Check out Two Cents! https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCL8w_A8p8P1HWI3k6
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The flu might feel like some minor illness that you don’t need to worry about much, but tens of thousands of people still die from it every year. And back in 1918, Flu killed up to 5% of the world’s population. Could a flu that bad happen again?

REFERENCES:
https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/121YpoKjQvYp2FK

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Do you remember having a cold in 5th grade? Or the flu a couple years ago? Your immune system does. Our bodies hold many levels of immune defense.Physical barriers like skin, the innate immune system, and our body’s most powerful defender, the adaptive immune system. Millions of B cells and T cells and antibodies are constantly on patrol for germs and antigen invaders. As scientists learn more about how this system works and how to engineer it, could we ever actually be immune to everything?

Special thanks to Dr. James Crowe (Vanderbilt University) http://www.crowelab.com/

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Karl Boettcher and Derek Borsheim
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Check out “Venomous” by Christie Wilcox: http://bit.ly/VenomousBook
Help us translate this video! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_video?ref=share&v=Qd92MuVZXik
↓ More info and sources below ↓

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Learn more:
LD50’s of various venomous snakes: http://snakedatabase.org/pages/LD50.php

Lynne Isbell’s “The Fruit, the Tree, and the Serpent” http://amzn.to/2afXQ91

Fry, Bryan G., et al. "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes." Nature 439.7076 (2006): 584-588. http://www.nature.com/nature/j....ournal/v439/n7076/ab

Reyes-Velasco, Jacobo, et al. "Expression of venom gene homologs in diverse python tissues suggests a new model for the evolution of snake venom." Molecular biology and evolution 32.1 (2015): 173-183. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/....content/32/1/173.sho

Drabeck, Danielle H., Antony M. Dean, and Sharon A. Jansa. "Why the honey badger don't care: Convergent evolution of venom-targeted nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mammals that survive venomous snake bites."Toxicon 99 (2015): 68-72. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S

Opossum venom resistance: https://www.acs.org/content/ac....s/en/pressroom/newsr

Reddit AMA with Steve Ludwin, a snake venom self-immunizer: https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/....comments/17hzhk/iama

Van Le, Quan, et al. "Pulvinar neurons reveal neurobiological evidence of past selection for rapid detection of snakes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110.47 (2013): 19000-19005. http://www.pnas.org/content/110/47/19000.short

Thrasher, Cat, and Vanessa LoBue. "Do infants find snakes aversive? Infants’ physiological responses to “fear-relevant” stimuli." Journal of experimental child psychology 142 (2016): 382-390. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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2023 was a wild year with everything from scorching temperatures to massive wildfires. Even with more renewable energy than ever, 2023’s climate data still seems really bad. So how should we think about climate change today? And what can we do about it? Learn what climate scientists think about 2023’s climate milestones, what the models tell us about the future of Earth’s climate, and how we can tackle climate doomerism.

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Epigenetic inheritance is really weird, but is it real?
Tweet this ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSepi Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSepiFB
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Crash Course Physics with Dr. Shini Somara: https://www.youtube.com/user/crashcourse

Want more on epigenetic inheritance? Start here:
Univ. of Utah’s Learn Genetics: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu..../content/epigenetics
Virginia Hughes - “Epigenetics: The Sins of the Father” http://www.nature.com/news/epi....genetics-the-sins-of

Dig deeper:

Szyf, Moshe. "Nongenetic inheritance and transgenerational epigenetics."Trends in molecular medicine 21.2 (2015): 134-144.
Sharma, Abhay. "Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance requires a much deeper analysis." Trends in molecular medicine 21.5 (2015): 269-270.
Heard, Edith, and Robert A. Martienssen. "Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: myths and mechanisms." Cell 157.1 (2014): 95-109.
Rando, Oliver J. "Daddy issues: paternal effects on phenotype." Cell 151.4 (2012): 702-708.
Jablonka, Eva, and Gal Raz. "Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: prevalence, mechanisms, and implications for the study of heredity and evolution." The Quarterly review of biology 84.2 (2009): 131-176.
Heijmans, Bastiaan T., et al. "Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105.44 (2008): 17046-17049.
Pembrey, Marcus, et al. "Human transgenerational responses to early-life experience: potential impact on development, health and biomedical research." Journal of medical genetics (2014): jmedgenet-2014.


