Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Are you more of a cat person?
Follow me to MinuteEarth to discover the origin of our feline friends! https://youtu.be/LWB0-tGwb_E
↓↓↓More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Of all the species that humans have domesticated, dogs are our oldest animal friends. But how did a group of wolves become the furry pup at the end of the bed? New research is finally unlocking the paw-in-hand evolution of dogs and humans. In this episode we’re answering one big question: Did we domesticate dogs, or did dogs domesticate us?

Special thanks to our friends from MinuteEarth!

-----------
REFERENCES:

Frantz, Laurent AF, et al. "Genomic and archaeological evidence suggest a dual origin of domestic dogs." Science 352.6290 (2016): 1228-1231.

Freedman, Adam H., and Robert K. Wayne. "Deciphering the Origin of Dogs: From Fossils to Genomes." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 0 (2016).

Freedman, Adam H., et al. "Genome sequencing highlights the dynamic early history of dogs." PLoS Genet 10.1 (2014): e1004016.

Thalmann, Olaf, et al. "Complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient canids suggest a European origin of domestic dogs." Science 342.6160 (2013): 871-874.

Wang, Guo-Dong, et al. "Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world." Cell research 26.1 (2016): 21-33.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
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You may have heard that a kilogram of feathers weighs the same as a kilogram of steel, but that all depends on where you weigh them. This video is all about the difference between mass and weight, and how weirdly awesome Earth’s gravity really is.

REFERENCES:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_versus_weight
http://curious.astro.cornell.e....du/about-us/42-our-s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_bulge
http://www.cleonis.nl/physics/....phys256/equatorial_b
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid
https://gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/
http://www2.csr.utexas.edu/gra....ce/publications/fact

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Researcher: Matt Caplan, Ph.D.
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editors/animators: Derek Borsheim
Executive Producer: Amanda Fox
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Hint: It's not black
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When you stare up at the night sky, you might think that the universe is really black, but that's just because our eyes aren't sensitive enough to see the billions and billions of multicolored stars out there. Ever wonder why certain stars are certain colors? And what color is our sun, really? If we looked at enough stars, could we figure out the average color of the universe?

Read more:
Stellar classification: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S....tellar_classificatio
What color is the sun: http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh..../colour/Tspectrum.ht
Star colors in hex code: http://blogs.discovermagazine.....com/badastronomy/201
Color of the Milky Way: http://www.news.pitt.edu/milkywaycolor
Average color of the universe (cosmic latte): http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap020702.html

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D
Follow me on Twitter: @DrJoeHanson
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Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM

Stock images from Shutterstock

-----------------

Last week's video: Attack of the Zombie Parasites https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgCQStTSMuk

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

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SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 are nasty enemies. Invisible, mysterious, and deadly, they have spread around the world and caused much of humanity to hide away. Germs like these only succeed and spread because of our social evolution, and our social nature is why social and physical distancing is so deeply painful for us. But evolution has also given us the gifts we need to survive this difficult time.

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A poet once said, "The whole universe is in a glass of wine." We will probably never know in what sense he said that, for poets do not write to be understood. But it is true that if we look in glass of wine closely enough we see the entire universe There are the things of physics: the twisting liquid which evaporates depending on the wind and weather, the reflections in the glass, and our imagination adds the atoms. The glass is a distillation of the earth's rocks, and in its composition we see the secrets of the universe's age, and the evolution of the stars. What strange array of chemicals are in the wine? How did they come to be? There are the ferments, the enzymes, the substrates, and the products. There in wine is found the great generalization: all life is fermentation. Nobody can discover the chemistry of wine without discovering the cause of much disease. How vivid is the claret, pressing its existence into the consciousness that watches it!

If in our small minds, for some convenience, divide this glass of wine, this universe, into parts - physics, biology, geology, astronomy, psychology, and so on - remember that nature does not know it! So let us put it all back together, not forgetting ultimately what it is for. Let us give one more final pleasure: drink it and forget it all!

