In which Craig Benzine teaches you about delegation and informal powers. What are all these federal agencies about? Well, the President has a lot of stuff to do as the chief executive, and as much as Americans like to talk about personal responsibility, the President can't really do all this stuff alone. Because it's a huge job! Same deal with Congress. So, they delegate authority. This is where all the government agencies and stuff come from. Congress creates them to actually get around to enforcing laws. You'll learn about stuff like OSHA, the FDA, and maybe even the FCC. Although you hear an occasional complaint about bureaucracies and such, the business of government wouldn't get done without agencies and delegation.

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This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

Chapters:
Introduction: Delegation 00:00
What is delegation? 0:39
How Congress limits an agency's discretion 1:37
Why Congress delegates power 2:45
Congressionally delegated powers: key takeaways 4:37
Credits 5:44

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In which Craig Benzine tells you how we keep bureaucracy in check. So we've spent the last few episodes telling you all about what bureaucracies are and why they are formed. And throughout we've hinted about this ever-expanding power within the executive branch. So today, we're going to finish our discussion of bureaucracy by looking at methods the other branches of government use to manage this power. From watch-dog organizations to reporting requirements there has been quite a bit of legislation passed aimed at taming the bureaucracy.

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Waves are cool. The more we learn about waves, the more we learn about a lot of things in physics. Everything from earthquakes to music! Ropes can tell us a lot about how traveling waves work so, in this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini uses ropes to talk about how waves carry energy and how different kinds of waves transmit energy differently.

--

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This week we’re exploring aerospace engineering and its two main fields: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. We’ll explore life & buoyancy, propulsion systems, and the challenges of managing the human body in space.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

PBS Space Time: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UC7_gcs09iThXybpVg

***

RESOURCES:
https://www.history.com/topics/space-race
https://www.spacex.com/mars
https://www.princeton.edu/~asm....its/Bicycle_web/Bern
https://www.livescience.com/47....702-aerospace-engine
https://www.bls.gov/ooh/archit....ecture-and-engineeri
https://www.real-world-physics....-problems.com/hot-ai
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k....-12/airplane/bgp.htm
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://www.nasa.gov/audience/....forstudents/5-8/feat
https://www.nasa.gov/hrp/bodyinspace
https://www.space.com/25452-ze....ro-gravity-affects-a
https://www.space.com/21353-sp....ace-radiation-mars-m
http://www.planetary.org/blogs..../guest-blogs/2018/04
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/g....oddard/the-fact-and-
https://www.space.com/16907-wh....at-is-the-temperatur
https://www.wired.com/2010/11/....1110mars-climate-obs
http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/sp....ace/9909/30/mars.met
https://www.nasa.gov/audience/....forstudents/k-4/stor
http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/8965.aspx
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/t....he-next-generation-o
http://curious.astro.cornell.e....du/about-us/150-peop
https://engineering.purdue.edu..../~propulsi/propulsio
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k....-12/airplane/inlet.h


***

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You're already learning on YouTube — why not get college credit for it? https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

Now that we're to the point of actually applying for college, things can get a little overwhelming. But, not to worry, Erica has some helpful ways to manage everything you need to keep track of, fill out, and even ways to save some money in fees.

***
Now you can take top-tier college courses with Study Hall! Study Hall videos are available to watch at no cost, and first-year courses are $25 to sign-up and begin coursework. Once you're satisfied with your grade, receive credit for only $400. Sign up at https://link.gostudyhall.com/my1

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_______________________________________________
Chapters:
0:00 - Introduction
0:49 - List of schools
3:30 - Documents to assemble
4:12 - Writing samples
7:11 - Conclusion
_______________________________________________

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#CrashCourse #HowtoCollege #StudyHall
***
Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Erin Switzer, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer, Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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Today we’ll cover the fourth and final of our core disciplines of engineering: chemical engineering. We’ll talk about its history and evolution going from soda ash competitions to oil refineries and renewable energies. We’ll also discuss some newer and emerging fields like biotechnology and pharmaceuticals.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

***

RESOURCES:
http://www.chemistryexplained.....com/Kr-Ma/Leblanc-Ni
https://www.keionline.org/book/prizes-lots-of-them
https://www.sciencehistory.org..../historical-profile/
http://www.world-petroleum.org..../edu/223-how-is-crud
https://www.thoughtco.com/hist....ory-of-gasoline-1991
https://www.britannica.com/tec....hnology/cracking-che
https://www.britannica.com/tec....hnology/petroleum-re
https://www.britannica.com/tec....hnology/chemical-eng
https://www.allaboutcareers.co....m/careers/career-pat
https://www.myklassroom.com/En....gineering-branches/2
https://www.impossiblefoods.com/burger/
https://www.eia.gov/energyexpl....ained/?page=biomass_
“Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering” by David Mautner Himmelblau, James B. Riggs

***

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Mark Brouwer, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft
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This week Craig is going to continue our discussion of due process. Technically, we started last week with the 4th amendment and search and seizure, but this week we’re going to look at the 5th and 6th amendments and how they ensure a fair trial. We’ll talk about some stuff you tend to hear a lot on tv, like your right to an attorney and a jury of your peers and also terms like “double jeopardy” and “pleading the fifth”. Now, this stuff can get pretty complicated, which is where lawyers come in handy, but it’s important to know your liberties to keep the police and other judicial officers in check.

