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Are humans nature’s greatest architects? When we look elsewhere in nature, we find some pretty amazing animal architects. Species like ants, termites, prairie dogs, birds, and more have engineered some incredible structures. This week we look at how a few of these species have mastered physics to install air conditioning in their homes!

Special thanks to Dianna Cowern AKA Physics Girl for helping us get the physics right in this video! https://www.youtube.com/user/physicswoman

-----------
REFERENCES:

Gould, James L., and Carol Grant Gould. Animal architects: building and the evolution of intelligence. Basic Books (AZ), 2007.

Hansell, M. (2007). Built by animals: the natural history of animal architecture. OUP Oxford.

Cosarinsky, M. I., & Roces, F. (2012). The construction of turrets for nest ventilation in the grass-cutting ant Atta vollenweideri: import and assembly of building materials. Journal of Insect Behavior, 25(3), 222-241.

Kleineidam, C., Ernst, R., & Roces, F. (2001). Wind-induced ventilation of the giant nests of the leaf-cutting ant Atta vollenweideri. Naturwissenschaften, 88(7), 301-305.

King, H., Ocko, S., & Mahadevan, L. (2015). Termite mounds harness diurnal temperature oscillations for ventilation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(37), 11589-11593.

Vogel, S., Ellington, C. P., & Kilgore, D. L. (1973). Wind-induced ventilation of the burrow of the prairie-dog, Cynomys ludovicianus. Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 85(1), 1-14.

Bahadori, M. M. (1978). Passive cooling systems in Iranian architecture. Sci. Am.;(United States), 238(2).

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For centuries, diamonds were one of the most mysterious materials on Earth. They were beautiful, indestructible, and completely unexplained. Today, we’re exploring how scientists unlocked their secrets, and how one lab recreates the extreme conditions in Earth's mantle to make diamonds… out of dead people.

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If you tried to sum up the last 150 years or so in one image, a chart of exponential growth would be a good place to start. It shows that some things change faster over time. You could apply it to life expectancy. Or compound interest. Or any number of things. But especially population growth. Back in 1798, a guy named Thomas Malthus noticed that not everything grows this way. And this caused people to worry because they were sure it would lead to massive death and starvation and famine. But that didn’t happen, thanks to something called the Green Revolution and a guy named Norman Borlaug. As we face a future population of ten billion and a world impacted by climate change, how will we do a Green Revolution 2.0? #GatesPartner

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....cansciencefeed10bill

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Money. We all use it. But is it real? I mean, you can touch a coin or bill, but who decided that’s worth anything? And what about all those 1’s and 0’s getting swapped and traded by computers thousands of times per second? How are those worth anything? We trace the history of money, from physical barter to bitcoin, and discover that money isn’t just a lie we all agree to share, it’s been built on the back of technology and invention for millennia.

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How do zebras get their stripes? How do leopards get their spots? And how do giraffes get their giraffe-shaped thingies, whatever they are called? Would you believe the answer is… math? This is the story of a WWII wartime codebreaker and his quest to decode nature’s most beautiful patterns. Alan Turing uncovered a simple code that explains everything from stripes to spots and all the patterns in between… he was just too far ahead of his time. Only recently have biologists found evidence that his pattern-forming system

Alan Turing’s notes used by permission of King’s College, Cambridge (The Turing Papers collection)

Visit Dr. Natasha Ellison’s Turing Pattern Project to learn more: https://turing-pattern-project.group.shef.ac.uk/

Turing pattern simulations created using Jason Webb’s Reaction-Diffusion Playground: https://jasonwebb.github.io/re....action-diffusion-pla

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Check out this PBS Space Time playlist all about general and special relativity: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLsPUh22kYmN

Physics Girl explains gravitational waves: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrduBZ319XI

LIGO’s gravitational waves converted into sound (from the end of video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWqhUANNFXw
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Check out Planet Earth II! https://youtu.be/c8aFcHFu8QM
On BBC One in the UK this Sunday and coming to BBC America on 28th January 2017
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Planet Earth II is a BBC Studios Natural History Unit Production, co-produced with BBC America, ZDF, Tencent and France Télévision

Books from this episode:
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-References/Learn More-

Robert Fulton’s illustrated “Book of Pigeons” - 1876 https://archive.org/details/illustratedbooko00robe

Scarf, Damian, Harlene Hayne, and Michael Colombo. "Pigeons on par with primates in numerical competence." Science 334.6063 (2011): 1664-1664.

