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In this episode we're joined by a leading political scientist to help us figure out the complex psychological and social factors that motivate us to vote… or not to. We discuss how and why our decision whether or not to vote might not be a rational one. And why it is important to understand that. And why it’s important to vote!

Visit Vote.gov to learn how and when to register and vote.

References and further reading: https://sites.google.com/view/....why-do-we-vote-refer

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Duh, except for the sky… and the ocean…
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Among living things, the color blue is oddly rare. Blue rocks, blue sky, blue water, sure. But blue animals? They are few and far between. And the ones that do make blue? They make it in some very strange and special ways compared to other colors. In this video, we'll look at some very cool butterflies to help us learn how living things make blue, and why this beautiful hue is so rare in nature.

SPECIAL THANKS:
Smithsonian Institution - National Museum of Natural History
Bob Robbins, Ph.D. - Curator of Lepidoptera
Juan Pablo Hurtado Padilla - Microscope Educator

Richard Prum, Ph.D. - Yale University
Vinothan Manoharan, Ph.D. - Harvard University

SOURCES:

Bagnara, J. T., Fernandez, P. J., & Fujii, R. (2007). On the blue coloration of vertebrates. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, 20(1), 14-26.

Cuthill, I. C., Allen, W. L., Arbuckle, K., Caspers, B., Chaplin, G., Hauber, M. E., ... & Mappes, J. (2017). The biology of color. Science, 357(6350), eaan0221.

Kinoshita, S., Yoshioka, S., & Miyazaki, J. (2008). Physics of structural colors. Reports on Progress in Physics, 71(7), 076401.

Kinoshita, S. (2008). Structural colors in the realm of nature. World Scientific.

Prum, R. O., Quinn, T., & Torres, R. H. (2006). Anatomically diverse butterfly scales all produce structural colours by coherent scattering. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209(4), 748-765.

Vukusic, P., & Sambles, J. R. (2003). Photonic structures in biology. Nature, 424(6950), 852-855.

Vukusic, P., Sambles, J. R., Lawrence, C. R., & Wootton, R. J. (1999). Quantified interference and diffraction in single Morpho butterfly scales. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 266(1427), 1403-1411.



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It's Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
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Optical illusions are fun, but they can also teach us a lot about how our brains work. In particular, how our brains accomplish the incredible feat of constructing a three-dimensional reality using nothing but 2-D images from our eyes. A young artist and psychology researcher named Adelbert Ames, Jr. developed a series of illusions that help us understand how this process of constructing reality actually works. Sometimes we need to be fooled in order to gain understanding.

We'd like to acknowledge Dr. Phil Kellman from UCLA for his helpful discussions about the principles of spatial perception at play in these illusions https://kellmanlab.psych.ucla.edu/

Special thanks to Brian from Real Engineering for 3D printing the anamorphic cube for me! https://www.youtube.com/c/RealEngineering

References used in this episode: https://sites.google.com/view/....references-ames-illu

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Money. We all use it. But is it real? I mean, you can touch a coin or bill, but who decided that’s worth anything? And what about all those 1’s and 0’s getting swapped and traded by computers thousands of times per second? How are those worth anything? We trace the history of money, from physical barter to bitcoin, and discover that money isn’t just a lie we all agree to share, it’s been built on the back of technology and invention for millennia.

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Check out Hungry Planet on @pbsterra https://youtu.be/uH2jWc9TEVM
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The idea of the lone genius creating everything isn’t just misleading. It’s harmful and wrong. Innovation thrives when people work together, and rather than nice linear paths, new ideas come from chance events and unexpected connections. This video tells the story of one such invention, and offers a new idea about how new ideas are really born.

0:00 I've got a gripe
1:30 How innovation stories usually go
2:28 The last time this happened, things got weird
2:51 Stabbing sick people in Olde London
4:23 A heroic cow named Blossom
5:05 Why Napoleon hated swamps
6:22 The preacher, sparks, and a fortuitous explosion
7:08 Who's "in charge" here?
8:26 Bubbles, for your health!
9:33 Putting the club in soda
10:13 Needles and drugs
11:01 A tower in Paris
11:58 Quantum bros
12:53 Very VERY tiny things
13:37 This physicist hates cats
14:20 Mr. Helix and the messengers
15:18 It's all coming together
16:08 The best part of the story
17:35 Extras

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How do zebras get their stripes? How do leopards get their spots? And how do giraffes get their giraffe-shaped thingies, whatever they are called? Would you believe the answer is… math? This is the story of a WWII wartime codebreaker and his quest to decode nature’s most beautiful patterns. Alan Turing uncovered a simple code that explains everything from stripes to spots and all the patterns in between… he was just too far ahead of his time. Only recently have biologists found evidence that his pattern-forming system

Alan Turing’s notes used by permission of King’s College, Cambridge (The Turing Papers collection)

Visit Dr. Natasha Ellison’s Turing Pattern Project to learn more: https://turing-pattern-project.group.shef.ac.uk/

Turing pattern simulations created using Jason Webb’s Reaction-Diffusion Playground: https://jasonwebb.github.io/re....action-diffusion-pla

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....turing-pattern-refer

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And Eons: https://youtu.be/pk213XSSktQ
↓↓↓ More origin of life info and sources below ↓↓↓

The origin of life is one of the most important mysteries in all of science. When did life begin? How did life first evolve from chemistry? Where did life get started? In some primordial soup or somewhere else? Let’s journey back to the origin of life, as best as we know it, from the RNA world do the last universal common ancestor of everything alive today.

