Sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, OH MY!

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As massive magnetic fusion reactors go, the sun is pretty awesome.

How a CME forms: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsXqNNQsS7I

More on solar storms from Bad Astronomy:
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2013/02/0
http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad...._astronomy/2013/02/2

Anatomy of solar storms: http://www.space.com/12047-sol....ar-flares-sun-storms

All the sun science you've ever wanted:
http://solarcellcentral.com/sun_page.html

Footage via NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, ESA/Hubble, and Pond5

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
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Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
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Music:
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Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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If the human body could be distilled down into one molecule, what would our chemical formula be? And WHY is it that way? Is that one scene from Full Metal Alchemist even a little bit true?

There's a whole lot of elements on the periodic table, but life depends on relatively few of them in order to build all the things that keep us alive. This week, we'll look at why the chemistry of life is the way it is…

Special thanks to my miniature co-star Jimmy and his mom Kelly Malek!

Full Metal Alchemist ingredients for human body: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2Oiy3Z2m0c

All the elements in the human body: http://web2.airmail.net/uthman..../elements_of_body.ht

Could non-carbon-based life forms exist? http://www.reddit.com/r/asksci....ence/comments/2v5vij

The chemistry of life: http://www.livescience.com/350....5-chemistry-life-hum

The elemental difference between life and the ocean: http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/~cha....rley/papers/ChopraLi

We're born wet, and then we dry out: http://www.npr.org/blogs/krulw....ich/2013/11/25/24721
http://water.usgs.gov/edu/propertyyou.html

Market price of elements: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P....rices_of_elements_an


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
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Last week's video:
%$?# Allergies! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqrnShjM4II

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Try Audible today: http://www.audible.com/ok
“I Contain Multitudes” by Ed Yong http://amzn.to/2aE5rlf
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Get yourself an awesome IOTBS shirt! http://dftba.com/besmart

Learn more/references:
Fujimura, Kei E., et al. "House dust exposure mediates gut microbiome Lactobacillus enrichment and airway immune defense against allergens and virus infection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.2 (2014): 805-810.

Strachan, David P. "Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the 'hygiene hypothesis'." Thorax 55.Suppl 1 (2000): S2.

Gerrard, J. W., et al. "Serum IgE levels in white and metis communities in Saskatchewan." Annals of allergy 37.2 (1976): 91-100.

Kuleshov, Volodymyr, et al. "Synthetic long-read sequencing reveals intraspecies diversity in the human microbiome." Nature biotechnology 34.1 (2016): 64-69.

Li, Junhua, et al. "An integrated catalog of reference genes in the human gut microbiome." Nature biotechnology 32.8 (2014): 834-841.

Elahi, Shokrollah, et al. "Immunosuppressive CD71+ erythroid cells compromise neonatal host defence against infection." Nature 504.7478 (2013): 158-162.

Gibbons, Deena, et al. "Interleukin-8 (CXCL8) production is a signatory T cell effector function of human newborn infants." Nature medicine 20.10 (2014): 1206-1210.

German, J., et al. "Human milk oligosaccharides: evolution, structures and bioselectivity as substrates for intestinal bacteria." Personalized Nutrition for the Diverse Needs of Infants and Children. Vol. 62. Karger Publishers, 2008. 205-222.

Sela, D. A., et al. "The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis reveals adaptations for milk utilization within the infant microbiome."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105.48 (2008): 18964-18969.

C-section statitics: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/s....ocial-issues-migrati

Kroiss, Johannes, et al. "Symbiotic streptomycetes provide antibiotic combination prophylaxis for wasp offspring." Nature Chemical Biology 6.4 (2010): 261-263.

Zaneveld, Jesse, et al. "Host-bacterial coevolution and the search for new drug targets." Current opinion in chemical biology 12.1 (2008): 109-114.



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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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Having bones is pretty cool. They make our blood, let us hear, and keep us from being just a squishy puddle on the floor. But for every species with bones, there are at least 20 species on Earth with exoskeletons instead. And those exoskeleton animals are incredibly tough and strong. So why don’t WE have our skeletons on the outside? This is the story of bones!

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....why-our-skeletons-on

Special thanks for research assistance:
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Coin tosses aren't truly random. Lava lamps help secure the internet. And quantum physics might break encryption—or save it. This video is what randomness really means, and why your digital life depends on it!

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....lava-lamps-randomnes

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Movies. Video games. YouTube videos. All of them work because we accidentally figured out a way to fool your brain’s visual processing system, and you don’t even know it’s happening. In this video, I talk to neuroscientist David Eagleman about the secret illusions that make the moving picture possible.

