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Ocean currents are our planet’s circulatory system, and they keep everything from ecosystems to the climate healthy. But we’re changing Earth in ways that threaten to disrupt and even break critical ocean currents like the planet-wide Great Ocean Conveyor. This could have devastating effects on our future. In this video, we explain how ocean currents work, how climate change is threatening to disrupt them, and what we can do to stop that from happening.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....ocean-conveyor-belt/

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Eating turkey this holiday season? Chowing down on a roast chicken? You’re eating a dinosaur! Entertain your family and friends with a little science lesson this year, and show them why bird bones tell us that birds are actually living dinosaurs.

Comparative anatomy of dinosaurs and chicken - HHMI https://www.hhmi.org/biointera....ctive/comparative-an

Special thanks to:

Anna Rothschild
Mary Beth Albright and The Washington Post Food Lab
Shaena Montanari, Ph.D.

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Special thanks to Dr. Corrie Moreau from The Field Museum for helpful discussions while we were making this episode!

References/Learn More:

Edwards, David P., et al. "A plant needs ants like a dog needs fleas: Myrmelachista schumanni ants gall many tree species to create housing." The American Naturalist 174.5 (2009): 734-740.

Frederickson, Megan E. "Conflict over Reproduction in an Ant‐Plant Symbiosis: Why Allomerus octoarticulatus Ants Sterilize Cordia nodosa Trees." The American Naturalist 173.5 (2009): 675-681.

Frederickson, Megan E., and Deborah M. Gordon. "The intertwined population biology of two Amazonian myrmecophytes and their symbiotic ants." Ecology 90.6 (2009): 1595-1607.

Haddad Junior, Vidal, Luiz Roberto Hernandes Bicudo, and Adílson Fransozo. "The Triplaria tree (Triplaris spp) and Pseudomyrmex ants: a symbiotic relationship with risks of attack for humans." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 42.6 (2009): 727-729

Heil, Martin, et al. "Partner manipulation stabilises a horizontally transmitted mutualism." Ecology letters 17.2 (2014): 185-192.

Hölldobler, Bert, and Edward O. Wilson. The ants. Harvard University Press, 1990.

Sanchez, Adriana, and Edwin Bellota. "Protection against herbivory in the mutualism between Pseudomyrmex dendroicus (Formicidae) and Triplaris americana (Polygonaceae)." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 46 (2015): 71.

Solano, Pascal-Jean, Monique Belin-Depoux, and Alain Dejean. "Formation and structure of food bodies in Cordia nodosa (Boraginaceae)." Comptes rendus biologies 328.7 (2005): 642-647.

Yu, Douglas W., and Naomi E. Pierce. "A castration parasite of an ant–plant mutualism." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 265.1394 (1998): 375-382.

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You’ve seen it in the comment section before: “Climate change is natural. It’s happened before and it will keep happening”. In reality, comments like these are the newest kind of climate change denial. In this video we’re going to learn about all the reasons that Earth’s climate changes, natural and otherwise, and then how we know that modern climate change can’t be blamed on natural forces. Maybe we can finally put this biggest myth about climate change in the trash.

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Joe went behind the scenes at Monterey Bay Aquarium to meet the Giant Pacific Octopus, a powerful and curious creature that challenges many of our notions of intelligence!
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The book:
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How the night sky tricks our brains!
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Checker shadow illusion: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Checker_shadow_illus

Special thanks to Dr. Alan Gilchrist!
Read his paper “Perceptual Organization in Lightness” http://www.gestaltrevision.be/....pdfs/oxford/Gilchris

Josef Albers “The Interaction of Color” https://www.brainpickings.org/....2013/08/16/interacti

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Honeycomb. Strawberries. Flower pods. Some people find these things incredibly scary. We call this extreme fear trypophobia. But why does it exist?

REFERENCES: http://bit.ly/2NvhWki

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 2, we study the complex family relationships of elephants in Africa’s Serengeti plains and how their shared knowledge can help them survive. Then we travel to San Francisco to discover how the intricate songs of birds have changed in the face of our own culture. How common is culture in the animal kingdom? And what role does it play in the survival of species?

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....in-our-nature-episod

00:00 Intro
00:45 What is culture?
02:42 Do animals have culture?
03:33 Serengeti: Culture in African elephants
14:18 San Francisco: Culture in urban songbirds
23:34 Conclusion

In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!

Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy

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I mean… how do you really know?
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If we lived light years from Earth, how would we know there’s life here? Let’s take a look at the search for extraterrestrial life on habitable exoplanets, and discover what biosignatures would show someone else that we’re here.

REFERENCES:
http://exoplanet.eu/

Kaltenegger, Lisa. “How to Characterize Habitable Worlds and Signs of Life.” Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 55, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 433–85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annure....v-astro-082214-12223

Sagan, Carl. “Is There Life On Earth?” Engineering and Science 35, no. 4 (1972): 16–19.

Sagan, Carl, W. Reid Thompson, Robert Carlson, Donald Gurnett, and Charles Hord. “A Search for Life on Earth from the Galileo Spacecraft.” Nature 365 (October 21, 1993): 715.

Schwieterman, Edward W., Nancy Y. Kiang, Mary N. Parenteau, Chester E. Harman, Shiladitya DasSarma, Theresa M. Fisher, Giada N. Arney, et al. “Exoplanet Biosignatures: A Review of Remotely Detectable Signs of Life.” Astrobiology 18, no. 6 (June 2018): 663–708. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2017.1729.

Seager, Sara, and Drake Deming. “Exoplanet Atmospheres.” Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 48, no. 1 (August 2010): 631–72. https://doi.org/10.1146/annure....v-astro-081309-13083

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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A massive new study has just been released showing that human activities are threatening Earth’s other life forms in some very bad ways. One million species may be at risk of extinction. Just let that sink in. Isn’t the Anthropocene awesome? Check out the study below to learn more and find out how we can stop it. #anthropocene #extinction #nature

REFERENCES:

IPBES Biodiversity Global Assessment Report https://www.dropbox.com/sh/yd8....l2v0u4jqptp3/AAACtf6

Information on the IPBES Biodiversity Report https://www.ipbes.net/news/Med....ia-Release-Global-As

IPBES Summary for Policymakers: https://www.ipbes.net/sites/de....fault/files/download

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Comic book heroes ain't got nothin' on evolution.

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Evolution has come up with some pretty amazing ways to get things done when it comes to animals, plants and microbes. From radiation-resistant bacteria (like Dr. Manhattan) to geckos who climb glass using atomic adhesion (like Spider-Man) to a shrimp that can shoot a bubble the temperature of the sun (like Aquaman), nature is pretty super!

Watch more YouTube Geek Week videos at http://youtube.com/geekweek

Clips from this episode: http://bit.ly/15aWwcF

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

Special thanks to Dragon's Lair Comics & Fantasy in Austin, TX

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Nothing is guaranteed in life except death, taxes, and entropy. What do other life forms have to teach us about staying alive as we get old, and will we ever conquer death?

REFERENCES:

Arias, E. et al. (2013). United States life tables eliminating certain causes of death, 1999–2001. National Vital Statistics Reports 61(9)

De Cecco, M. et al. (2013). Transposable elements become active and mobile in the genomes of aging mammalian somatic tissues. Aging 5(12): 867–883. DOI: 10.18632/aging.100621

Hayflick, L. (2016). Unlike aging, longevity is sexually determined. In Handbook of theories of aging, 3rd ed. (pp. 31-52). New York, NY, Springer.

Hayflick, L. (UCSF School of Medicine). Interview.

Klapper, W. et al. (1998). Longevity of lobsters is linked to ubiquitous telomerase expression. FEBS Letters 439: 143-146

Martinez, D.E. (1998). Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in hydra. Experimental Gerontology 33(3): 217–225

Reilly, M.T. et al. (2013). The role of transposable elements in health and diseases of
the central nervous system. The Journal of Neuroscience 33(45): 17577–17586

Roth, A.W. and Polotsky, A.J. (2012). Can we live longer by eating less? A review of caloric restriction and longevity. Maturitas 71: 315–319

Sturm, A. et al. (2015). The mechanism of ageing: primary role of transposable elements in genome disintegration. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 72:1839–1847

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It's definitely higher than "11"
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What is the loudest possible sound? What about the quietest thing we can hear? And what do decibels measure, anyway? In this video you'll learn what makes sound

The loudest sound on Earth (the we know of anyway), great story by Aatish Bhatia: http://nautil.us/blog/the-soun....d-so-loud-that-it-ci

Video of the Papua New Guinea volcano eruption from YouTuber bacobjee: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUREX8aFbMs

Calculation of the shock wave from teleportation: http://www.quora.com/Teleporta....tion/If-you-were-to-

