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Another YouTube #shorts from Dr. Joe! Subscribe for more fun science stories.

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We uploaded another version of this video on 11/9 but it had a big mistake in it. So we fixed it. This version is full of 100% real science! Sorry for the error.

In the interest of transparency, if you want to watch that wrong version and see what I was wrong about, here's the link: https://youtu.be/qR9hucj02u0

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Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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If you were taking an engineering class in school and you turned in the human body for your final exam… you would get like, a C+. Or maybe a B- at best. That’s because the human body is full of design flaws. Except they aren’t really design flaws, because the human body wasn’t designed. It was evolved, and it is still evolving. And that means some of our parts don’t work as well as they could, they just work well enough. Here’s a rundown of a few of the human body’s biggest evolutionary fails!

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Everyone lies. Even you and even me. We lie about small things and we lie about big things. We lie to help ourselves and we lie to protect others. Powerful people lie, all the way down to little kids telling fibs. Why do we do this if we’re supposed to be the most socially developed species on Earth? Why can’t we tell the truth? Are we doomed to lie? Well, maybe. Here’s why.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....whydowelie-reference

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An ode to curiosity... with LEGO!

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

My tribute to Curiosity, both the NASA rover and the human desire to discover, featuring words from some of science's greatest minds and LEGO's special edition Mars rover set
SOURCES:

Carl Sagan:
"Cosmos: A Personal Voyage - The Lives of the Stars" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7L6SZPxgNg
"Cosmos: A Personal Voyage - The Backbone of the Night"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeaPIy6eS_g
"Cosmos: A Personal Voyage - The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCxc5w-SfpA

Neil deGrasse Tyson:
"Science is in our DNA" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVrVdtSFK7c
"Cosmos: A SPacetime Odyssey Q&A" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfUuj0YLmMg

Bill Nye:
"The Good Stuff - Bill Nye and the Origin of Everything" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMKTiPUl8E4
"Why We Explore" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVZmL5UARcs
"Bill Nye Debates Ken Ham" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6kgvhG3AkI

Hank Green:
"Curiosity is the Finest Human Quality" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kQ1Po7vzUk

Jane Goodall:
"Sowing the Seeds of Hope" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vibssrQKm60

Richard Feynman:
"Take the World From a Different Point of View" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgJPjG4KJYQ

James Cameron:
"Before Avatar - A Curious Boy (TED2010)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVfd6fg7QsM

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director/Editor
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc
Kate Eads - Associate Producer

Music:
"Evolver" by Jesper Kyd (APM Music Library)

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A poet once said, "The whole universe is in a glass of wine." We will probably never know in what sense he said that, for poets do not write to be understood. But it is true that if we look in glass of wine closely enough we see the entire universe There are the things of physics: the twisting liquid which evaporates depending on the wind and weather, the reflections in the glass, and our imagination adds the atoms. The glass is a distillation of the earth's rocks, and in its composition we see the secrets of the universe's age, and the evolution of the stars. What strange array of chemicals are in the wine? How did they come to be? There are the ferments, the enzymes, the substrates, and the products. There in wine is found the great generalization: all life is fermentation. Nobody can discover the chemistry of wine without discovering the cause of much disease. How vivid is the claret, pressing its existence into the consciousness that watches it!

If in our small minds, for some convenience, divide this glass of wine, this universe, into parts - physics, biology, geology, astronomy, psychology, and so on - remember that nature does not know it! So let us put it all back together, not forgetting ultimately what it is for. Let us give one more final pleasure: drink it and forget it all!

Get Feynman's Lectures on Physics in book form: http://bit.ly/OKfeynman

"The Universe in a Glass of Wine" ... a poem by Richard Feynman, as delivered in the Feynman Lectures on physics. Watch them all here: http://io9.com/watch-a-series-....of-seven-brilliant-l

Clips used in this video: http://bit.ly/1ckkLsz

Joe Hanson - Host
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Sound Design - Lyman Hardy, Stuck On On

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 are nasty enemies. Invisible, mysterious, and deadly, they have spread around the world and caused much of humanity to hide away. Germs like these only succeed and spread because of our social evolution, and our social nature is why social and physical distancing is so deeply painful for us. But evolution has also given us the gifts we need to survive this difficult time.