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In this, THE FIRST EPISODE of Crash Course Physics, your host Dr. Shini Somara introduces us to the ideas of motion in a straight line. She talks about displacement, acceleration, time, velocity, and the definition of acceleration. Also, how does a physicist discuss speed as opposed to a police officer? And did you deserve that ticket? You can figure it all out with the help of Physics!

--

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Moving on to our unit on the Physics of Electricity, it's time to talk about charge. What is charge? Is there a positive and negative charge? What do those things mean? In this episode, Shini talks about electrostatic forces, electrical charge, Coulomb's law, and the force between charged particles.

--

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CALCULUS! Today we take our first steps into the language of Physics; mathematics. Every branch of science has its own way to describe the things that it investigates. And, with Physics, that's math. In this episode, Shini talks us through derivatives and how calculus helps us to understand the world around us.

--
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Hank describes why plants are so freaking amazing - discussing their evolution, and how their cells are both similar to & different from animal cells.

Watching this after 2023? Here's an updated video about plant cells from Crash Course Botany: https://youtu.be/y9BLCfcUcFg

Table of Contents annotations:
1. Introduction 0:00
2. Plant Evolution 0:56
3. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells 2:33
4. Cellulose and Lignin 3:58
5. Plastids and Chloroplasts 7:05
6. Central Vacuole 8:10

This video uses sounds from Freesound.org

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One way of thinking about family life says that there are stages that families move through: courtship, marriage, child-rearing, and family life in your later years. We’ll also discuss changing patterns of marriage and childbearing in the US, highlighting some of the varied family types that exist.

Crash Course is made with Adobe Creative Cloud. Get a free trial here: https://www.adobe.com/creative....cloud/catalog/deskto

***

References:
Sociology by John J. Macionis, 15th edition (2014)

Trends in the Share of Never-Married Americans and a Look Forward, Pew Reseach Center http://www.pewsocialtrends.org..../2014/09/24/chapter-

Infidelity in heterosexual couples: demographic, interpersonal, and personality-related predictors of extradyadic sex. by Mark, Janssen, and Milhausen (2011) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21667234

The Divorce Surge Is Over, but the Myth Lives On https://www.nytimes.com/2014/1....2/02/upshot/the-divo

Sawhill (2014), analysis of Current Population Survey data https://www.brookings.edu/blog..../social-mobility-mem

Centers for Disease Control Morbidity and Mortaility Reports https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/previ....ew/mmwrhtml/mm4847a1

Family Size Among Mothers, Pew Research Center http://www.pewsocialtrends.org..../2015/05/07/family-s

FastStats: Births and Natality, Centers for Disease Control https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/births.htm

The Cost of Raising a Child, US Department of Agriculture https://www.usda.gov/media/blo....g/2017/01/13/cost-ra

America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2012, US Census https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p20-570.pdf

Annie E. Casey Foundation, Kids Count Data Center analysis of American Community Survey data (2015) http://datacenter.kidscount.or....g/data/tables/107-ch

Recent Declines in Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States, Centers for Disease Control https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db162.htm

Mean Age of Mothers on the Rise, Centers for Disease Control https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/produ....cts/databriefs/db232


***

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Mark Brouwer, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, Robert Kunz, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Daniel Baulig, Eric Koslow Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Jessica Wode, Cami Wilson, Eric Prestemon, Evren Türkmenoğlu, Alexander Tamas, Justin Zingsheim, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Tom Trval, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Kathrin Janßen, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft, Jason A Saslow, Steve Marshall
--

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Why are some countries rich? Why are some countries poor? In the end it comes down to Productivity. This week on Crash Course Econ, Adriene and Jacob investigate just why some economies are more productive than others, and what happens when an economy is mor productive. We'll look at how things like per capita GDP translate to the lifestyle of normal people. And, there's a mystery.

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In which Adriene Hill and Jacob Clifford teach you about specialization and trade, and how countries decide whether they're going to make stuff or trade for stuff. You'll learn about things like comparative advantage, the production possibilities frontier and how to make pizza!

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TO: Sarah M.
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TO: Everyone
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"The earth is but one country, and mankind its citizens."

Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:

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We’re picking up where we left off last time, exploring the “ethics of care” and how it applies to extreme poverty. Are we responding to global poverty in a moral way? Philosophers like Peter Singer argue that we have an obligation to prevent harm caused by poverty, whereas Garrett Hardin offers a “lifeboat analogy” to explain our obligations to focus on caring for our own.
--

https://www.oxfam.org
http://www.thelifeyoucansave.org
https://www.againstmalaria.com
http://www.givewell.org/intern....ational/top-charitie

--

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Cycles are a big deal in engineering. Today we’ll explain what they are and how they’re used in heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps. We’ll also discuss phase diagrams and the power of using renewable energy resources

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO

***

RESOURCES:
Çengel, Yunus A., and Michael A. Boles. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. 8th ed., McGraw-Hill Education.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.g....su.edu/hbase/thermo/
https://www.livescience.com/57....797-refrigerator-his
https://www.windows2universe.o....rg/earth/climate/cyc
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cycle
http://www.historyofrefrigerat....ion.com/refrigeratio
https://www.asme.org/engineeri....ng-topics/articles/m
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/....genchem/topicreview/
https://practicalaction.org/zeer-pot-fridge
https://gizmodo.com/5935104/ho....w-to-make-an-electri
https://www.nwwindandsolar.com..../solar-power-in-seat
https://www.scientificamerican.....com/article/how-doe
http://www.qrg.northwestern.ed....u/thermo/design-libr
http://professorglobal.cbpf.br..../MathMatters/AirCond

***

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Mark Brouwer, Erika & Alexa Saur Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters
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In the penultimate episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank explains your adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system's humoral response guards extracellular terrain against pathogens. Hank also explains B cells, antibodies, and how vaccines work.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!

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Chapters:
Introduction: Adaptive Immune Responses 00:00
How B Cells Identify Antigens 2:14
B Cells Become Effector Cells & Memory Cells 4:05
How Antibodies Fight Antigens 5:22
Active and Passive Humoral Immunity 6:03
How Vaccines Work 6:27
Review 8:30

***

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As we continue explore free will, today Hank considers a middle ground between hard determinism and libertarian free will: compatibilism. This view seeks to find ways that our internally motivated actions can be understood as free in a deterministic world. We’ll also cover Frankfurt Cases and Patricia Churchland’s rejection of the free-or-not-free dichotomy and her focus on the amount of control we have over our actions.

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Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
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Join Phil for a tour of our capital-M Moon, from surface features, inside to the core, and back in time to theories about its formation.

This episode is brought to you by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

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Chapters:
Introduction: The Moon 00:00
How Big is the Moon? 0:54
Internal Structure of the Moon 1:56
The Moon's Surface: Highlands and Maria 2:15
How the Moon Formed: The Giant Impact Hypothesis 3:42
The Moon's Craters 6:32
Water on the Moon? H2O Yeah! 8:06
Review 9:06

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PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

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PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Moon Phase 47.7% http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=3 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio]
The Blue Marble http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=57723 [credit: Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Image by Reto Stöckli]
Dramatic Moonset http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1023a/ [credit: G.Gillet/European Southern Observatory]
Structure of the Moon: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M....oon#mediaviewer/File [credit: Kelvin Song via WikiMedia Commons]
Crater Science Investigations: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center]
Lunar crater Daealus http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Lunar_crate [credit: NASA]
Mare Humorum http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Mare_Humoru [credit: NASA]
Luna 3: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/img....cat/html/object_page [credit: NASA]
Farside!: http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/298 [credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University]
Theia Earth Collision: http://io9.com/the-incredibly-....violent-history-of-e [credit: Ron Miller, used with permission]
Earth Seen From Early Moon: http://io9.com/the-incredibly-....violent-history-of-e [credit: Ron Miller, used with permission]
Moon Struck: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
Tycho: http://www.nasa.gov/images/con....tent/417417main_tych [credit: NASA/Goddard/Arizona State University]
Double crater on the moon: http://www.esa.int/spaceinimag....es/Images/2006/09/Do [credit: ESA/SPACE-X (Space Exploration Institute)]
Stream of Craters: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pa....ges/LRO/multimedia/l [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Arizona State University]
Full Moon: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M....oon#mediaviewer/File [credit: Gregory H. Revera]
Rille on the valley floor, photographic mosaic from Apollo 15: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S....chroter%27s_Valley#m [credit: NASA]
New Views of Lunar Pits: http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/230 [credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University]
Crater Erlanger: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pa....ges/Mini-RF/multimed [credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University]

Today we're going to talk about SPAAAAAACE, but not like stars and satellites and stuff. Instead, we're going to talk about geographic space. In geography, we can look at the world and the places and spaces we inhabit with four distinct lenses: space as a container, topologically, socially, and how we perceive it. On this journey, we'll make stops in Antarctica, Haiti, and China as we introduce the tools you'll need from surveying and remote sensing to community-created maps to help us better understand and navigate our world.

If you want to help create maps for your community visit:
https://www.openstreetmap.org
https://tasks.hotosm.org

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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Mark, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Isaac Liu, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Jirat, Brian Thomas Gossett, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Jessica Wode, Caleb Weeks
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