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REFERENCES: http://bit.ly/2HtuPZr

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Karl Boettcher and Derek Borsheim
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

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Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Big thank you to Rachel for lending her voice and photos to this episode!

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"The Oldest Living Things In The World" by Rachel Sussman:
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Species featured in this video:

Bristlecone pine: http://bit.ly/1o3zW4p
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"Old Tjikko" spruce: http://bit.ly/1s30eq7
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Siberian Actinobacteria: http://bit.ly/1xUZ5yR

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
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Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Unless otherwise indicated, all photos are © Rachel Sussman, used with permission

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The eyes are often the first thing we see when we look at someone. And when you look at them up close, everyone’s eye color is a kaleidoscope of shapes and hues. How does eye color work? The answer involves some very cool physics, and probably isn’t what you were taught in school. And you’ve probably wondered how is eye color inherited, or why some people have blue eyes even if their parents’ eyes are brown? Get ready for a long look deep into the genetics and physics of eye color. #eyes #eyecolor #blueeyes

REFERENCES:

Genetics of human iris colour and patterns - Richard A. Sturm, Mats Larsson
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/full/10.1111/j

Iris Color Classification Scales
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC57292

GWAS Findings for Human Iris Patterns: Associations with Variants in Genes that Influence Normal Neuronal Pattern Development
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC31551

Characterization of melanin in human iridal and choroidal melanocytes from eyes with various colored irides.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18353148

Can blue eyed parents produce brown eyed children? - Richard A. Sturm
https://bioenv.gu.se/digitalAs....sets/1571/1571499_ey


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You have questions, I have answers!

Richard Feynman - Fun To Imagine (playlist): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3pYRn5j7oI&list=PL2D30B1DEFFDA0310

Mapping a zombie apocalypse to model disease outbreaks: https://medium.com/the-physics....-arxiv-blog/61661d6a

People can't tell the difference between smell of Parmesan and vomit: http://www.rachelherz.com/uplo....ads/Odor_Illusions.p

Check out Ask Joe #1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkSpmTvCRJA

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
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Produced for PBS Digital Studios

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I took a trip to one of Austin's famous moontowers so I could put the enormity of our solar system into perspective. With the help of a grapefruit, and a lot of walking, you'll get an idea of just how tiny everything is out there!!

Do it yourself! Calculate sizes and distances, and then make your own solar system model using this calculator: http://dft.ba/-solarsystem

Veritasium "How Far Away Is The Moon?" http://youtu.be/Bz9D6xba9Og
Solar system as a football field: http://dft.ba/-6qnn
How far away is Voyager right now? http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

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The fastest animal in nature isn't what you think it is. It's way, way smaller than that. Nature's tiniest creatures warp the laws of physics, and they do it in ways that even human engineers would gawk at. Using the power of super slow-motion macro video, let's uncover the biological engineering that lets nature's fastest creatures do their zoomy thing.

@AntLab ►► https://www.youtube.com/user/adrianalansmith
@physicsgirl ►► https://www.youtube.com/c/physicsgirl

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....fastest-animals-refe

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Every year, hundreds of millions of people voluntarily turn their lives upside down by setting their clocks forward one hour in the spring and back one hour in the autumn on a particular date mandated by the government wherever they happen to live. Daylight saving time is a perfect example of how a few people with the best of intentions can end up annoying millions of the rest of us for the better part of a century. And it’s time we take an honest look at how we got to this place where half the world comes unstuck in time twice a year, and ask if the supposed advantages for springing forward and falling back still hold up! #daylightsavingtime #DST

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....fixing-daylight-savi

My video about the invention of metric system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3eHHwcMVcA

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Read “Soonish” by Kelly and Zach Weinersmith! https://smbc-comics.com/soonish/
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Try 23andMe at: http://www.23andme.com/okay

Asteroid mining sounds like something out of a bad space movie, but harvesting materials from space rocks might be our ticket to building space colonies or living on Mars. Most of Earth’s precious and rare metals are locked too far in the crust for us to get at them, and launching them to space is too expensive for us to supply large colonies off Earth or explore far off worlds. How do we get our hands on the planetary resources inside asteroids? Let’s find out!

Special thanks to Kelly and Zach Weinersmith for working with us on this video. Check out their new book “Soonish” for a hilarious and science-filled look at future technologies: https://smbc-comics.com/soonish/

SOURCES/EXTRAS:

Badescu, Viorel, ed. Asteroids: Prospective energy and material resources. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.

Crawford, Ian A. "Asteroids in the service of humanity." arXiv preprint arXiv:1306.2678 (2013).

