In 1955, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that public schools should be racially integrated, and overturned the separate but equal doctrine established in Plessy v Ferguson decades before. This was made possible by a concerted legal effort spearheaded by the NAACP. Beginning in the 1930s, the NAACP's legal defense fund (led by Thurgood Marshall at the time of the Brown Decision) pursued a strategy of bringing cases to court that would expand the civil rights of Black Americans. This multi-decade effort culminated in the Brown decision, with many other victories along the way.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

VIDEO SOURCES

Rachel Devlin, A Girl Stands at the Door: The Generation of Young Women Who Desegregated America's Schools. New York: Basic Books, 2018.
Justin Driver, The Schoolhouse Gate: Public Education, the Supreme Court, and the Battle for the American Mind. New York: Pantheon Books, 2018.
Charles Ogletree, Jr. All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half-Century of Brown V. Board of Education. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004.
James T. Patterson, Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
https://www.britannica.com/bio....graphy/Thurgood-Mars
https://www.law.virginia.edu/s....tatic/uvalawyer/html
Klarman, Michael J. "How Brown Changed Race Relations: The Backlash Thesis." The Journal of American History 81, no. 1 (1994): 81-118. Accessed July 29, 2021. doi:10.2307/2080994.
https://www.npr.org/sections/t....hetwo-way/2018/03/26
https://www.nps.gov/people/oliver-brown.htm


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In which John Green teaches you about the Progressive Presidents, who are not a super-group of former presidents who create complicated, symphonic, rock soundscapes that transport you into a fantasy fugue state. Although that would be awesome. The presidents most associated with the Progressive Era are Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. During the times these guys held office, trusts were busted, national parks were founded, social programs were enacted, and tariffs were lowered. It wasn't all positive though, as their collective tenure also saw Latin America invaded A LOT, a split in the Republican party that resulted in a Bull Moose, all kinds of other international intervention, and the end of the Progressive Era saw the United States involved in World War. If all this isn't enough to entice, I will point out that two people get shot in this video. Violence sells, they say.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The era of progressive presidents began with Teddy Roosevelt, who felt that conservation was a national duty: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/conservation-as-a-
Teddy Roosevelt is remembered for fighting hard for his causes, as exemplified in his famous “Man in the Arena” Speech: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/the-man-in-the-are

Chapters:
Introduction: Progressive Presidents 00:00
Nationalization 0:47
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt 1:42
Square Deal 2:16
National Parks 3:12
William Howard Taft 3:33
The 16th and 18th Amendments 4:00
The Election of 1912 4:31
New Freedom vs New Nationalism 5:26
The Bull Moose Party 5:56
Woodrow Wilson's Election 6:40
Mystery Document 6:52
Woodrow Wilson's Policies 8:06
Progressivism & International Affairs 9:14
The Panama Canal 10:21
The Roosevelt Corollary 10:53
Taft's Dollar Diplomacy 11:38
Wilson's Foreign Policy 12:03
Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson's Legacies 13:37
Credits 14:34

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So far in this series, we've covered a lot of war, disease, climate disaster, and some more war. Well, prepare yourself for something a little more positive. This week, we're talking about the Enlightenment. In this video, you'll learn about the ideas of Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Kant, Smith, Hume, and a bunch of other people whose ideas have been so impactful, they still influence the way we think about the world today.

Sources

Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.
Smith, Bonnie G. et al. World in the Making: A History. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.

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Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Indika Siriwardena, Avi Yashchin, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haixiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, David Noe, Shawn Arnold, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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Only a couple of decades after the end of the First World War--which was supposed to be the War that Ended All Wars--another, bigger, farther-flung, more destructive, and deadlier war began. Today, you'll learn about how the war in Europe progressed, from the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact and the invasion of Poland, to the Western and Eastern fronts, to VE Day and the atom bombs used in Japan.

Sources

-Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.
-Kotkin, Stephen. Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941. New York: Penguin, 2017.
-Mazower, Mark. Hitler’s Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe. New York: Penguin, 2008.
-Overy, Richard. Russia’s War: A History of the Soviet Effort, 1941-1945. New York: Penguin, 1998.
-Smith, Bonnie G. Europe in the Contemporary World, 1900 to the Present, 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury, 2020.
-Snyder, Timothy. Bloodlands: Hitler between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books, 2010.


Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, William McGraw, Siobhan Sabino, Jason Saslow, Jennifer Killen, Jon & Jennifer Smith, David Noe, Jonathan Zbikowski, Shawn Arnold, Trevin Beattie, Matthew Curls, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Efrain R. Pedroza, Ian Dundore, Kenneth F Penttinen, Eric Koslow, Timothy J Kwist, Indika Siriwardena, Caleb Weeks, Haixiang N/A Liu, Nathan Taylor, Avi Yashchin, Andrei Krishkevich, Sam Ferguson, Brian Thomas Gossett, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Justin Zingsheim, Brandon, Westmoreland, dorsey, Jessica Wode, Nathan Catchings, Yasenia Cruz, Jirat

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#crashcourse #europeanhistory #worldwarii

We try not to get into too much great man history here at Crash Course, but we have to admit: Napoleon Bonaparte is a pretty big deal. Join us as we track the rise, further rise, fall, rise, fall, mortal fall, and posthumous rise of Napoleon. This guy changed France, he changed Europe, and in a lot of ways he changed the world.

Sources
-Al-Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman, Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabarti’s Chronicle of the French Occupation of 1798, Shmuel Moreh, ed. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 1993.
-Bell, David A. Napoleon: A Concise Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
-Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.
-Sperber, Jonathan. Revolutionary Europe, 1780-1850. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2017.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Indika Siriwardena, Avi Yashchin, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haixiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, David Noe, Shawn Arnold, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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Children's Stories Read Aloud for Kids
by James Dean
Read by Let's Read Stories

New York Times bestselling author and artist James Dean brings readers in for a big school surprise in Pete the Cat and the Surprise Teacher.

When Pete goes to school, he finds out his teacher is out sick and the substitute teacher is . . . his mom! It’s up to Pete to teach the teacher what school is all about.

Pete the Cat and the Surprise Teacher is a My First I Can Read book, which means it’s perfect for shared reading with a child.

Click here to purchase Pete the Cat and the Surprise Teacher: https://www.amazon.com/Pete-Su....rprise-Teacher-First

Countdown to Kindergarten
by Alison McGhee
Illustrated by Harry Bliss
Read by Let's Read Stories

It's just ten days before kindergarten, and this little girl has heard all there is to know--from a first grader--about what it's going to be like. You can't bring your cat, you can't bring a stuffed animal, and the number one rule? You can't ask anyone for help. Ever. So what do you do when your shoes come untied, if you're the only one in the class who doesn't know how to tie them up again?
Told with gentle humor by Alison McGhee and brought to exuberant life by New Yorker cartoonist Harry Bliss, this lighthearted take on pre-kindergarten anxiety will bring a smile to the face of every child--and parent--having first-day jitters.

Click here to purchase Countdown to Kindergarten: https://www.amazon.com/Countdo....wn-Kindergarten-Alis

How to Raise a Mom - Mother's Day Stories Read Aloud for Kids
by Jean Reagan
Illustrated by Lee Wildish

Click here to purchase How to Raise a Mom: https://www.amazon.com/How-Rai....se-Mom-Jean-Reagan/d

Celebrate the bond between moms and children in a humorous book that invites the kids to do the hard work of raising their mom...if just for a day!

A New York Times Bestseller

This humorous new addition to the beloved HOW TO . . . books takes readers through a playful, busy day with Mom. Written in an instructional style, two siblings suggest the best ways to raise a happy, healthy mom—from waking her up in the morning to arranging play dates, to making sure she gets enough exercise, some quiet time, and plenty of veggies! Filled with charming role-reversal humor, creative ideas, and lots of love, How to Raise a Mom is the perfect gift for Mother’s Day—or any day!

Praise for the HOW TO . . . series:

“A silly take on role reversal.” –Kirkus Reviews (How to Babysit a Grandma)

“Laugh-out-loud funny. . .” –Kirkus Reviews (How to Raise a Mom)

“. . . laugh-out-loud scenes and funny hidden details.” –Kirkus Reviews (How to Babysit a Grandpa)

“Touches of humor in each of the digitally rendered illustrations.” –Kirkus Reviews (How to Surprise a Dad)


The fun doesn't stop! Check out more HOW TO... picture books:

How to Babysit a Grandma
How to Babysit a Grandpa
How to Catch a Santa
How to Get Your Teacher Ready
How to Raise a Mom
How to Surprise a Dad

Pete the Cat: Out of this World Read Aloud for Children by Kids
by James Dean

Click here to purchase Pete the Cat Out of this World:https://www.amazon.com/Pete-Ca....t-Out-This-World/dp/

Blast off into space with New York Times bestselling author and artists James Dean and everyone’s favorite cat-stronaut, Pete the Cat, in Pete the Cat: Out of This World. Includes over 30 fun stickers!

