I am an absolute freak for cheese. Next to bread, it might be our oldest biotechnology! Here's some of the science about how it's made and where it comes from.

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

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Special thanks to Kara Chadbourne from Antonelli's Cheese in Austin, TX!!! She's a cheese genius.

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editor and motion graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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Since the time of the ancient Greeks, scientists have been constructing a cosmic measuring tape to measure the universe from our own backyard all the way to its ever-expanding edge: the cosmic distance ladder. In this video, we climb that ladder and explore how each rung has revealed something new and previously unthinkable about the universe we live in.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....cosmic-distance-refe

0:00 How far away are things?
1:05 Near, far, parallax that star
3:25 Island universes and Hubble's blinking star
5:51 Redshifted rainbows and the expanding universe
7:41 Supernovae and the end of everything
9:08 Conclusion: The ladder of discovery
10:00 I'm hosting a game show!



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It took about a century for black holes to go from impossible, to theoretical, to real. And it was just this year, in 2019, when we finally saw the first picture of a black hole! But how to you take a photo of something so massively dense that not even light can escape its gravitational pull? You use a telescope the size of the Earth!

This video is a bit different from most It's Okay To Be Smart videos. It's part of a new PBS miniseries called STELLAR, done in collaboration with Matt O’Dowd from PBS Space Time and Dianna Cowern from Physics Girl. Over six episodes we travel to telescopes, go inside space research centers, and chat with amazing scientists to bring you the most exciting stories about space. Next up is Matt's episode where he tells you how we discovered galaxies outside of our own. And if you missed it, check out:

**Matt O’Dowd exploring the oldest quasar ever seen at the Gemini Telescope: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqCPnXHKO5c

**Physics Girl visits LIGO to learn about gravitational waves: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtp71NT0GNg

You'll be able to see future episodes on the Physics Girl, Space Time and It’s Okay to be Smart YouTube channels, as well as the PBS Digital Studios Facebook page.

Stellar is a part of the PBS Summer of Space. They'll be lots of awesome space related content all summer long on PBS. See what's happening at https://www.pbs.org/summer-of-space/

#SummerOfSpacePBS #astrophysics #space

Hosted by Joe Hanson
Written by: Sophia Chen, Joe Hanson, Andrew Kornhaber, Eric Brown
Directed by: Eric Brown and Andrew Kornhaber
Producer: Randa Eid
Director of Photography: Eric Brouse
Sound: Tobi Nova
Production Assistant: Anna Bosketti
Editing: Pavel Ezrohi
Graphics: Murilo Lopes
Assistant Editing: Daniel Sircar
Produced By: Kornhaber Brown

You can learn more at https://curiositystream.com/smart
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You may have heard that a kilogram of feathers weighs the same as a kilogram of steel, but that all depends on where you weigh them. This video is all about the difference between mass and weight, and how weirdly awesome Earth’s gravity really is.

REFERENCES:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_versus_weight
http://curious.astro.cornell.e....du/about-us/42-our-s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_bulge
http://www.cleonis.nl/physics/....phys256/equatorial_b
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid
https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/
http://www2.csr.utexas.edu/gra....ce/publications/fact

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
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Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Check out our whole series on ENERGY! http://bit.ly/1BnH5zu
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub Twitter: @okaytobesmart
↓ More info and sources below ↓

We use a LOT of energy, but we waste a lot too. Where that waste happens might surprise, you though. We don't just waste energy when we leave the lights on or the thermostat cranked down too low. It happens at the dinner table and the water faucet as too!

LEARN MORE:
Special thanks to Sheril Kirshenbaum and the Webber Energy Group at the University of Texas at Austin for their help with this series. http://www.webberenergygroup.com/

Check out their awesome online course "Energy 101" to learn about energy and energy policy from A to Z! http://www.energy101.com/

And to find out what people think about energy, check out the UT Energy Poll: http://www.utenergypoll.com/


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM

Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks

-----------------

Last week's video:
Does the Moon Orbit the Earth? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cJ3AemeUFM

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

Follow me to @pbsorigins! https://www.youtube.com/c/pbsorigins
We’re on PATREON! Join the community https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
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We’re living longer. Dying less. Human life expectancy has doubled in just a couple centuries. Machines and meals and medicines keeping us alive long past the age where we can make babies. Does this mean our species is no longer under the influence of natural selection? Have humans stopped evolving?

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Predictive analytics uses math and historical data to make predictions about the future. It’s used in commerce, sports, politics, social media and tons of other places. And as it turns out, people have been using math to predict people’s death for centuries. Can it predict mine?