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This video is so cool, it's ICE COLD
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Glacier ice is weird. It’s solid. Solid things aren’t supposed to flow. But glacier ice flows like a liquid, and it does that without melting! How is this possible? I traveled to Mendenhall Glacier in Juneau, Alaska to find out.

Special thanks to Josh Cassidy from KQED’s Deep Look for joining me in Alaska and shooting this episode! ► https://www.youtube.com/user/KQEDDeepLook

Filmed under a Special Use Permit on the Juneau Ranger District, Tongass National Forest

Archival glacier image: Glacier Photograph Collection - National Snow and Ice Data Center

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READ MORE:

Paterson, William Stanley Bryce. “The Physics of Glaciers.” Elsevier, 2016.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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The flu might feel like some minor illness that you don’t need to worry about much, but tens of thousands of people still die from it every year. And back in 1918, Flu killed up to 5% of the world’s population. Could a flu that bad happen again?

REFERENCES:
https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/121YpoKjQvYp2FK

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Creative Director: David Schulte
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Humans have a hard time with really big numbers, especially when it comes to DEEP TIME. The history of the Earth took a lot longer than you think, trust me. But I’m here to help you put it in perspective. With some string.

REFERENCES:
http://bit.ly/DeepTimeRefs

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BOOKS WE’VE FEATURED:
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Researcher: Sarah Jenevein
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Since the days of Ancient Greece, philosophers and scientists have been wondering: What is space? Is the absence of things… a thing? These questions continued to fascinate physicists in the modern era, leading Isaac Newton, Ernst Mach, and Albert Einstein to wonder about the true nature of the fabric of the cosmos. The search for an answer led them to some of the greatest theories in physics. This week, we ask if space and time are really real, and how they come together to make “spacetime”!

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READ MORE:
“The Fabric of the Cosmos” by Brian Greene http://amzn.to/2tF9fZO (Public library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/681349969)

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Andrew Matthews
Writer: Andrew Matthews
Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Matthews
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

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Your brain is hungry. Here's how to feed it.

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Ever wonder why we cook our food? We do it because it tastes good, of course, and because our customs and traditions are built around it. But we also cook our food for some basic biological reasons, because of evolution. Some scientists think that figuring out how to cook actually MADE us human!

If conversation gets a little dry around your holiday table, now you'll have some awesome science to share with everyone!

Richard Wrangham - "Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human" http://amzn.to/1cg5flN

"The Raw and the Stolen" (PDF) - Richard Wrangham et al. http://bit.ly/JTLYfe
(that one has some of the counterarguments, too)
Greg Laden's summary: http://bit.ly/1dx46oc

Cooked Foods Needed for Early Human Brain: http://bit.ly/1l8bqJE

Man Entered the Kitchen 1.9 Million Years Ago: http://bit.ly/1c1vcB5

What made us human: http://bit.ly/19lp4cU and http://www.epjournal.net/wp-co....ntent/uploads/EP0834

The story might not be quite so simple, though: http://blogs.plos.org/neuroant....hropology/2010/10/28

Joe Hanson - Host
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKatie Graham - Director of Photography
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Isaac Hammons - Audio Recordist
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Kate Eads - Production Manager
Intro music - Victor Herbert Orchestra, "Chinese Dance of the Mirillitons from the Nutcracker 1913"
Body music - Podington Bear's "AlgoRhythmNatural"
Special thanks to Thinkery Austin

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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You have questions, I have answers.