Scarf, Damian, et al. "Orthographic processing in pigeons (Columba livia)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.40 (2016): 11272-11276.

Skinner, Burrhus F. "Pigeons in a pelican." American Psychologist 15.1 (1960): 28.

Watanabe, Shigeru, Junko Sakamoto, and Masumi Wakita. "PIGEONS'DISCRIMINATION OF PAINTINGS BY MONET AND PICASSO." Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior 63.2 (1995): 165-174.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Pluto's not just cool… it's ICE COLD
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Since New Horizons flew by Pluto on July 14, 2015, it's completely redefined what we know about the dwarf planet and its largest moon Charon. New Horizons' mission will continue to be full of surprises, but here's what we've learned so far
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Unless otherwise noted, all images and animations courtesy of NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI

MORE NEW HORIZONS STUFF:
Calculate your Pluto time: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/plutotime/
New Horizons image gallery: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_p....ages/newhorizons/ima
Planetary Society New Horizons news: http://www.planetary.org/blogs..../blog-archive.html?k
Nadia Drake's excellent New Horizons coverage: http://phenomena.nationalgeogr....aphic.com/search/plu
Pluto and Charon are weird: http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/2015/07/150715-
What kind of ices are on Pluto? http://space.io9.com/the-ice-o....f-pluto-is-more-dive
Pluto's hazy atmosphere: https://www.nasa.gov/press-rel....ease/nasa-s-new-hori
Geologic features of Pluto and Charon: http://space.io9.com/were-acti....vely-creating-the-ge
What are tholins? Why Pluto looks red: http://www.planetary.org/blogs..../guest-blogs/2015/07
Pluto's other moons, Nix and Hydra: http://www.nasa.gov/image-feat....ure/new-horizons-cap
Pluto's family portrait: http://www.planetary.org/multi....media/space-images/s
Dwarf planets of the solar system: http://www.space.com/18584-dwa....rf-planets-solar-sys
Catalog of unusual "minor planet objects" in solar system: http://www.minorplanetcenter.n....et/iau/lists/Unusual

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Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
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Bees see the world in some very interesting ways
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To begin this video, we launched a little confetti to celebrate the fact that I am now "Dr. Joe", since I successfully defended my Ph.D. in molecular biology! Woo! But you don't have to call me "Doctor."

Anyway, spring is in the air!! We're all thawing out from winter's chill, and for bees and flowers this season is about one thing: Feeding and fertilizing. Bees are amazing social insects, and their relationship with flowers is one of nature's coolest examples of "mutualism". It got me wondering: How do bees see the world? Enjoy this look at how bees see in ultraviolet and even sense electric fields!

References for this episode: http://dft.ba/-5Am1

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

Clips used:
Louie Schwartzberg - The hidden beauty of pollination https://vimeo.com/27328081
Jay Woo - October 1st https://vimeo.com/50513099

Music: Edvard Grieg "Morning Mood"

Special thanks to Klaus Schmitt for allowing us to use his awesome UV flower photos: All images used © Dr Schmitt, Weinheim Germany, http://uvir.eu

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A solution to the cancer paradox? Cetacean needed!
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Why do whales, elephants, and other large animals not get cancer? Logically, the larger an animal is, and the longer it lives, the more likely it should be to get cancer. But these giants don’t. Why is that? And can the answer help humanity?

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....besmart-petos-parado

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Counting stars from the shore of the cosmic ocean…
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LIKE THE SHIRT I'M WEARING? It's glow in the dark! You can get it here (along with space undies and other good stuff): https://www.etsy.com/shop/makeitgoodpdx

How many stars are there in the universe? Are there more stars out there than grains of sand on Earth? Thanks to advanced space telescopes, we've been able to peer farther into deep time and the distant universe than we ever thought possible, and we might finally be able to answer these mind-boggling questions
Every star visible from Earth (naked eye): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Star_Catalogue
Number of stars in the universe (estimated): http://www.universetoday.com/1....02630/how-many-stars
Hubble gigapixel image of Andromeda: http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1502a/
Hubble eXtreme Deep Field: http://xdf.ucolick.org/
How big is the sky? http://www.badastronomy.com/bitesize/bigsky.html
How much sand is there on Earth? http://www.hawaii.edu/suremath/jsand.html
What would the cosmic sandbox look like? https://what-if.xkcd.com/83/