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Follow this link to more shark science videos by your favorite YouTubers!! http://bit.ly/1sugd0z

Sharks killed per hour infographic: http://bit.ly/1oXYT0Y

An estimated 100 million sharks are killed per year: http://bit.ly/1oE7uRS

Palau sharks are worth $2 million: http://nyti.ms/1kX4fua

Effect of shark overfishing on reefs: http://bit.ly/1opLhwF

Overfishing sharks led to scallop fishery collapse: https://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5820/1846.short?related-urls=yes&legid=sci;315/5820/1846

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Camera
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Plants can do some amazing things.
But how do they respond to their environment with no brain?
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Learn more/references:

“What a Plant Knows” by Daniel Chamovitz http://amzn.to/2bfvdOg

“The Secret Life of Plants” by Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird http://amzn.to/2bczCTf (this book is full of bad science mumbo jumbo, but it’s where the Cleve Backster story comes from)

Galil, J. "An ancient technique for ripening sycomore fruit in east-mediterranean countries." Economic Botany 22.2 (1968): 178-190.

Kost, C., & Heil, M. (2008). The Defensive Role of Volatile Emission and Extrafloral Nectar Secretion for Lima Bean in Nature. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 34(1), 2–13. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-007-9404-0

Gerbode, Sharon J., et al. "How the cucumber tendril coils and overwinds."Science 337.6098 (2012): 1087-1091.

Darwin’s writings on vines and climbing plants: http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F836&viewtype=text&pageseq=1

Darwin’s writings on plant movement: http://darwin-online.org.uk/Ed....itorialIntroductions

----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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What is ”egg-shaped” even? I used to think it was the shape of a chicken egg. Then one day I saw a collection of eggs from lots of different bird species, and I realized just how many different kind of egg shapes there really are! I had to know why. And it turns out a couple teams of scientists had wondered the same thing. Here’s what science says about why eggs are egg-shaped, if that's even a thing, which I’ve learned it might not be. Evolution of bird eggs, go!
#egg #biophysics #eggvolution

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....why-are-eggs-egg-sha

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Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

I used #badDNA once in this video. Can you find it?
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If you see #badDna, be sure to show me on Twitter! @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart

Biology textbooks are full of drawings of DNA, but none of those show what DNA actually looks like. Sure, they’re good models for understanding how DNA works, but inside of real cells, it’s a whole lot more interesting. Learn why we can’t look directly at DNA, and find out how DNA is actually packed inside cells.

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READ MORE:

Best electron microscope image of DNA: http://theatln.tc/2xLBb0Y

Atomic force microscopy (the tiny needle): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Atomic_force_microsc

Visualizing the 3-D genome: http://bit.ly/2eHud8k
Stevens, Tim J., et al. "3D structures of individual mammalian genomes studied by single-cell Hi-C." Nature 544.7648 (2017): 59-64.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Editor/animator: Evan Wright
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Remove your personal information from the web at http://joindeleteme.com/BESMART and use code BESMART for 20% off
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Follow us over to the PBS App or PBS.org to watch Walking with Dinosaurs!
https://to.pbs.org/WalkingWithDinosaurs

How did dinosaurs become birds—and what good is half a wing? Join Joe and a few brave chickens as they recreate a brilliant experiment that helps solve one of evolution’s greatest mysteries: the origin of feathered flight.

Thank you to Dr. Jingmai O'Connor from Chicago's Field Museum for helpful discussions and background research

Sources: https://sites.google.com/view/....from-feathers-to-fli

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“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
We’re on PATREON! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 6, we investigate a mystery. Millennia ago, while much of the Earth was covered in ice, enormous animals lived on every continent except Antarctica. Species like ground sloths, mammoths, gomphotheres, sabertooth cats, even wombats the size of cars! Today, Africa is the only continent where these megafaunas still exist. Why? What happened to the rest of Earth’s giants?

In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!

Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy

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Joseph Spencer
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Javier Soto
dani bowman
David Johnston
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Baerbel Winkler
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Dustin
Marcus Tuepker
Karen Haskell
AlecZero

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Check out Nourish from PBS! https://www.youtube.com/PBSNourish
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People who live near the equator use more spices per recipe than people who live far from the equator. But that isn't for the reason you think. Spices and other plant ingredients have special powers that make them a truly magical superfood!

REFERENCES:

Billing, J., & Sherman, P. W. (1998). Antimicrobial functions of spices: why some like it hot. The Quarterly review of biology, 73(1), 3-49.

Juneja, V. K., Dwivedi, H. P., & Yan, X. (2012). Novel natural food antimicrobials. Annual review of food science and technology, 3, 381-403.

Sherman, P. W., & Billing, J. (1999). Darwinian gastronomy: why we use spices: spices taste good because they are good for us. BioScience, 49(6), 453-463.

Li, Z., Henning, S. M., Zhang, Y., Zerlin, A., Li, L., Gao, K., ... & Heber, D. (2010). Antioxidant-rich spice added to hamburger meat during cooking results in reduced meat, plasma, and urine malondialdehyde concentrations–. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 91(5), 1180-1184.