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Sequencing the banana genome: http://news.discovery.com/eart....h/plants/banana-geno

Reddit's r/ELI5 on "sympathetic vomiting": http://www.reddit.com/r/explai....nlikeimfive/comments

Chances we had more than one common ancestor: http://news.discovery.com/anim....als/dinosaurs/life-s

Greenland fossil microbes: http://www.nature.com/ngeo/jou....rnal/v7/n1/full/ngeo

Australia fossil microbes: http://online.liebertpub.com/d....oi/abs/10.1089/ast.2

Ed Yong's awesome article about the origin of the mitochondria: http://nautil.us/issue/10/merg....ers--acquisitions/th

History of "c" as the speed of light: http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/....physics/Relativity/S

Ask Joe #1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkSpmTvCRJA
Ask Joe #2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJvWQMt95A8

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
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Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Life’s been around on Earth for at least 3.7 billion years. But for most of that time, it was incredibly boring — just simple little cells squirming around in water. It only got interesting in the last few hundred million years. And that might never have happened without the help of a deadly, but also life-giving, element.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....great-oxygenation-re

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This episode of Be Smart is licensed exclusively to YouTube.

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This video was supported by Bill and Melinda Gates. You can check out the Gates Annual Letter here: http://b-gat.es/2lhhtmJ.
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We’re proud to collaborate with Bill and Melinda Gates for this week’s video! It may sometimes seem like things are getting worse, but there’s lots of reasons to be optimistic about the future. More people have access to toilets and sanitation than ever before. Thanks to public health improvements like this, since 1990, 122 million children’s lives have been saved. Diseases like polio are nearing eradication. Women have more access to health care and education than ever before.

But our work is not done. How can YOU help make the future better for the world’s poorest?

SPECIAL THANKS:
Bill and Melinda Gates
Francisco de los Reyes (watch his TED talk: https://www.ted.com/talks/fran....cis_de_los_reyes_san

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LEARN MORE:

George, Rose. “The Big Necessity: The unmentionable world of human waste and why it matters.” 2008.

Perdew, Laura. “How the Toilet Changed History” 2016.

Ferriman, A. (2007). BMJ readers choose the “sanitary revolution” as greatest medical advance since 1840. BMJ : British Medical Journal, 334(7585), 111. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39097.611806.DB

CDC Global WASH statistics: https://www.cdc.gov/healthywat....er/global/wash_stati

WHO Toilet/Sanitation Fact Sheet: http://www.who.int/mediacentre..../factsheets/fs392/en

WaterAid “We Can’t Wait”: http://www.wateraid.org/what-w....e-do/our-approach/re

Unilever “Toilets for Health” https://www.unilever.com/Image....s/sd_toilets-for-hea

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Writer: Joe Hanson
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Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

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To learn more about Brilliant, go to https://brilliant.org/BeSmart/ and sign up for free. First 200 people will get 20% off the annual Premium subscription.
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You can be a human computer too. Our cheat sheet: http://bit.ly/2rftqkv

Want to go NEXT LEVEL? Learn how to adjust for Julian calendar and BC dates

You might think that computers are the only things that run algorithms, but you're wrong. Here's a neat mental trick for calculating the day of the week for any day ever, developed by famous mathematician John H. Conway

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READ MORE:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomsday_rule

Martin Gardner, "The Universe in a Handkerchief: Lewis Carroll's Mathematical Recreations, Games, Puzzles, and Word Plays"

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It's Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Producer/editor/animator: Jordan Husmann
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox
Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Check out Far Out on @pbsterra : https://youtu.be/jpUjze3v_6c
Check out Why Am I Like This? on @pbsterra : https://youtu.be/eWzBNfBnFys

What's the tallest mountain on Earth? It might seem like an easy question to answer, but in reality it's one that brings up more NEW questions than answers. It turns out that the way we measure mountains rests on a lot of approximations, assumptions, and averages. And when you dig into those, there's several contenders for the tallest mountain, each with their own good case for the title. So, which mountain do YOU think should take the throne?

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....references-tallest-m

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Check out this PBS Space Time playlist all about general and special relativity: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLsPUh22kYmN

Physics Girl explains gravitational waves: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrduBZ319XI

LIGO’s gravitational waves converted into sound (from the end of video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWqhUANNFXw
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigita...

Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

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The world of energy is a confusing place. What's better, nuclear or solar? What's the difference between fluorescent bulbs and LEDs? What's the difference between energy and power? And what the heck is a kilowatt-hour?!

