Learn the difference between a Diploid Cell and a Haploid cell. A diploid cell contains pairs of chromosomes and is represented with 2n. A haploid cell contains a single chromosome and is represented by n.

For more information on Diploid and Haploid Cells
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/....2022/02/diploid-cell

Pathway of Air Flow
Our journey of oxygen into the lungs and back begins when the brain stem sends a message to the diaphragm which is a muscle under the lungs.
As the diaphragm moves down the lungs expand.

Air enters the nose and mouth and enters the nasal passages.
Your nose and nasal passages have tiny hairs called cilia and mucus that help filter dirt and pollen out of the air.
The air next moves to the pharynx which is located at (the back of the mouth)
From the pharynx, it moves to the larynx which is commonly called the voice box.
the voice box (makes sounds when air
passes over the vocal cords)
Epiglottis: the flap of connective tissue that covers
over the larynx during breathing
It stands open during breathing, allowing air into the larynx. During swallowing, it closes to prevent choking on food

From the larynx, air travels to the Trachea which is a rigid tube made of cartilage.
The trachea leads into two tubes called the left and right bronchus
These tubes continue to branch until you reach a tiny air sac called a alveoli
At the alveoli, oxygen diffuses into the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuse into the alveoli and is exhaled.
This process is repeated over and over again.
Updated Version
https://youtu.be/k-BkmhLD42U

What are hybridization and inbreeding? Scientists, animal breeders, and gardeners have long crossed organisms with different traits to produce an organism with unique and maybe superior traits.
In addition, inbreeding is used to preserve traits. For example, Clydesdale horses, and german shepherds are examples of inbreeding.

At @MooMooMath and Science, we end our videos with kindness multiplies kindness. In each of my #shorts I like to tell a quick Kindness story in order to inspire myself and others to practice kindness.
Acts of kindness make a lasting positive impact on the people around you.

You can find all of my kindness stories in this playlist.
https://youtube.com/playlist?l....ist=PLurjkZV1ykGZs20

In physics, work is equal to force times a distance. The force and the movement must be in the same direction.
Basic Work Problems
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSgSfFtvWN0&t=1s

Transcript
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/....2022/01/what-is-work

If you ask most people how long it takes the moon to revolve around the earth they would probably say a month or maybe 29 days?
In reality, there are two periods involved with the orbit of the Moon around the Earth.

Let's investigate!
The sidereal period is 27.3 and the moon is measured against stars.
The synodic period is 29.5 days and the moon is measured against the sun.

Moon Information
https://moomoomath.com/phases-....of-moon-explained-us

In this video, I answer the question, " what makes an amphibian an amphibian?" Learn about the main characteristics of amphibians. Examples of amphibians include frogs,salamanders,newts,toads, and cecillians. All amphibians are vertebrates that can go through some type of metamorphasis.

More about Amphibians
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/....2022/04/amphibians.h

What are diatoms?
Diatoms are a major group of algae and are among the most common types of phytoplankton.

Diatoms are unicellular organism, although they can form colonies
They have cell walls made of glass

Diatoms belong to kingdom Protista

There are at least 100,000 species of diatoms have been discovered,
Diatoms exist in large numbers in most bodies of water throughout the world. In fact, just one quart of seawater can contain millions of diatoms
They are primary producers and create and are a very large food source in the ocean


Diatoms are autotrophs and produce energy by photosynthesis.As a result,, diatoms need sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. They are found in the ocean, fresh water, and even moist topsoil

Many Diatoms are microscopic, but some measure a millimeter across.

Diatoms contribute enormous amounts of oxygen to our atmosphere.

Two basic forms of these organisms exist. They are known as Centrales Centrales have radial symmetry and are most often found in oceans and are wheel-shaped. They can be found drifting near the surface, sunlight and absorbing nutrients.Pennales tend to be elongated

Many Pennales live in fresh water streams, swamps, ditches, or on the bottoms of shallow regions of oceans and estuaries.

You may also enjoy....
Plankton
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NiiJ7X322U&t=20s

The relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthsis

After passing through the small intestine food travels into the large intestine.
Your large intestine is roughly 9 feet in length but gets it’s name because it has a larger diameter than the small intestine.
Your large intestine is also called the colon.
The large intestine is divided into several sections.