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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
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This is a cool old movie from 1941 about how the eye works:
https://archive.org/details/05....86_How_the_Eye_Funct

Dive deeper into the physics of vision correction with Michel van Biezen:
https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLX2gX-ftPVX

Myopia boom in modern times:
http://www.nature.com/news/the-myopia-boom-1.17120

Limits to human vision:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11019869

----

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Music via APM
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Why do we build monuments? And what are they made of?

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I took a trip to Washington D.C. to check out some of our nation's most famous monuments. Where do they come from? From the depths of the Earth to the distant reaches of the cosmos, you'll never look at history the same way again.

Music
"Over the River and Through the River" - Father Sleep

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
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Here’s a thought: What IS a thought? I know it involves my brain, and my brain is made of neurons. And my brain’s neurons are listening to other neurons all over my body. But how do those neurons actually work? Maybe you’ve heard that it involves electricity, but does that mean you’ve got little zaps and lightning bolts running through your veins like Pikachu? Don’t worry, I’m here to set you straight on what a neuron is, what an action potential is, and how fast your nervous system really communicates.

Neuron spiker box from Backyard Brains (they didn’t sponsor this video in any way, but their kits are very educational!) https://backyardbrains.com/

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....galvani-nerve-brain/

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Heroes on the half shell… Oyster power?
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When people picture New York City they see skyscrapers, subways, and a concrete jungle. But the Big Apple is really a seaside city built on an archipelago. In the wake of a century of industrial pollution and climate change-fueled superstorms like Hurricane Sandy, New York’s waterways need help. Learn how Billion Oyster Project is working to restore one of the world’s greatest lost ecosystems in order to clean up New York’s water and protect it from an uncertain climate future.

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The first thing a baby giraffe experiences after being born is a 2 meter fall straight down to the ground. But within an hour, it’s standing, walking, and nursing on its own. And a blue whale calf, after nearly a year growing inside mom, can swim to the surface moments after being born. Human babies on the other hand? We’re born unable to move or eat on our own, we can’t communicate or fully sense our world, and we leak EVERYWHERE. If humans are so smart, why are our babies so… un-smart? You may think it’s all about head size, but the real science is more complex.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....why-babies-helpless-

Note: In videos like this one, we use the terms male and female to refer to biological sex and typical secondary characteristics seen across the human population.

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More people have food allergies than ever before. Peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, eggs, and even milk… the list of possibly dangerous foods seems to get longer every day. But why do some people’s bodies have deadly reactions food? And why are food allergies on the rise? In this video we explain what food allergies really are, and what the difference is between food allergy and food intolerance. Some fellow YouTubers tell us their stories of what it’s like to live with food allergies, and we bring you the best current science on how to prevent food allergies in kids and adults. It’s a tough nut to crack. #FoodAllergy #Allergies #FoodScience

Special thanks to WheezyWaiter and Emily Graslie for sharing their food allergy stories with us!
https://www.youtube.com/user/wheezywaiter
https://www.youtube.com/user/thebrainscoop

Want to learn more about allergies? Watch this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqrnShjM4II

-----------
REFERENCES:
Anagnostou, Katherine, and Andrew Clark. "Oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy." Annual review of medicine 67 (2016): 375-385.

Sathe, S. K., Liu, C., & Zaffran, V. D. (2016). "Food allergy." Annual review of food science and technology, 7, 191-220.

Tyagi, Nidhi, et al. "Comparisons of allergenic and metazoan parasite proteins: allergy the price of immunity." PLoS computational biology 11.10 (2015): e1004546.

Willits, Erin K., et al. "Food Allergy: A Comprehensive Population-Based Cohort Study." Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Vol. 93. No. 10. Elsevier, 2018.

Wong, L., Huang, C. H., & Lee, B. W. (2016). "Shellfish and house dust mite allergies: is the link tropomyosin?." Allergy, asthma & immunology research, 8(2), 101-106.

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You have questions, I have answers.