Get Feynman's Lectures on Physics in book form: http://bit.ly/OKfeynman

"The Universe in a Glass of Wine" ... a poem by Richard Feynman, as delivered in the Feynman Lectures on physics. Watch them all here: http://io9.com/watch-a-series-....of-seven-brilliant-l

Clips used in this video: http://bit.ly/1ckkLsz

Joe Hanson - Host
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Bryan Poyser - Editor
Sound Design - Lyman Hardy, Stuck On On

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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It’s been estimated that 1 in 10 works of fine art are forged or misattributed. The truth is, no one really knows how much fake art is out there, because many art counterfeiters are so skilled that their paintings are almost indistinguishable from the real works. But even counterfeiters can’t beat physics! From atomic bomb remnants to ancient atoms, here’s some of the amazing ways that science can detect fake art.

SOURCES:

“The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings” by Jehane Ragai (2015)

Ragai, J. (2013). The Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 157(2), 164-175

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Matthew Caplan, Ph.D.
Producer/editor/animator: Jordan Husmann
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

I smell a science storm a-comin'!!
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

References:
"Nature of Argillaceous Odor" (1964) http://www.nature.com/nature/j....ournal/v201/n4923/ab
"Petrichor and Plant Growth" (1965)
http://www.nature.com/nature/j....ournal/v207/n5004/ab
Human nose can detect a trillion smells
http://news.sciencemag.org/bio....logy/2014/03/human-n
Petrichor and fish spawning
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com..../doi/10.1111/j.1095-
Camels seek out wet soil smells
http://www.theguardian.com/sci....ence/2003/mar/06/sci
Chemistry of petrichor:
http://cen.acs.org/articles/91..../i18/Scent-Rain-Stra
http://www.itsokaytobesmart.co....m/post/85815194542/c
http://www.scientificamerican.....com/article/storm-sc

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Camera
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Thank you to Draper and its Hack the Moon initiative for supporting PBS Digital Studios | Learn more at https://wehackthemoon.com

It took about a century for black holes to go from impossible, to theoretical, to real. And it was just this year, in 2019, when we finally saw the first picture of a black hole! But how to you take a photo of something so massively dense that not even light can escape its gravitational pull? You use a telescope the size of the Earth!

This video is a bit different from most It's Okay To Be Smart videos. It's part of a new PBS miniseries called STELLAR, done in collaboration with Matt O’Dowd from PBS Space Time and Dianna Cowern from Physics Girl. Over six episodes we travel to telescopes, go inside space research centers, and chat with amazing scientists to bring you the most exciting stories about space. Next up is Matt's episode where he tells you how we discovered galaxies outside of our own. And if you missed it, check out:

**Matt O’Dowd exploring the oldest quasar ever seen at the Gemini Telescope: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqCPnXHKO5c

**Physics Girl visits LIGO to learn about gravitational waves: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtp71NT0GNg

You'll be able to see future episodes on the Physics Girl, Space Time and It’s Okay to be Smart YouTube channels, as well as the PBS Digital Studios Facebook page.

Stellar is a part of the PBS Summer of Space. They'll be lots of awesome space related content all summer long on PBS. See what's happening at https://www.pbs.org/summer-of-space/

#SummerOfSpacePBS #astrophysics #space

Hosted by Joe Hanson
Written by: Sophia Chen, Joe Hanson, Andrew Kornhaber, Eric Brown
Directed by: Eric Brown and Andrew Kornhaber
Producer: Randa Eid
Director of Photography: Eric Brouse
Sound: Tobi Nova
Production Assistant: Anna Bosketti
Editing: Pavel Ezrohi
Graphics: Murilo Lopes
Assistant Editing: Daniel Sircar
Produced By: Kornhaber Brown

Watch me host @HighSchoolQuizShow! https://www.youtube.com/@HighSchoolQuizShow
Join our Patreon community: https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart
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Since the time of the ancient Greeks, scientists have been constructing a cosmic measuring tape to measure the universe from our own backyard all the way to its ever-expanding edge: the cosmic distance ladder. In this video, we climb that ladder and explore how each rung has revealed something new and previously unthinkable about the universe we live in.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....cosmic-distance-refe

0:00 How far away are things?
1:05 Near, far, parallax that star
3:25 Island universes and Hubble's blinking star
5:51 Redshifted rainbows and the expanding universe
7:41 Supernovae and the end of everything
9:08 Conclusion: The ladder of discovery
10:00 I'm hosting a game show!