Kleine, Thorsten. "Geoscience: Earth's patchy late veneer." Nature 477.7363 (2011): 168-169.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Dr. Shaena Montanari
Editor/animator: Andrew Orsak
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
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Check out the FULL video from Smarter Every Day of jellyfish stinging in microscopic slow-motion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7WJCnC5ebf4

Jellyfish are mesmerizing and beautiful and I have no idea how they work. So I went behind the scenes at the Monterey Bay Aquarium with my new friend Tommy to learn all about them. I saw some things…

Why are we in Monterey? PBS and BBC are teaming up to bring you an incredible LIVE nature broadcast direct from Monterey Bay, California called BIG BLUE LIVE. In late summer, thousands and thousands of ocean animals come together here, in one of the richest ecosystems on Earth. We'll be bringing you a week of videos direct from Monterey Bay all about this incredible place and the biology it holds
Big Blue Live airs nightly on PBS 8/31-9/2 at 8 PM ET
Big Blue Live airs on BBC One 8/23 (7PM), 8/27 (8 PM), 8/30 (7 PM)

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(Whale illustrations by Nobu Tamura/CC-BY-3.0)

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
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Check out http://youarenotsosmart.com/ for more on cognitive biases
Books by David McRaney: http://amzn.to/1pQqmQh and http://amzn.to/1qrGRpM

Did blowing on NES cartridges actually do anything? http://mentalfloss.com/article..../12589/did-blowing-n
http://gaming.stackexchange.co....m/questions/15044/wh
http://www.digitpress.com/foru....m/showthread.php?117

Mario speedrun video via akyeren: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Boq3ghiTKHA

The Vegetable Lamb of Tartary: http://www.wired.com/2014/04/f....antastically-wrong-v

Mice from dirty laundry and other spontaneous generation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S....pontaneous_generatio

Here's another video testing the effectiveness of blowing into NES cartridges: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNi4A2KGOfw

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editor and motion graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Video game music:
Rolemusic: Ants
Rolemusic: Bacterial Love
Rolemusic: Ladybug Castle
Rolemusic: Another Beek Beep Beer Please

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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So… baby teeth are pretty terrifying, huh?
Remember to brush, floss, and SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Teeth. We’ve all got ‘em (most of us, anyway). But how do they grow? Teeth are made from some biological nanotechnology that will blow your mind. They are strong enough to last hundreds of millions of years. Oh, and if you’ve ever wondered how adult teeth replace your baby teeth, get ready to see something terrifying.

Special thanks to Matthew Brown, Ph.D. and the University of Texas Vertebrate Paleontology Collection

Watch the tasty new series “Tacos of Texas” https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCdzQ_ilHPH3rQtgzo

REFERENCES:

Dr. Gareth J. Fraser, Department of Biology, University of Florida
Dr. Andrew Gillis, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge

S.J. AlQahtani Et al. (2010) Brief Communication: The London Atlas of Human Tooth Development and Eruption. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 142:481–490

Teruel Jde D Et al. (2015) Comparison of chemical composition of enamel and dentine in human, bovine, porcine and bovine teeth. Archives of Oral Biology Volume 60, Issue 5 768-775

Hill, M.A. (2018) Embryology Timeline human development. https://embryology.med.unsw.ed....u.au/embryology/inde



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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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More moon rocks on Smarter Every Day ►► https://youtu.be/QxZ_iPldGtI
And Objectivity ►► https://youtu.be/yvhLBzsDwSQ

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Fifty years ago, we sent the first astronauts to walk on the moon’s face. But what they brought back is just as important as what got them there. I’m talking about moon rocks, guys. And I got to go visit NASA’s lunar sample vault to learn more about them! NASA’s moon rock collection has helped us learn so much about the early solar system, the formation of rocky planets like ours, and where our moon came from. And let me tell you, the story of our moon is a VIOLENT one. It involves the word “magmoon”. That’s an awesome word! Enjoy this video, and I hope you learn not just some lunar geology, but also how exploring the moon helped change what the space program was all about.
#apollo #moon #apollo50

SOURCES: https://sites.google.com/view/....inside-nasa-moon-roc

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Can trees really save us from climate change? For eons, nature has relied on photosynthesis as a big way to keep carbon dioxide levels from getting out of control. But as we have put more carbon into the air, we’ve also cut down many of the forests we need to suck that carbon up. So big tree-planting initiatives like #TeamTrees to the rescue, right? Actually, we need to think bigger. Here’s three ways trees really can help us solve climate change, from a guy who wants to plant a TRILLION trees, to how we might save the forests we’ve got, to scientists hacking biology to make trees even better.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....3waystreescansavethe

Aspect Science: Team Trees Explained https://youtu.be/SLHCA-hHx4Y

Special thanks to Felix Finkbeiner
https://www.plant-for-the-planet.org/en/home

Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
AlecZero
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Why are trees and other plants green? Seems like a simple question. But the answer is full of surprises. Using a special camera that can pick up light just beyond the visible range, into the near-infrared, you’ll get to see trees like you’ve never seen them before. And these other-worldly images can teach us not only why trees are green on Earth, but what color photosynthetic life on other planets might be.
#TeamTrees

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....treesonotherplanets-

Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
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Diego Lombeida

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