Thank you to The Slow-Mo Guys for sharing some incredible footage with us. Here are the full videos:
https://youtu.be/3BJU2drrtCM
https://youtu.be/omuRkUFnnv4
https://youtu.be/eJVpYL44jUQ

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This is the first-ever video of what we’re calling the "hermit crab caterpillar"! We’re pretty sure this strange caterpillar is a NEW SPECIES. We went to the Peruvian Amazon to see amazing things, but we never expected this :)
But that makes me wonder: What *is* a species anyway? And how do you know if you’ve found a new species?

These people helped make this episode happen:
Aaron Pomerantz https://www.instagram.com/nextgenscientist/
Daniel Couceiro: https://www.instagram.com/danicouceiro21/
Ryan St. Laurent - Florida Museum of Natural History
Dr. Andy Warren - Florida Museum of Natural History
Dr. Daniel Janzen - University of Pennsylvania

Special thanks to our hosts Rainforest Expeditions: http://www.perunature.com/

LEARN MORE:

Mayden, R. L. (1997). A hierarchy of species concepts: the denouement in the saga of the species problem. In M. F. Claridge, H. A. Dawah & M. R. Wilson (eds.), Species: The units of diversity,. Chapman & Hall. pp. 381–423.

Sutton, G., & Dickson, G. (1965). Interbreeding of the Eastern and Western Meadowlarks in Central Oklahoma. The Southwestern Naturalist, 10(4), 307-310. doi:10.2307/3669307

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As the Earth warms due to human-caused climate change, billions of people in the developing world will face life-threatening heat waves, raising the demand for air conditioning. But powering all of that cooling is going to take more energy, which will require burning more fossil fuels! Are there new air conditioning technologies on the horizon that could solve this paradox?

NOTE: A previous version of this video had a graph at 6:19 with incorrect values. The video has been updated with the correct graph.

Aerial photography by Jeff Arnold
Written by Eli Kintisch and Joe Hanson

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The oldest rocks on Earth are more than just ancient—they’re time machines, holding clues to Earth’s missing history and revealing what happened in the unknown times after the Big Bang. We’ll work with our Adam and Joss from Howtown to learn more and visit our friends at The Smithsonian to examine some of these beyond-ancient rocks ourselves.

Thank you to geochronologists Mike Ackerson and Jesse Reimink for helpful background discussions

Thank you to @Howtown Go check out our collab over on their channel!

0:00 Holding the oldest rocks ever
0:56 The geologic calendar
3:06 Zircon - the Time Lord
4:58 The Oldest Thing on Earth
5:54 Where to find very very very old rocks
9:03 Gneiss guys finish first
10:50 How do we know how old these rocks are?
13:50 A new picture of the early Earth
16:30 Follow me to Howtown!

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Everyone lies. Even you and even me. We lie about small things and we lie about big things. We lie to help ourselves and we lie to protect others. Powerful people lie, all the way down to little kids telling fibs. Why do we do this if we’re supposed to be the most socially developed species on Earth? Why can’t we tell the truth? Are we doomed to lie? Well, maybe. Here’s why.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....whydowelie-reference

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...or why do we live on an onion made of magma?

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Thanks to Miles Traer and Mike Osborne for geophysics help on this one!

Why does Earth have a liquid core, and how do we know?
http://scienceblogs.com/starts....withabang/2011/09/28

How many pennies would you have to stack to melt the one on the bottom? http://www.reddit.com/r/asksci....ence/comments/2g8jj9

Why are the inner planets rocky and the outer ones are gas giants?
http://www.quora.com/Why-are-t....he-inner-planets-roc

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
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Dalton Allen - Post-production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

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Ready to untangle the branches of the human family tree?
Part 1 of our special series on Human Ancestry. Watch it all: http://bit.ly/OKTBSHuman
↓↓↓More info and sources below ↓↓↓

In part 1 of our special series on human ancestry, we tour through our family tree to meet our ancestors and distant cousins, and to find out what made us human along the way.
The story of human ancestry is not a simple progression from primitive apes to us, with all the ape/human intermediates in between. The real human story is much richer and more complex, full of branches, gaps, and shadowy parts. A century and a half of fossil finds tells us perhaps two dozen human species lived on Earth between now and the time when our ancestors split from chimpanzee ancestors. The new era of DNA and genetics is upending that story yet again.