Carl Sagan's Cosmos: "The Shore of the Cosmic Ocean": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pa1ImgOcOPM


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM

Stock images from Shutterstock

-----------------

Last week's video:
What Color Is The Universe https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibVofIHq71s

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

Crashing a car is usually not a good idea. But sometimes, it can save lives.
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

No one ever wants to get in a car crash. But if you ever do, be very thankful for the engineers who crash test cars. You may have seen crash test simulations on TikTok using physics engines like BeamNG but I promise you they are nothing compared to the real thing! Join us for this DEEP dive into the physics of car crashes and the ways that engineers hack Newton's laws to keep you safe.

Filmed on location at the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety https://www.iihs.org/
IIHS on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@iihs-hldi
IIHS resources for teachers: https://classroom.iihs.org/

Crash test sensor car by PocketLab: https://www.thepocketlab.com/

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-crash-test-

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0:00 Intro - Deep dive into crash testing
1:37 Welcome to crash test HQ
2:25 She crashes cars for a living
3:42 A visit with Isaac Newton
5:41 Why Newton's 2nd law rules all
11:21 New problems, new crash tests
14:37 Very finely-tuned violence
17:58 How engineers prepare a crash test (lots of duct tape)
20:42 Who you callin' dummy, dummy?
25:02 Car go BOOM (and the aftermath)
31:00 In the future, will cars be smart enough not to crash?
36:24 Conclusion and extras

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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D
Follow me on Twitter/Instagram: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc
Kate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks

-----------------

Last week's video:
The Recipe For Life https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuBWjY9BpEc

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

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How far would ocean viruses stretch? http://www.virology.ws/2009/10..../19/ten-cool-facts-a

Follow Aaron Pomerantz!
Twitter @AaronPomerantz
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCHr0u7Jsktou2CFl2
http://www.thenextgenscientist.com/

Videos referenced in this episode:

Is Big Data Getting Too Big? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTMkc0bLRlI
Musical Tesla Coils in Slow Motion! Featuring Physics Girl https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGhNgeg9IAw
Is Ultron Inevitable? Ft. Vsauce3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Irmtk5QG8s
Could Planet Minecraft Actually Exist? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5N7d8mcQk4
Why Are You Multicellular? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdVc2J_OwDc
The Most Important Moment in the History of Life https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jf06MlX8yik
Traveling Light (from Vsauce3) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOoFkwj91pk
Do Plants Think? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zm6zfHzvqX4
Why Do We Have To Sleep? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mufsteNrTI
Hurricanes: Engines of Destruction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xtu2_ziBI_w

I don’t know why anyone would want to read this, but here’s my dissertation:
http://bit.ly/2cU8DuN

----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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References/Learn More:

How turkeys got so big: https://www.wired.com/2008/11/turkeytech/

Benjamin Franklin’s 1784 letter to Sarah Bache about turkeys: http://franklinpapers.org/franklin/framedVolumes.jsp?vol=41&page=281

Ames, Mercedes, and David M. Spooner. "DNA from herbarium specimens settles a controversy about origins of the European potato." American Journal of Botany 95.2 (2008): 252-257.

Doebley, John. "The genetics of maize evolution." Annu. Rev. Genet. 38 (2004): 37-59.

Grun, Paul. "The evolution of cultivated potatoes." Economic Botany 44.3 (1990): 39-55.

McWilliams, James. The Pecan: A history of America's native nut. University of Texas Press, 2013.

Nee, Michael. "The domestication of cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae)." Economic Botany 44.3 (1990): 56-68.

Polashock, James, et al. "The American cranberry: first insights into the whole genome of a species adapted to bog habitat." BMC plant biology 14.1 (2014): 1

Speller, Camilla F., et al. "Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.7 (2010): 2807-2812.