The sometimes-painful effects of different sound pressure levels: http://www.makeitlouder.com/De....cibel%20Level%20Char

How loud are rocket launches? http://testtube.com/dnews/how-....loud-are-space-shutt

NASA's sound suppression water system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LehY5avJUM

Can a sound be loud enough to kill you? http://www.straightdope.com/co....lumns/read/2298/can-

-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D
Follow me on Twitter/Instagram: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
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Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
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John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music:
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Other music via APM
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Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

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Window chip in the ISS: http://www.esa.int/spaceinimag....es/Images/2016/05/Im
The extent of space debris: http://www.esa.int/spaceinvide....os/Videos/2013/04/Sp
Where did all that debris come from? http://blogs.scientificamerica....n.com/guest-blog/whe
USSTRATCOM space surveillance fact sheet: https://www.stratcom.mil/facts....heets/11/Space_Contr
This is cool: http://stuffin.space/
Every satellite orbiting Earth, visualized: http://qz.com/296941/interacti....ve-graphic-every-act
8 weird pieces of space junk: http://www.wired.com/2009/02/spacestuff/
Project West Ford: http://www.wired.com/2013/08/project-west-ford/

STK animation courtesy of Analytical Graphics, Inc.

Get yourself an awesome IOTBS shirt! http://dftba.com/besmart
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Here we are, just a year after the first news of the coronavirus we now call SARS-CoV-2 and the global pandemic known as COVID-19… and scientists have already developed more than one safe & effective vaccine. How did they do that so quickly? I visited the lab whose work directly led to these first COVID vaccines, so you can learn how basic research connects to life-saving medicine. This is how to make a COVID-19 vaccine.

Coronavirus animation courtesy of: Janet Iwasa, University of Utah, with funding from the NSF, the Coronavirus Structural Task Force and the German Federal Ministery of Research

References:
Wrapp, D. et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 367, 1260–1263 (2020) doi: 10.1126/science.abb2507

Watanabe, Y., Allen, J. D., Wrapp, D., McLellan, J. S. & Crispin, M. Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike. Science eabb9983 (2020) doi:10.1126/science.abb9983.

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I’m vaccinated. I’m boosted. And I still got infected with the omicron variant of COVID-19. Here’s what I learned, and what it means for the possible end of this pandemic.

References and sources:
https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-omicron-cov

0:00 Intro
1:16 What is Omicron?
2:23 Is Omicron more contagious?
4:31 What's different about Omicron?
5:42 Is Omicron less severe?
8:07 Are the vaccines ineffective?
9:55 What no one's saying about vaccines
11:34 Injection + Infection: Is "hybrid immunity" better?
13:46 Will Omicron end the pandemic?
15:41 Final thoughts

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Stay informed. Stay cautious, but not scared. Listen to scientists and public health officials and follow their guidance. By protecting yourself, you're protecting the most vulnerable among us. Together we can flatten the curve on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. More resources below!
#COVID-19 #SARS-CoV-2 #FlattenTheCurve

3Blue1Brown on exponential growth: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kas0tIxDvrg

Get info from trusted sources:
https://www.cdc.gov/coronaviru....s/2019-ncov/index.ht
https://www.who.int/emergencie....s/diseases/novel-cor
https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus

References used: https://sites.google.com/view/....covid-19-flattenthec

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Pucker up. I'm gonna lay some science on you!

When you really think about it, kissing is an odd human behavior. You know, all the rubbing of our faces all over each other. So there must be a good reason why we do it, right? From motherly comforts to testing the genetic compatibility of your "mate", the science of kissing is pretty awesome.

Learn more about "The Science of Kissing" by Sheril Kirshenbaum at http://amzn.to/Nuy0TE

Sheril's book has an extensive bibliography if you'd like to look more closely at any of these studies, but here's a couple that I mentioned:

Study of facial features and attractiveness ("men prefer fuller, redder lips"): http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/68/2/261/

Claus Wedekind's famous "t-shirt" study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7630893

"Why do mothers cradle their babies on the left?" by Sieratzki and Woll, 1996 http://www.researchgate.net/pu....blication/14543476_W

Want to know more about the famous Austin mural where we shot this? http://www.austin360.com/news/....entertainment/share-

Did you catch the cameo from Julia Wilde? http://www.youtube.com/user/wildescience

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editor and motion graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Isaac Hammons - Sound

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Humans can develop intense relationships, even obsessions, with the things we’re fans of. A huge part of our identities, our emotions, and our lives get tied up in these things. Why are we like this?