Transcript
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/....2021/01/all-about-la

Your vision allows you to see the world around you.
Light passes through your cornea through your pupil, which is controlled by your cornea to your retina.
Your brain then takes this information and converts it to an image.
Key Vocabulary covered
Iris, cornea, pupil, rods, cones, retina, vision, occipital lobe, optic nerve
Transcript of the video
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/....2020/02/how-does-hum

3 Laws of motion
in this video, I cover real-life examples of the three laws of motion.
Law 1 or the law of Inertia—states that matter wants to resist any change in motion
The speed or motion of an object will not change unless an outside force acts on it.
For example, this bowling ball would travel in straight line forever, but the friction of the floor, and air, plus the pins are outside forces and change the velocity of the bowling ball.
Astronauts appear to float in space because there is very little gravity pulling down on them So when they change their velocity upward the force of gravity is not pulling down on them and they can float.

If you are driving a car and it hits another car, the car stops but the people inside keep moving forward.
The outside force has acted on the car and not the person in the car. This is the same way a catapult works. The lever stops but the object keeps moving.

Law 2 of Motion

Newton’s 2nd Law: “The acceleration of an object depends on the force acting on it_ and the mass of the object

There is an equation associated with this law:

F= ma
Force = mass multiplied by acceleration

Think of shopping for groceries. The mass of an empty shopping cart is less than a full shopping cart so takes much less force to push the empty cart compared to pushing a cart that is filled up with stuff

Law Three

Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion --“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

As the boy jumps down on the trampoline the trampoline pushes back in the opposite direction and causes the boy to go in the opposite direction.

As the balloon hits the ground the ground pushes back in an opposite direction which causes the balloon to change direction and move in the opposite direction.

You may also enjoy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XNJDJTvenY

Estuaries are bodies of water in which salt and fresh water mix.
Estuaries have been called the "nurseries of the seas because they provide a safe area for fish, birds, and other animals to raise their young.

Estuaries can be classified based on their geographical features. The four main types include bar-built , coastal plain, tectonic esturary, and
fjord type estuary.

Updated version
https://youtu.be/ost7xq2MjVQ

The hydrologic cycle (water cycle) recycles water on earth. The water cycle drives our weather and allows life to exist on earth. Let ’s start with the evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean.
As moist air is lifted, it cools and water vapor condenses to form clouds. In fact, clouds are made up of tiny water droplets and ice crystals that are so small they can float in the air.
This moisture in the atmosphere may be transported around the globe until it returns to the surface as precipitation.
Precipitation may take the form of rain, snow, sleet or hail. Once the water reaches the ground, one of two processes may occur, some of the water may evaporate back into the atmosphere or the water may penetrate the surface and become groundwater. The groundwater may take several different paths.
Groundwater either seeps its way to into the oceans, rivers, and streams, or into an aquifer which is a body of saturated rock through which water can easily move, or it may be released back into the atmosphere through transpiration.
Transpiration occurs when leaves from trees and other vegetation give off water vapor through pores in their leaves.
Some water on the earth’s surface is not absorbed by plants or become groundwater and becomes surface runoff, which empties into lakes, rivers and streams and is carried back to the oceans, where the cycle begins again.

Biogeochemical Cycles - How the Earth Recycles
https://moomoomath.com/how-the....-earth-recycles-elem

In this video, I explain balanced and unbalanced forces from a physics viewpoint.
Balanced forces do not cause movement or a change in speed.
Unbalanced forces cause an object to move in the direction of the greater force.

Examples of balanced forces acting on an object

Pool balls that are balanced being struck by an unbalanced force.
Lifting weights The downward pull of gravity is balanced by the resistance force of the weight stand.
Using a car jack creates an unbalanced force upward.
A car at rest being struck by another car causes the forces to be unbalanced and movement in the direction of the force.

Malleability and Ductility-- Malleability and Ductility
Malleability is the ability of an object to be hammered into shapes.
Most metals are malleable.
Copper, gold, and silver are very malleable.
Ductility is the ability of an object to be stretched into wires.
Ductility and malleability are physical properties.

Genotype and phenotypesYour genotype is your genetic code of your cells. This genetic code is responsible for many of your traits. The physical expression of your genotype is your phenotype.