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Sequencing the banana genome: http://news.discovery.com/eart....h/plants/banana-geno

Reddit's r/ELI5 on "sympathetic vomiting": http://www.reddit.com/r/explai....nlikeimfive/comments

Chances we had more than one common ancestor: http://news.discovery.com/anim....als/dinosaurs/life-s

Greenland fossil microbes: http://www.nature.com/ngeo/jou....rnal/v7/n1/full/ngeo

Australia fossil microbes: http://online.liebertpub.com/d....oi/abs/10.1089/ast.2

Ed Yong's awesome article about the origin of the mitochondria: http://nautil.us/issue/10/merg....ers--acquisitions/th

History of "c" as the speed of light: http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/....physics/Relativity/S

Ask Joe #1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkSpmTvCRJA
Ask Joe #2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJvWQMt95A8

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
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Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Another YouTube #shorts from Dr. Joe! Subscribe for more fun science stories.

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Why do we see rainbows in soap bubbles? What makes an oil slick so oddly beautiful? Iridescent colors, which transform depending on the angle you look at them, are all over nature. How does physics make these shifting rainbows? We’re going to find out with the help of the National Museum of Natural History's most spectacular specimens – from bird feathers and beetle wings to fossils and gemstones.

Check out some of my other videos about color in nature:
In search of the blackest thing on Earth https://youtu.be/86P03RlegBM
Why is blue so rare in nature? https://youtu.be/3g246c6Bv58

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Is autism really on the rise—or are we just recognizing it more? This video breaks down what ASD is, explores real vs rumored causes, and examines how science separates fact from fiction. A clear, evidence-based look at autism amidst the noise from media, government officials, and online speculation.

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References: https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-autism-refe

0:00 Intro - Autism myths vs. science
1:18 Is the autism epidemic real?
2:57 What IS autism anyway?
4:54 The untold history of autism
7:21 Is it really just changes in diagnosis?
9:23 The trend we CAN’T explain
10:03 How much of autism is genetic?
15:37 Maybe it’s our environment too
17:07 Environmental factors: What we know
18:16 Autism and pregnancy
19:05 Pre-term birth
20:27 Pollution
21:16 Pesticides and heavy metals
22:53 Tylenol and pharmaceuticals
27:14 SSRIs
27:51 Vaccines
32:08 Gut microbiome
33:09 PFAS/plastics/pthalates
33:27 Why do we care?
34:13 Figuring it all out (conclusion)

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Check out What Do I Do With This? from @NinePBS and our full Earth Month playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SL_gYWba5NM&list=PLnNZYWyBGJ1F8ofFm4H9UTrHxqU8zngK4&index=6
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Plants eat sunlight and air to make life. But the key enzyme behind it all, called rubisco, isn’t actually all that great at its job. Let’s talk about how photosynthesis really works, why oxygen isn’t coming from where you think, and whether we can fix the biggest flaw in one of Earth’s most essential processes.

References and further reading: https://sites.google.com/view/....fixing-photosynthesi

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On April 8, 2024, the Moon’s shadow fell upon the Earth, creating a total solar eclipse across North America. If you had the chance to see it, you're surely glad you didn't miss it. It’s an amazing coincidence that total eclipses happen at all — and that we’re alive at a time when we can see and predict them. We made this video so you can learn how to watch an eclipse safely, what to look for during an eclipse, why eclipses happen, and how eclipses have helped advance scientific research.

Explore this April 8, 2024 eclipse map from NASA! https://science.nasa.gov/eclip....ses/future-eclipses/

Find your next solar eclipse here: https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas.html

Learn more about the solar eclipse timer app: https://www.solareclipsetimer.com/

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Over 200 years ago, scientists were looking at sunlight through a prism when they noticed that part of the rainbow was missing. There were dark lines where there should have been colors. Since then, scientists have unlocked the secrets encoded in these lines, using it to uncover mind-boggling facts about the fundamental nature of our universe and about worlds light-years away.

Want to build your own DIY spectrometer? Mine is a modified version of this one from @exploratorium https://www.exploratorium.edu/....snacks/cd-spectrosco
And here's what you'll need to make one: https://amzn.to/3sbhr7C

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....whysomeoftherainbowi

0:00 Fraunhofer's mystery of missing colors
0:54 Playing with fire
2:11 Puzzle pieces and color codes
3:30 Electrons do the strangest things
5:40 How to make a rainbow analyzer
8:00 Using rainbows to understand the universe
9:57 Life beyond Earth
10:57 Final thoughts

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Across life on Earth, blood comes in red, blue, green, purple, even clear. But why? And what makes your blood different from mine? This video will teach you everything you need to know about the strange world of blood—what it does, why it varies, and why we can’t live without it.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-blood-types

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