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Crowther, T. W., et al. "Mapping tree density at a global scale." Nature 525.7568 (2015): 201-205.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/...

Learn more about forest habitats: http://www.worldwildlife.org/habitats...

And let’s hear it for John Denver… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBEkj...


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigita...

Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

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1. Gravitational waves: http://www.nature.com/news/gra....vitational-waves-1.1
2. AlphaGo beats Lee Sedol: http://www.theatlantic.com/tec....hnology/archive/2016
3. CRISPR tested in a human: http://www.nature.com/news/cri....spr-gene-editing-tes
4. Minimal synthetic organism: http://www.sciencemag.org/news..../2016/03/synthetic-m
5. SpaceX rocket landings: http://www.space.com/33461-spa....cex-rocket-landings-
6. Closest known exoplanet: https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1629/
7. Alzheimer’s drug trial success: http://www.sciencealert.com/a-....new-alzheimer-s-drug
8. Three-parent baby born: https://www.newscientist.com/a....rticle/2107219-exclu
9. Paris climate agreement goes into effect: https://www.wired.com/2016/12/....2016-pivotal-year-wa
10. Antarctic ozone hole is healing: http://www.bbc.com/news/scienc....e-environment-366749
11. Ross Sea becomes largest marine protected area: http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/2016/10/ross-se
12. Giant pandas are no longer endangeredL http://www.worldwildlife.org/s....tories/giant-panda-n
13. Wild tigers on the rise: http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/2016/04/160410-
14. Cool new species: http://www.livescience.com/545....46-chewbacca-beetle-
http://www.npr.org/sections/th....etwo-way/2016/06/02/
http://www.livescience.com/555....63-game-of-thrones-d
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38325099
15. Casper the ghost octopus: http://www.slate.com/blogs/the...._slatest/2016/03/06/

16. Ghost shark filmed: http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/2016/12/pointy-
17. LIchen symbiosis decoded: http://www.theatlantic.com/sci....ence/archive/2016/07
18. Jeremy the backwards snail finds a partner: http://www.wired.co.uk/article..../snail-jeremy-left-h
19. Solar powered plane flies around world: https://www.theguardian.com/en....vironment/2016/jul/2
20. New glasses for colorblind people: https://www.technologyreview.c....om/s/601782/how-ench
21. Juno mission updates: https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/
22. Rosetta completes comet mission: http://gizmodo.com/watch-roset....ta-s-entire-mission-
23. Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko’s year in space: https://www.nasa.gov/content/a-year-in-space

----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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Check out some beautiful music made from space itself
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There is no sound in space. In the near-vacuum of space, there is nothing to transmit the physical waves that we need to perceive sound. But that doesn't mean we can't MAKE sound from space. This week, I feature several artists using scientific data to create "space sonification" projects. From the longest palindrome ever created to a chorus created from Earth's magnetic field, these pieces lie at the intersection of art and science. More than just art, they allow us to perceive patterns in complex data in a completely new way
Perhaps it answers the question: If the universe had a voice, what song would it sing?

FULL Versions of Pieces Featured:

Robert Alexander - Transit of Venus http://www.itsokaytobesmart.co....m/post/42845983348/r

Semiconductor Films - "20 Hz"
http://www.itsokaytobesmart.co....m/post/44264199289/2

Van Allen Belt chorus
http://www.itsokaytobesmart.co....m/post/32692373350/c

Daniel Starr-Tambor - "Mandala"
http://www.itsokaytobesmart.co....m/post/15977543553/m (this piece is the longest palndrome ever created, at 62 viginitillion notes!!)

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

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Our mission? Make math fun, engaging, and oh-so-easy for both you & your students. Our library of lesson materials is not only super-affordable but is also FREE to try out at http://numberock.com/letsrockmath.

Video Summary
Once upon a time, in a math land so grand that nine canaries found themselves perched on wires over sand. Many say it was all planned - just a device to represent equivalent fractions for kids all over the world to see. Who knows?

Each wire held a fraction, or a piece of the pie, Three ninths, one third— oh not in my eye!
“Listen up,” said the canaries, feathers all a-fluff, “Equivalent fractions, that’s some sick stuff!” 🎵

Thank you for watching Numberock's Equivalent Fractions Song.

#Math #Fraction #Grade6