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BOOKS WE’VE FEATURED:
http://smart-books.tumblr.com/

-----------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Derek Borsheim
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. Support your local station at: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

In case you have a strange new desire to get an IOTBS shirt: http://store.dftba.com/collect....ions/its-okay-to-be-

See if you share a famous birthday (I got Tom Hiddleston): http://www.buzzfeed.com/kimber....leydadds/which-celeb

Explore the math behind Birthday Paradox #1: https://www.khanacademy.org/ma....th/probability/proba

Explore Birthday Paradox #2: http://www.trans4mind.com/pers....onal_development/mat

The “Facebook Birthday Problem” is a variant of the Coupon Collector’s Problem: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Coupon_collector%27s


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!

Follow on Twitter: @okaytobesmart @drjoehanson
http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: @okaytobesmart @drjoehanson

-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

Slime molds are intelligent, but they are single-celled creatures with no brains.
How is that possible?
↓ More info and sources below ↓

I really hope you guys check out Deep Look, it’s one of my favorite channels, full of great 4K, micro-world goodness! http://goo.gl/8NwXqt

Many thanks to Prof. Andy Adamatzky (UWE Bristol) for slime mold culturing advice.

Special thanks to the following for providing Dictyostelium microscope footage:
Prof. John Bonner (Princeton)
Prof. David Knecht (Univ. of Connecticut)
Prof. Richard Firtel (UCSD)
Prof. Jeremy Pickett-Heaps (Univ. of Melbourne)

References/further reading:
“Intelligence in Nature” by Jeremy Narby http://amzn.to/23HvtKG
“The Social Amoebae - The Biology of Cellular Slime Molds” by John Bonner http://amzn.to/1MEmmCR

Nakagaki, Toshiyuki. "Smart behavior of true slime mold in a labyrinth."Research in Microbiology 152.9 (2001): 767-770.
Nakagaki, Toshiyuki, Hiroyasu Yamada, and Masahiko Hara. "Smart network solutions in an amoeboid organism." Biophysical chemistry 107.1 (2004): 1-5.
Adamatzky, Andrew. Physarum machines: computers from slime mould. Vol. 74. World Scientific, 2010.

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Like us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
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-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
Stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted) http://www.videoblocks.com

AKA "The Brazil Nut Effect" but brazil nuts are blah
You can learn more at https://curiositystream.com/smart
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

The bottom of the cereal box is a disappointing place. But at least now you know why. Where do you see the Brazil Nut Effect around you?

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Fyfluiddynamics: https://www.youtube.com/user/fyfluiddynamics
Origin of Everything: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCiB8h9jD2Mlxx96ZF

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Derek Borsheim and Sara Roma
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
Head to BrainCraft for more doggy science! http://youtu.be/OBy3idLwwYM
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Do you ever talk to your dog? Do they ever talk back? Humans and dogs have a truly amazing relationship, developed along an evolutionary journey that goes back nearly 10,000 years. Do they really understand what we say, think, and feel? Recent research suggests dogs know more about our language and emotions than you might think
CORRECTION: Chaser is a she. Oops!

Meet Chaser the border collie: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/18/science/18dog.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&
See Chaser in action: https://www.youtube.com/user/pilleyjw

Dogs can process words' emotion separate from meaning: http://www.cell.com/current-bi....ology/pdf/S0960-9822

Left-gaze bias in dogs and humans: http://www.plosone.org/article..../info%3Adoi%2F10.137

Charles Darwin's "Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals" https://archive.org/details/ex....pressionofemot1872da

Decoding dog barks: http://www.apa.org/monitor/may05/dogs.aspx

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!

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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Oliver Hanson - Dog
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

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Last week's video:
Is Santa Real? (A Scientific Analysis): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCOf6Su0Yvw

More videos:
Building Curiosity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__tPaFaPCHo
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Why Did We Blow on NES Games? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Gf9mtXnJfM
The Science of Game of Thrones - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utu-LpJn3Is
There Was No First Human - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdWLhXi24Mo
How The Elements Got Their Names - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtg9p6A6xnY

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If the sun instantly switched off like a light bulb–which can’t happen, by the way–then we wouldn’t know for almost 8 and a half minutes. Light travels at the fastest speed there is, but it still takes almost 500 seconds to get to Earth. That’s how long it would take before we knew the sun went dark. But the most amazing thing about the sunlight we see is it’s actually really old. SUPER old. AMAZINGLY OLD! Tens of thousands of years old. How is that possible? Because of the physics and mathematics of random walks.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....how-old-is-sunlight-

Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
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Arrow of Time FAQ: http://preposterousuniverse.co....m/eternitytohere/faq

Arrow of Time wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

Sean Carroll's TED talk on time and the multiverse: http://www.ted.com/talks/sean_....carroll_distant_time

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editor and motion graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Stock video via Videoblocks

Music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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