Your genetic information is stored in your chromosomes on sections called genes.
A gene is a portion of DNA that codes for a trait.
The following picture illustrates this.
If you look at this drawing of a gene, the different sections are your genes.
In genetics you will encounter these three types of genotypes.
Homozygous dominant is written BB
Homozygous recessive bb
Heterozygous Bb
For each trait you get some information from mom and some from dad.
The different forms of the same trait are called alleles.
Take a look at the different hair texture. These different forms are alleles. It is still hair, just different forms.
A dominant allele will cover up or mask a recessive allele.
You will only get a recessive allele if both alleles are recessive.
Your phenotype is the actual expression of the genotype.
For example this dog has a round nose, this cat has black hair. These are physical expression of the genetic code.

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Please watch: "Study Skills Teacher's Secret Guide to your Best Grades"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3bsg8gaSbw
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For more Life Science videos and summaries see,
http://www.moomoomath.com/Midd....le-School-Science-an

The deciduous forest biome is known for having four seasons and trees that drop their leaves in the winter.
This biome is located in the eastern half of the United States, Canada, Europe, parts of Russia, China, and Japan.
The deciduous forest has moderate winters and warm summers. It receives around 50 inches of rain a year. This rainfall allows trees like oak, maple, and beech trees to grow in this forest.
You will find bear,fox, and deer in this biome

Quantitative Data vs Qualitative Data

Additional Information on Qualitative vs Quantitative Data
https://moomoomath.com/qualita....tive-vs-quantitative

Data can be divided into two groups called quantitative and qualitative data
Quantitative data is numerical
Qualitative Data id descriptive data
Let’s look at examples of both
Examples of quantitative data would be
The number of pets, time of day, the temperature outside
Quantitative data can be graphed
If you count or measure, you are collecting quantitative data
There are two types of quantitative data, discrete and continuous
Discrete data is usually data you can count and continuous data is usually data you measure. I have a separate video on these two types of data.
Qualitative is descriptive or observations and uses words
For example, the color of a house, smell of a sock, texture of a shirt
Quantitative or Qualitative
Consider a cat
Quantitative Data would be the cat has 4 legs and weighs 10 pounds
Qualitative data would be the cat is yellow, and has soft fur
A bookshelf
Quantitative would be you have 50 books and is 150 centimeters tall.
Qualitative data would be it is multi-color and has a smooth texture

You may also enjoy..
Qualitative and Quantitative Data
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2X-QSU6-hPU

Quantitative Qualitative Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-S2EiPD4-W0

-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-
Please watch: "Study Skills Teacher's Secret Guide to your Best Grades"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3bsg8gaSbw
-~-~~-~~~-~~-~-

Digestive Enzymes are vital for our digestion. In this video, I cover these important proteins and where they are found in our digestive tract.
Digestion starts in the mouth where salivary glands start secreting enzymes. From the mouth, enzymes are added in the stomach, by your pancreas, and your small intestines.
Enzymes mentioned in this video
Lipase, Pepsin, Erepsin ,Maltase, Lactase,Sucrase
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases, and amylase.

Digestive system crossword puzzle
http://www.moomoomath.com/dige....stive-enzymes-crossw

Element vs Compound
An element is a pure substance. In other words, an element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by physical or chemical means.An element is made up of only one type of atom. An atom consists of a proton, neutron, and an electron. Some common examples of an element would be carbon, oxygen, or iron. The elements are arranged in the periodic table based on their number of protons. For example, sodium has 11 protons, potassium has 19
The number of protons of elements always stays the same.
Each element also has its own unique set of properties.

A compound is a pure substance of two or more elements chemically combined. Elements combine during a chemical change. A particle of a compound is called a molecule.
When the elements combine chemically a new substance is created.
The compound has different properties than the elements that make it
Hydrogen and oxygen are gases but they combine to make liquid water.
Here are some items that combine to make compounds
Table salt is sodium and chlorine
Glucose is made of carbon-hydrogen-oxygen
When elements create a compound they always join in a specific ratio
The ratio of water is hydrogen to oxygen is 2 to 1
If a compound has a different ratio of hydrogen to oxygen then it is not water
Glucose a type of sugar has a ratio of c6 h12 o6 which is 6 carbons 12 hydrogens and 6 oxygens
Glucose will always have this same ratio
Compounds are all around you
In the food you eat, the school supplies you use, your clothes and even you