In this video, we give you a tour of the essential principles behind the energy machine that puts fuel in our tanks and brings electricity to our homes. To be a good energy citizen, you need to speak the language
LEARN MORE:
Special thanks to Sheril Kirshenbaum and the Webber Energy Group at the University of Texas at Austin for their help with this series. http://www.webberenergygroup.com/

Check out their awesome online course "Energy 101" to learn about energy and energy policy from A to Z! http://www.energy101.com/

And to find out what people think about energy, check out the UT Energy Poll: http://www.utenergypoll.com/


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM

Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks

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Last week's video:
Does the Moon Orbit the Earth? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cJ3AemeUFM

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you ) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

You're gonna lobe this video
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Are you a left-brained person or a right-brained person? Spoiler: You're neither. Each of us uses both sides of our brain for most of what we do. But still, there are a number of brain functions that do show lateralization, where they are localized to one side or another. Why is this? And how does it influence our definition of consciousness? People with "split brains" can help us figure it out.

Special thanks to Dr. Michael Gazzaniga for his help researching this video!
Here's a wonderful vintage film featuring Dr. Gazzaniga's early split brain work: https://archive.org/details/splitbrain

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READ MORE:

Gazzaniga, Michael S. "Forty-five years of split-brain research and still going strong." Nature reviews. Neuroscience 6.8 (2005): 653.
http://bit.ly/2ymOh55

Gazzaniga, Michael S. "The split-brain: Rooting consciousness in biology." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.51 (2014): 18093-18094.
http://bit.ly/2yoacZo

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It's Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Shaena Montanari, Ph.D.
Editor/animator: Andrew Orsak
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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The eyes are often the first thing we see when we look at someone. And when you look at them up close, everyone’s eye color is a kaleidoscope of shapes and hues. How does eye color work? The answer involves some very cool physics, and probably isn’t what you were taught in school. And you’ve probably wondered how is eye color inherited, or why some people have blue eyes even if their parents’ eyes are brown? Get ready for a long look deep into the genetics and physics of eye color. #eyes #eyecolor #blueeyes

REFERENCES:

Genetics of human iris colour and patterns - Richard A. Sturm, Mats Larsson
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/full/10.1111/j

Iris Color Classification Scales
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC57292

GWAS Findings for Human Iris Patterns: Associations with Variants in Genes that Influence Normal Neuronal Pattern Development
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC31551

Characterization of melanin in human iridal and choroidal melanocytes from eyes with various colored irides.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18353148

Can blue eyed parents produce brown eyed children? - Richard A. Sturm
https://bioenv.gu.se/digitalAs....sets/1571/1571499_ey


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Despite being one of the rarest letters in English, the letter X is everywhere. We sign letters with it, we rate movies with it, we name all sorts of things after it. We’re kind of obsessed with it. And that’s probably all thanks to math, where X stands for the unknown. Let's explore the bizarre history of how X took on this role…

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....why-are-we-so-obsess

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So… baby teeth are pretty terrifying, huh?
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Teeth. We’ve all got ‘em (most of us, anyway). But how do they grow? Teeth are made from some biological nanotechnology that will blow your mind. They are strong enough to last hundreds of millions of years. Oh, and if you’ve ever wondered how adult teeth replace your baby teeth, get ready to see something terrifying.

Special thanks to Matthew Brown, Ph.D. and the University of Texas Vertebrate Paleontology Collection

Watch the tasty new series “Tacos of Texas” https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCdzQ_ilHPH3rQtgzo

REFERENCES:

Dr. Gareth J. Fraser, Department of Biology, University of Florida
Dr. Andrew Gillis, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge

S.J. AlQahtani Et al. (2010) Brief Communication: The London Atlas of Human Tooth Development and Eruption. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 142:481–490

Teruel Jde D Et al. (2015) Comparison of chemical composition of enamel and dentine in human, bovine, porcine and bovine teeth. Archives of Oral Biology Volume 60, Issue 5 768-775

Hill, M.A. (2018) Embryology Timeline human development. https://embryology.med.unsw.ed....u.au/embryology/inde



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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Mark Rodriguez
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Embarrassment. Awkwardness. Cringe. No matter what you call it. it’s one of the most unique human emotions, and one that’s particularly hard to figure out. But if a feeling exists and has lasted through evolution, then it probably has a purpose!

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....references-thescienc

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