When Pete heads off to space camp, he gets to float in zero gravity, build rockets, and even goes on an extraordinary interstellar mission that is out of this world—literally. Houston, ready to rock out with Pete the Cat!

Ada Twist Scientist
by Andrea Beaty
Illustrated by David Roberts
Read by Let's Read Stories

A #1 New York Times Bestseller
A Wall Street Journal Bestseller
A USA Today Bestseller

The creators of the New York Times bestselling picture books Rosie Revere, Engineer and Iggy Peck, Architect are back with a story about the power of curiosity in the hands of a child who is on a mission to use science to understand her world. Ada Twist, Scientist, from powerhouse team Andrea Beaty and David Roberts, is a celebration of STEM, perseverance, and passion.

Like her classmates, builder Iggy and inventor Rosie, scientist Ada, a character of color, has a boundless imagination and has always been hopelessly curious. Why are there pointy things stuck to a rose? Why are there hairs growing inside your nose? When her house fills with a horrific, toe-curling smell, Ada knows it’s up to her to find the source. What would you do with a problem like this? Not afraid of failure, Ada embarks on a fact-finding mission and conducts scientific experiments, all in the name of discovery. But, this time, her experiments lead to even more stink and get her into trouble!

Inspired by real-life makers such as Ada Lovelace and Marie Curie, Ada Twist, Scientist champions girl power and women scientists, and brings welcome diversity to picture books about girls in science. Touching on themes of never giving up and problem solving, Ada comes to learn that her questions might not always lead to answers, but rather to more questions. She may never find the source of the stink, but with a supportive family and the space to figure it out, she’ll be able to feed her curiosity in the ways a young scientist should.

Iggy Peck and Rosie Revere have earned their places among the most beloved children’s characters, and they have inspired countless kids and adults to follow their dreams and passions. Now in her own charming and witty picture book, determined Ada Twist, with her boundless curiosity for science and love of the question “Why?,” is destined to join these two favorites. The book is the perfect tool to remind both young girls and women that they have the intelligence and perseverance to achieve their dreams.

Click here to Support the author: https://www.amazon.com/Ada-Twi....st-Scientist-Andrea-

A Is for Awful: A Grumpy Cat ABC Book (Grumpy Cat) - Children's Stories Read Aloud

Click here to purchase A Is for Awful: A Grumpy Cat ABC Book: https://www.amazon.com/Awful-G....rumpy-Book-Little-Go

Grumpy Cat has 8 million Facebook followers, her own TV movie, and now . . . a Little Golden Book! The world-famous feline stars in this hilarious storybook.

Basic plan reading.
This lesson lloks at some basic calculations involved - how to work out the position of objects such as a window.
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This mental multiplication trick uses the idea of a third number - a base number - to help us multiply two numbers in your head. This series of videos first looks at multiplying numbers near 10 using base 10. The second video looks at multiplying using base 20 and 30. The third video looks at how to apply this mental multiplication trick to numbers near 50. The forth video the investigates ho to easilt mentally multiply numbers near to 100. Continue your mental math multiplication abilties here!

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To multiply large numbers quickly we use the method of cross multiplication - a type of method used in vedic math. By following the method in this series of videos you will quickly and easily learn how to multiply any size quickly - not with lots of different tricks like the other methods, but by using one method only.
This video looks at how to multiply large numbers, four digits and over. Become a math genius - a master at numbers! Impress your teachers and get perfect grades at Math in school be working faster than your teacher can!

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Percentages can be done mentally both accurately and rapidly using this cool math trick. Become a genius in no time!

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These algebra shortcuts are essential if you want to speed through your math work and still get the right answers.

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Need to compare hourly rate to annual pay?
This math hack will allow you to do it instantly and easily - faster than you think!

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Percentage tricks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fG9nbVV9g4&list=PLjbxBzUM6SLn7pLTxrksJjlHoLY8aOcGk&index=7

Solve simultaneous equations much faster than using the elimination method or substitution.
In fact your teacher won't be able to solve them as fast!

So hahaha to them and more free time for you!

For more examples of how to solve simultaneous equations go here: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLjbxBzUM6SL

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Discover how to easily find the bearings from a diagram with random angles. The bearings looked In this math lesson are true bearings and conventional bearings.
To work out true bearings, start at north and count the number of degrees in a clockwise direction until you get to the bearing you want.
To work out conventional bearings, start by facing north or south, and count how many degrees to need to go east or west until you get to the desired bearing.

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Adding Fractions with different denominators can be done mentally both accurately and rapidly using this cool math trick. Become a genius in no time!

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