----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter: @okaytobesmart @DrJoeHanson
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from SciencePhoto http://www.sciencephoto.com/ and Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
Head to Physics Girl for electromagnetic explosions! https://youtu.be/AXOa66-k9MA

Musical tesla coils are awesome. I went to visit Arc Attack, the legendary musical tesla coil band, to find out how they work (and to stand in between them!) I brought my friend Physics Girl along too

Step inside the Tesla coils in this 360 video: https://youtu.be/2SNcbNlbyVo

Special thanks to:
ArcAttack
http://arcattack.com/

-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @DrJoeHanson
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Music via APM
Stock images from SciencePhoto http://www.sciencephoto.com/ and Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
Stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted) http://www.videoblocks.com

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Hurricanes, typhoons, and tropical cyclones are Earth’s most powerful storms, capable of unleashing destruction and death on coastal areas worldwide. As climate change warms Earth’s oceans, we face more risk of storms rapidly intensifying into category 5, sometimes in less than a single day. Being able to predict these rapidly intensifying storms will save lives, but studying hurricanes in detail is difficult and dangerous. So in order to improve our understanding of hurricanes, scientists have built a machine that can create hurricane conditions indoors. #weather #hurricanes

Filmed at the Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. SUSTAIN Laboratory at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science at the University of Miami https://sustain.rsmas.miami.edu/

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Could humans ever evolve to have wings? Why don’t fish have propellers? Why don’t tigers have wheels? Why don’t zebras have laser turrets? These might all seem like stupid questions (and maybe they are!) but they can teach us a lot about how evolution actually works, and how it doesn’t work.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....whatisimpossible-ref

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A collaboration with Jorge Cham and Daniel Whiteson. Their book: http://www.WeHaveNoIdea.com
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Why is the universe organized the way it is? And why is it so empty? From planets and stars to superclusters and galactic filaments, the universe’s largest structures formed because of its smallest. In this special collaboration with PHD Comics, we’ll learn how the earliest, quantumest blips seeded the structure of everything everywhere.

Special thanks to Jorge Cham and Daniel Whiteson!
http://phdcomics.com/
@PHDcomics
@DanielWhiteson

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READ MORE:
Check out “We Have No Idea”: http://amzn.to/2yFfWyr

We used visualizations from:
NASA Goddard
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov

The Aquarius Project
http://wwwmpa.mpa-garching.mpg.de/aquarius/

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Matt Caplan, Ph.D.
Editor/animator: David Schulte
Additional animation: Jorge Cham
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
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It's definitely higher than "11"
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub Twitter: @okaytobesmart
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What is the loudest possible sound? What about the quietest thing we can hear? And what do decibels measure, anyway? In this video you'll learn what makes sound

The loudest sound on Earth (the we know of anyway), great story by Aatish Bhatia: http://nautil.us/blog/the-soun....d-so-loud-that-it-ci

Video of the Papua New Guinea volcano eruption from YouTuber bacobjee: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUREX8aFbMs

Calculation of the shock wave from teleportation: http://www.quora.com/Teleporta....tion/If-you-were-to-

The sometimes-painful effects of different sound pressure levels: http://www.makeitlouder.com/De....cibel%20Level%20Char

How loud are rocket launches? http://testtube.com/dnews/how-....loud-are-space-shutt

NASA's sound suppression water system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LehY5avJUM

Can a sound be loud enough to kill you? http://www.straightdope.com/co....lumns/read/2298/can-

-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D
Follow me on Twitter/Instagram: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Jen Piper/Arts+Labor - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
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French subtitles by Alessandro Dal Cero

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Otters are more than just cute, adorable little fuzzballs, they are one of the greatest conservation success stories of all time. Sea otters are a keystone species, meaning that an entire ecosystem depends on their presence. After they were nearly hunted to extinction for their dense fur, sea urchins (the otters' favorite food) nearly destroyed the Pacific kelp forests, a habitat that hundreds of species rely on for food and shelter.

Thanks to the hard work of conservation scientists at places like the Monterey Bay Aquarium, sea otter populations are on their way back. Here's the story of one orphaned sea otter pup's journey back to the wild

(Whale illustrations by Nobu Tamura/CC-BY-3.0)

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Karl Boettcher and Derek Borsheim
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Courses on Khan Academy are always 100% free. Start practicing—and saving your progress—now: https://www.khanacademy.org/ma....th/arithmetic-home/a