-----------
REFERENCES:

Stringer, Chris. “Lone survivors: How we came to be the only humans on earth.” Macmillan, 2012. http://amzn.to/2oIFg3q (Library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855581724)

Stringer, Chris, and Peter Andrews. “The complete world of human evolution.” London: Thames & Hudson, 2005. http://amzn.to/2opOrlN (Library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953422224)

Tattersall, Ian. “Masters of the planet: the search for our human origins.” Macmillan, 2012. http://amzn.to/2pOZrKS (Library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/733231407)

Walter, Chip. “Last ape standing: the seven-million-year story of how and why we survived.” Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2013. http://amzn.to/2pP2liy (Library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872121723)

“Evolution: The Human Saga.” Scientific American 311.3 (2014): 4-100.

Strait, David, Frederick E. Grine, and John G. Fleagle. "Analyzing Hominin Hominin Phylogeny: Cladistic Approach." Handbook of paleoanthropology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. 1989-2014.

Wood, Bernard, and Eve K Boyle. "Hominin taxic diversity: Fact or fantasy?." American journal of physical anthropology 159.S61 (2016): S37-S78.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Precious metals like gold, silver, platinum, and rhodium are expensive because they're rare in Earth's crust. But are they rare in the universe? Why is it so hard to make some of the chemical elements? Where do heavy metals come from, anyway? Turns out, we can blame it all on neutron stars and some oddities of the periodic table.

Thank you to the following for helpful discussions:
Dr. Jennifer Johnson - Ohio State University
Dr. Hendrik Schatz - JINA Center for the Evolution of the Elements

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....catalytic-converter-

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We know pollution is a problem on earth, but we’re filling space with our junk too. And if we don’t figure out a way to clean up space junk, we could end our interstellar dreams before they even get started. Today, we’re visiting some cool engineers in Switzerland to learn about the space junk problem and the giant space claw that might be the perfect solution.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....space-junk-reference

Filmed at ClearSpace - Lausanne, Canton Vaud, Switzerland

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The James Webb Telescope just took a photo of a newly discovered exoplanet. Exciting stuff but the raw image just looks like a small, faint dot—not a fully detailed world. The question is, just how big would a telescope need to be to actually see an alien world in detail? Let’s explore diffraction, resolution, wild telescope tech, and one mind-blowing idea that could change everything.

References:

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Check out @crashcourse Botany! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2th5lAd-77A
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Does any other creature on Earth undergo a life transformation as dramatic as the butterfly? I think not. Unfortunately, children's books about very hungry caterpillars skip all the COOL and WEIRD and GROSS stuff that happens along the way. It's time to dig into all the mind-blowing biology behind metamorphosis!

Filmed on location at the California Academy of Sciences

0:00 We were lied to as kids
1:48 Metamorphosis is more common than you think
3:36 It starts with an egg
4:46 Eat/Poop/Grow
6:05 Busting the biggest butterfly myth of all
7:23 Time to take your skin off
8:40 Inside the "sack of magic"
11:08 Metamorphosis,… metamorphosis everywhere
11:55 Why do butterflies do this?
13:42 Sign up for our Patreon!

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Did you know some people 'see' letters in color or 'taste' music? In this video, we’ll talk about synesthesia, how it works in the brain, and why some people experience these fascinating sensory connections while most of us don’t.

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High fives to all our Brain Trust Patrons:

Olivia Ruiz
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Karen Haskell


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Head to http://actnow.climeworks.com/besmart and learn more about removing CO₂ from the air.
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One day around 15,000 years ago, a wall of ice 2,000 feet tall and 30 miles wide suddenly broke wide open, and it unleashed the largest flood that we know of in the history of Earth. Come and hit the road with me as we search for the geologic fingerprints of the Missoula Ice Age Floods, and learn the story of one of the worst natural disasters that’s ever happened!

High fives to Nick Zentner for educating me on the geology of Eastern Washington. He makes incredible geology videos on YouTUbe:
https://www.youtube.com/user/GeologyNick
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHaL04gZQwc&list=PL18y1vgsGPLbl3wrSZwUyvkAiUJHZTS5Y

Follow me to @PBS Eons for more Kallie and more prehistoric adventures: https://www.youtube.com/c/eons

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00:00 Introduction
00:54 A geologic mystery
01:53 A very large lake
03:32 A mountain made of ice
05:15 The dam breaks
06:25 Biggest. Waterfall. Ever.
07:57 How the damage was done
10:10 Witnesses to destruction
10:49 A brave new idea
12:00 Stay curious.