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Overview is back on @pbsterra! Watch now : https://youtu.be/NYA6GF1uAa8
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Why do the same, self-repeating patterns appear in trees, rivers, lightning, and even inside our own bodies? Is there some secret, hidden rule of nature or mathematics that makes these intricate designs appear all over the place? Let’s talk about fractals.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....besmart-fractalsinna

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Have you ever looked at the front of a car and seen a face? Or an electrical outlet and seen a face? You definitely have. We all see faces everywhere we look thanks to a fun quirk of the human brain called facial pareidolia. Here's the neuroscience and psychology of how this weird brain phenomenon works!

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....facial-pareidolia-re

0:00 Intro
1:33 What is facial pareidolia?
2:26 How your brain "sees" stuff
4:10 What is a "face" anyway?
5:29 Are we born this way?
7:08 Why recognizing faces is important, according to evolution
9:09 Dog faces, and some closing thoughts
10:05 Support us on Patreon!

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High fives to all our Brain Trust Patrons:

Ed Eyden
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An ode to curiosity... with LEGO!

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

My tribute to Curiosity, both the NASA rover and the human desire to discover, featuring words from some of science's greatest minds and LEGO's special edition Mars rover set
SOURCES:

Carl Sagan:
"Cosmos: A Personal Voyage - The Lives of the Stars" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7L6SZPxgNg
"Cosmos: A Personal Voyage - The Backbone of the Night"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeaPIy6eS_g
"Cosmos: A Personal Voyage - The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCxc5w-SfpA

Neil deGrasse Tyson:
"Science is in our DNA" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVrVdtSFK7c
"Cosmos: A SPacetime Odyssey Q&A" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfUuj0YLmMg

Bill Nye:
"The Good Stuff - Bill Nye and the Origin of Everything" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMKTiPUl8E4
"Why We Explore" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVZmL5UARcs
"Bill Nye Debates Ken Ham" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6kgvhG3AkI

Hank Green:
"Curiosity is the Finest Human Quality" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kQ1Po7vzUk

Jane Goodall:
"Sowing the Seeds of Hope" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vibssrQKm60

Richard Feynman:
"Take the World From a Different Point of View" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgJPjG4KJYQ

James Cameron:
"Before Avatar - A Curious Boy (TED2010)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVfd6fg7QsM

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director/Editor
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc
Kate Eads - Associate Producer

Music:
"Evolver" by Jesper Kyd (APM Music Library)

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This is one of the weirdest mysteries of human evolution: Why do we have grandmas? From menopause to our slow maturation and super-long lifespans, humans are quite unique in the animal kingdom. Could grandma be an evolutionary secret weapon? Or is she just a surprise side effect of living long lives?

Thank you to @MamaDoctorJones Go check out her channel!

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....mystery-menopause-re

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Olivia Ruiz
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Baerbel Winkler
Eric Meer
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Chapters:
0:00 Intro: Humans are weird
0:45 Nature's strangest life cycles
2:25 The whole point of evolution
4:48 The mystery of grandmas (it's menopause)
6:02 Mama Doctor Jones explains the female reproductive system
8:55 Why do humans live so long after reproductive age?
10:46 The Grandmother Hypothesis
12:50 There's just one catch… and a NEW theory!
15:12 Putting it all together
17:00 A word from our sponsor


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Thank you to Draper and its Hack the Moon initiative for supporting PBS Digital Studios | Learn more at https://wehackthemoon.com
Physics Girl explores how We’ll Find the Aliens in Our Solar System!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfqpYDVhXd8&t=1s

Looking up at the stars makes you wonder: what and who is out there? And why haven’t we seen any other intelligent civilizations given the vast size and age of the universe? They’re complicated questions and although we haven’t met any other space-faring species we do have a way of calculating just how many alien civilizations might be out there as well as some rather frightening ideas as to why we might not have met them.

