congress, and to try to put Europe "right" again. By "right" I mean they wanted to go back to the old days of kings, queens, and nobles running the show. But this new yearning for the past pervaded the continent. Roomanticism arose at the same time, looking back at (imagined) golden age of Medieval Times. Today we'll talk about the Congress of Vienna, The Holy Alliance, and the Romantic movement across the arts.

Sources

-Blanning, Tim. The Romantic Revolution: A History. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2011.
-Hunt, Lynn. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford St Martin’s, 2019.
-Vick, Brian E. Congress of Vienna: Power and Politics after Napoleon. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Indika Siriwardena, Avi Yashchin, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haixiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, David Noe, Shawn Arnold, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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#Crashcourse #history #europeanhistory

In which John Green teaches you about the Progressive Presidents, who are not a super-group of former presidents who create complicated, symphonic, rock soundscapes that transport you into a fantasy fugue state. Although that would be awesome. The presidents most associated with the Progressive Era are Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. During the times these guys held office, trusts were busted, national parks were founded, social programs were enacted, and tariffs were lowered. It wasn't all positive though, as their collective tenure also saw Latin America invaded A LOT, a split in the Republican party that resulted in a Bull Moose, all kinds of other international intervention, and the end of the Progressive Era saw the United States involved in World War. If all this isn't enough to entice, I will point out that two people get shot in this video. Violence sells, they say.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The era of progressive presidents began with Teddy Roosevelt, who felt that conservation was a national duty: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/conservation-as-a-
Teddy Roosevelt is remembered for fighting hard for his causes, as exemplified in his famous “Man in the Arena” Speech: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/the-man-in-the-are

Chapters:
Introduction: Progressive Presidents 00:00
Nationalization 0:47
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt 1:42
Square Deal 2:16
National Parks 3:12
William Howard Taft 3:33
The 16th and 18th Amendments 4:00
The Election of 1912 4:31
New Freedom vs New Nationalism 5:26
The Bull Moose Party 5:56
Woodrow Wilson's Election 6:40
Mystery Document 6:52
Woodrow Wilson's Policies 8:06
Progressivism & International Affairs 9:14
The Panama Canal 10:21
The Roosevelt Corollary 10:53
Taft's Dollar Diplomacy 11:38
Wilson's Foreign Policy 12:03
Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson's Legacies 13:37
Credits 14:34

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You may have noticed that the internet is terrible at religious discourse. Well, this is not a new phenomenon. In the early 16th century, the Roman Catholic church dominated Christianity in Europe, and the institution was starting to show some cracks. Tensions mounted and protests grew, and eventually, the Protestant Reformation happened. Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, but the Reformation doesn't exactly begin with Luther, and it certainly doesn't end with him. Today, we're looking at how and why the Catholic church in Europe split, first into two sects, and eventually into a LOT of sects.

#crashcourse #europeanhistory #history

Sources:
Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 6th ed. (Boston: Bedford St Martins, 2019 ch. 14.
Kelley, Donald R. Beginning of Ideology: Consciousness and Society in the French Reformation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981) ch. 1.
Smith, Bonnie G. Women in World History since 1450 (London: Bloomsbury, 2019) ch. 3.

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The successor to the KGB, the FSB is Russia's latest internal security installment, reorganised to continue protecting its civilians and to stomp out any perceived dissent.

Made up mainly of the Border Guard Service, it specialises in military and foreign counterintelligence, counterterrorism, economic state security, and internet monitoring. But how do they operate, why do members call themselves by their early predecessor name the 'chekists', and why are they still significant today?

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)

Narrator:

Jared Sager



“Beslan school siege: Russia 'failed' in 2004 massacre” April 13, 2017. BBC News.
Bruetsch, Nickolas. "The FSB: Sword and Shield of the Federation." August 30, 2021. TheSecurityDistillery
Corera, Gordon. Russians Among Us: Sleeper Cells, Ghost Stories, and the Hunt for Putin’s Spies. New York, New York, 2020.
Dear, I.C.B. and M.R.D Foot, editors. The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Okhranka,” Encyclopedia Britannica.
“Federal Security Service” GlobalSecurity.
Leigh, Numbers. Defecting from the FSB. Kindle Edition. July 16, 2021.
Pringle, Robert. “KGB” Britannica.
The Russian Government. “Federal Security Service.”
Sinai, Joshua. “The Terrorist Threats Against Russia and its Counterterrorism Response Measures.” Connections Vol. 14, No. 4 (Fall 2015), pp. 95-102.
Sinelschikova, Yekaterina. 'Dog-headed people': What was Ivan the Terrible's ‘Oprichnina Force. August 4, 2017. RussiaBeyond.