शीर्ष वीडियो
We don’t always say exactly what we mean, and yet we’re still pretty good at understanding each other. That’s because we don’t just use meaning to figure out what’s going on, we also use context. This episode of Crash Course Linguistics is all about pragmatics, the area of linguistics that deals with context. We’ll cover the four main assumptions we make about context in language, also known as Grice’s Maxims, as well as the ways that languages can use grammar to convey politeness, and the different types of conversational styles within and between languages.
Want even more linguistics? Check out the Lingthusiasm podcast, hosted by the writers of Crash Course Linguistics: https://lingthusiasm.com/
Carefree by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.....io/song/3476-carefre
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
***
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Why do people sometimes do bad things just because someone else told them to? And what does the term Groupthink mean? In today's episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about the ideas of Social Influence and how it can affect our decisions to act or to not act.
Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
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Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Milgram's Obedience Experiment 0:31
Social Influence & Conformity 3:22
Asch's Conformity Experiment 4:08
Cultural Expectations & Normative Social Influence 5:21
Social Facilitation 5:59
Social Loafing 6:19
Deindividuation & Group Polarization 6:51
Groupthink 7:58
Review & Credits 9:06
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Before we dive into the big questions of philosophy, you need to know how to argue properly. We’ll start with an overview of philosophical reasoning and breakdown of how deductive arguments work (and sometimes don’t work).
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This week we answer skeptics like Descartes with empiricism. Hank explains John Locke’s primary and secondary qualities and why George Berkeley doesn’t think that distinction works -- leaving us with literally nothing but our minds, ideas, and perceptions.
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Have you ever heard of a perpetual motion machine? More to the point, have you ever heard of why perpetual motion machines are impossible? One of the reasons is because of the first law of thermodynamics! In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini talks to us about thermodynamics and entropy. Also, we learn about isovolumetric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes. It'll all make sense in a minute!
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What is culture? How do we define it and how does it change? We’ll explore different categories of culture, like low culture, high culture, and sub-cultures. We'll also revisit our founding theories to consider both a structural functionalist and a conflict theory perspective on what cultures mean for society.
Crash Course is made with Adobe Creative Cloud. Get a free trial here: https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud.html
***
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This week Craig Benzine talks about the importance of elections in the strongest branch of the U.S. Government: Congress. He'll talk about the frequency of elections in the Senate and House, the typical characteristics of a candidate, and the motivating factors our congresspeople follow to get re-elected.
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
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Chapters:
Introduction: Congressional Elections 00:00
How Congressional Elections Work 0:59
How Congressional Candidates Get Elected 2:16
Characteristics of Congressional Candidates 3:05
Incumbency Advantage 4:21
The Electoral Connection & Why Congressional Elections Matter 6:01
Credits 8:25
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We’re picking up where we left off last time, exploring the “ethics of care” and how it applies to extreme poverty. Are we responding to global poverty in a moral way? Philosophers like Peter Singer argue that we have an obligation to prevent harm caused by poverty, whereas Garrett Hardin offers a “lifeboat analogy” to explain our obligations to focus on caring for our own.
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So what does perception even mean? What's the difference between seeing something and making sense of it? In today's episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank gives us some insight into the differences between sensing and perceiving.
Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
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Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Perception: Your Mind's Eye 1:06
Perceptual Set 1:53
Optical Illusions 3:13
Form Perception & Figure-Ground Relationships 3:44
Rules of Grouping: Proximity, Continuity, & Closure 4:53
Depth Perception 5:40
Binocular vs. Monocular Visual Cues 6:11
Motion Perception 7:50
Perceptual Constancy 8:15
Review & Credits 9:12
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Today Craig is going to talk about a topic that makes voters and politicians alike ANGRY! We're going to talk about Gerrymandering - that is the process in which voting districts are redrawn in a way to favor one party during elections. As you'll see, this is why election outcomes on Census years (which tend to be when districts are redrawn) are a really big deal. So we'll talk about how some of these cockamamie voting districts come to be and explain how Gerrymandering can affect the outcomes (and misrepresent voters) during elections. But even with all these rage-inducing and bizarre district maps, it's important to remember that it isn't ALL political scheming, but also a reflection of the tendency for Democrats to live in urban areas.
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We continue our tour of the nervous system by looking at synapses and the crazy stuff cocaine does to your brain.
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Chapters:
Introduction: What are Synapses? 00:00
Electrical vs Chemical Synapses 1:58
How Electrical Synapses Work: Gap Junctions 2:56
How Chemical Synapses Work: Neurotransmitters 4:01
How Neurotransmitters Work 5:33
How Cocaine Works 7:44
Review 9:52
Credits 10:37
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Today we start a three episode arc on the rise of a global telecommunications network that changed the world forever. We’re going to begin with computer networks, and how they grew from small groups of connected computers on LAN networks to eventually larger worldwide networks like the ARPANET and even the Internet we know today. We'll also discuss how many technologies like Ethernet, MAC addresses, IP Addresses, packet switching, network switches, and TCP/IP were implemented to new problems as our computers became ever-increasingly connected. Next week we’ll talk about the Internet, and the week after the World Wide Web!
Pre-order our limited edition Crash Course: Computer Science Floppy Disk Coasters here!
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Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
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We continue our look at your bones and skeletal system, skipping over the silly kid's song in favor of a more detailed look at your axial and appendicular skeleton. This episode also talks about the structural and functional classifications of your joints and the major types of body movement that they facilitate.
Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Chapters:
Introduction: Joints 00:00
Axial Bones: Cranial, Facial, Vertebrae, & Thoracic Cage 2:02
Appendicular Bones: Limbs & Pelvis 3:05
Types of Joints 3:33
Functional Classification of Joints: Synarthroses, Amphirthroses, Diarthroses 3:59
Structural Classification of Joints: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial 4:32
Types of Synovial Joints 5:37
Plane Joints - Gliding Movements 6:02
Hinge Joints - Angular Movements: Flexion, Extension, & Hyperextension 6:20
Condylar Joints - More Angular Movements: Abduction, Adduction, & Circumduction 6:55
Ball & Socket Joints - Rotational Movements 7:23
Saddle Joints - Opposition Movement 7:46
Pivot Joints - Supination & Pronation 8:03
Review 8:26
Credits 8:59
***
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This week we are looking at your parasympathetic division, which is the "resting and digesting" unit. Unfortunately, learning about this de-stressing division also involves a whole lot of memorization. Don't worry, though - we've got some mnemonic devices to help you out!
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Chapters:
Introduction: Parasympathetic Nervous System 00:00
Comparing Structures of the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems 1:41
What Do Cranial Nerves Do? 2:49
The 12 Cranial Nerves 4:03
Mnemonics & Memory Tips for Studying the 12 Cranial Nerves 5:24
Vagus Nerve 6:40
The Autonomic Nervous System & Sex 8:16
Review 9:13
Credits 9:53
***
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This week Hank introduces skepticism, exploring everything from the nature of reality through the eyes of a 17th century philosopher and, of course, The Matrix.
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After weeks of exploring the existence of nature of god, today Hank explores one of the biggest problems in theism, and possibly the biggest philosophical question humanity faces: why is there evil?
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What do you and a sack of batteries have in common? Today, Hank explains.
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Chapters:
Introduction: What do Neurons Do? 00:00
Your Body is a Sack of Batteries 1:18
How Electricity Works Inside Your Nervous System 3:18
Sodium-Potassium Pump 4:04
Types of Ion Channels: Voltage-Gated, Ligand-Gated, and Mechanically-Gated 4:51
Graded Potential vs. Action Potential 5:45
Depolarization 6:19
Repolarization 7:35
Hyperpolarization 8:00
Refractory Period 8:14
Review 10:06
Credits 10:29
Crash Course Kids Preview! 10:39
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What is a monopoly? It turns out, it's more than just a board game. It's a terrible, terrible economic practice in which giant corporations dominate markets and hurt consumers. Except when it isn't. In some industries, monopolies are the most efficient way to do business. Utilities like electricity, water, and broadband internet access are probably less efficiently delivered in competitive markets. Come along, and let us monopolize your attention for a few minutes. You might learn something. And you might land on Free Parking.
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All the magic that we know is in the transfer of electrons. Reduction (gaining electrons) and oxidation (the loss of electrons) combine to form Redox chemistry, which contains the majority of chemical reactions. As electrons jump from atom to atom, they carry energy with them, and that transfer of energy is what makes all life on Earth possible.
Watch this video in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel! https://youtu.be/B-2h7u665AM
Thank you to the following chemistry teachers for their assistance:
James Sarbinoff
Rachel Wentz
Edi González
Lucas Moore
Chris Conley
Addie Clark
Julia Rosinski
Special Thanks to Matt Young at the University of Montana (Geosciences Department, Environmental Biogeochemistry Lab) who helped with the chemical demonstrations.
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Do we really have free will? Today Hank explores possible answers to that question, explaining theories like libertarian free will and its counterpoint, hard determinism.
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Today we are taking all the things we have learned this year about doing philosophy and applying that to moral considerations regarding non-human animals. We’ll explore what philosophers like Peter Singer and Carl Cohen have to say about their use, including the concept of equal consideration of interests.
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Feeling motivated? Even if you are, do you know why? The story of Aaron Ralston can tell us a lot about motivation. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank tells us Ralston's story, as well as 4 theories of motivation and some evolutionary perspectives on motivation.
Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
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Chapters:
Introduction: Motivation 00:00
What is Motivation? 1:08
Evolutionary Perspective: Instincts 1:29
Drive-Reduction Theory: Homeostasis & Incentives 2:37
Optimal Arousal 3:39
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 4:49
How Sex Motivates Us 5:29
How Hunger Motivates Us 6:32
Effects of Hunger & Starvation 7:59
How Social Belonging Motivates Us 9:33
Review & Credits 10:34
--
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You've probably heard the word "Entrepreneur" thrown around a lot in business. It conjures images of Elon Musk, Bill Gates, or Oprah Winfrey. But, it goes way beyond that. In this episode of Crash Course Business: Entrepreneurship, Anna helps us to figure out who Entrepreneurs are, and what that title actually means.
***
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Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haxiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Bob Doye, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, David Noe, Shawn Arnold, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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You may think you know all about hypnosis from the movies. Zoolander, The Manchurian Candidate, etc... but there's a whole lot more going on. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank tells us about some of the many altered states of consciousness, including hypnosis.
Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych
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Chapters:
Introduction: Hypnosis & Altered States of Consciousness 00:00
Facts & Fallacies About Hypnosis 2:00
How does hypnosis work? 3:05
Drug Tolerance & Neuroadaptation 4:49
Psychoactive Drugs 5:51
Depressants 6:28
Stimulants 7:35
Hallucinogens/Psychedelics 9:04
Non-Drug Induced Hallucinations 9:33
Review & Credits 10:32
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
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It's time to heat things up! LITERALLY! It's time for Hank to talk about the history of Thermodynamics!!! It's messy and there are a lot of people who came up with some ideas that worked and other that didn't and then some ideas that should have come first actually were figured out second.
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