This video is a bit different from most It's Okay To Be Smart videos. It's part of a new PBS miniseries called STELLAR, done in collaboration with Matt O’Dowd from PBS Space Time and Dianna Cowern from Physics Girl. Over six episodes we travel to telescopes, go inside space research centers, and chat with amazing scientists to bring you the most exciting stories about space.

**I figure out how we took a picture of a Black Hole with a telescope the size of Earth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUpKta9yfCk&t=237s

**Matt O’Dowd exploring the oldest quasar ever seen at the Gemini Telescope: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqCPnXHKO5c

**Physics Girl visits LIGO to learn about gravitational waves:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtp71NT0GNg

You'll be able to see future episodes on the Physics Girl, Space Time and It’s Okay to be Smart YouTube channels, as well as the PBS Digital Studios Facebook page.

Stellar is a part of the PBS Summer of Space. They'll be lots of awesome space related content all summer long on PBS. See what's happening at https://www.pbs.org/summer-of-space/

#SummerOfSpacePBS #astrophysics #space

Hosted by Joe Hanson
Written by: Joe Hanson, Andrew Kornhaber, Eric Brown
Directed by: Eric Brown and Andrew Kornhaber
Producer: Randa Eid
Director of Photography: Eric Brouse
Sound: Tobi Nova
Production Assistant: Anna Bosketti
Editing: Pavel Ezrohi
Graphics: Murilo Lopes
Assistant Editing: Daniel Sircar
Produced By: Kornhaber Brown

I am an absolute freak for cheese. Next to bread, it might be our oldest biotechnology! Here's some of the science about how it's made and where it comes from.

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

↓ More info and sources below ↓

Special thanks to Kara Chadbourne from Antonelli's Cheese in Austin, TX!!! She's a cheese genius.

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editor and motion graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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A human with the metabolism of a hummingbird would need to eat about 80,000 calories a day to survive. That’s because staying warm by making your own heat takes a ton of energy. And that brings up a paradox, because creating your own body heat is incredibly expensive. The largest animals on Earth have to spend most of their day just eating enough to keep their heat engines running. So why aren’t we cold-blooded… like crocodiles? Here’s the science

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....warm-blooded-referen

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The science behind Earth's nocturnal light showClick here to SUBSCRIBE, it's FREE! -- http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Space might seem like an empty place, but the area surrounding Earth is constantly being bombarded by waves of charged particles released by the Sun: The solar wind. Luckily, thanks to Earth's swirling, molten core (and the magnetic field it provides), we are protected from this planet-sterilizing onslaught like an invisible force field
All that science has a beautiful side effect: It makes the auroras! The Northern and Southern lights are the result of the solar wind and its dance with Earth's magnetic field and polar atmosphere. It's Earth's own cosmic light show!

References for this episode: http://dft.ba/-4G6G

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)
Special thanks to Laura Eakins from UT-Austin's Department of Astronomy

Music in this episode:
Gustav Holst: "Neptune, the Mystic," "Mercury, the Winged Messenger"
Johnny Ripper: "Speak"
Misha Nuis: "Ambient"

Clips used in this episode:
"Aurora 2012" by Christian Mülhauser http://vimeo.com/36141149
Gradient Sun by NASA: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUL4JY15jSg
Auroras underfoot by NASA: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WL_-Zz7JDoA
"Temporal Distortion" by Randy Halverson: http://vimeo.com/36684976
"In Plain Sight" by Brad Goldpaint: http://vimeo.com/52347966
Massive Solar Filament Eruption by NASA: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrnGi-q6iWc
"ISS Stacks" by Christoph Malin: http://vimeo.com/51499009

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Is the equinox really when day = night?
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Calculate day length where you live for any date: http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.

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Would it surprise you to learn that fish and birds count in pretty much the same way that we do? And that infants can do math? Our animal brains deal with quantities in very specific ways, from quick counts of a few dots to how we perceive larger numbers. This "number sense" impacts our psychology, history, and behavior in the most fascinating ways.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....be-smart-brain-on-nu

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