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Sequencing the banana genome: http://news.discovery.com/eart....h/plants/banana-geno

Reddit's r/ELI5 on "sympathetic vomiting": http://www.reddit.com/r/explai....nlikeimfive/comments

Chances we had more than one common ancestor: http://news.discovery.com/anim....als/dinosaurs/life-s

Greenland fossil microbes: http://www.nature.com/ngeo/jou....rnal/v7/n1/full/ngeo

Australia fossil microbes: http://online.liebertpub.com/d....oi/abs/10.1089/ast.2

Ed Yong's awesome article about the origin of the mitochondria: http://nautil.us/issue/10/merg....ers--acquisitions/th

History of "c" as the speed of light: http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/....physics/Relativity/S

Ask Joe #1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkSpmTvCRJA
Ask Joe #2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJvWQMt95A8

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
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Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Your brain is hungry. Here's how to feed it.

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Ever wonder why we cook our food? We do it because it tastes good, of course, and because our customs and traditions are built around it. But we also cook our food for some basic biological reasons, because of evolution. Some scientists think that figuring out how to cook actually MADE us human!

If conversation gets a little dry around your holiday table, now you'll have some awesome science to share with everyone!

Richard Wrangham - "Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human" http://amzn.to/1cg5flN

"The Raw and the Stolen" (PDF) - Richard Wrangham et al. http://bit.ly/JTLYfe
(that one has some of the counterarguments, too)
Greg Laden's summary: http://bit.ly/1dx46oc

Cooked Foods Needed for Early Human Brain: http://bit.ly/1l8bqJE

Man Entered the Kitchen 1.9 Million Years Ago: http://bit.ly/1c1vcB5

What made us human: http://bit.ly/19lp4cU and http://www.epjournal.net/wp-co....ntent/uploads/EP0834

The story might not be quite so simple, though: http://blogs.plos.org/neuroant....hropology/2010/10/28

Joe Hanson - Host
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKatie Graham - Director of Photography
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Isaac Hammons - Audio Recordist
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Kate Eads - Production Manager
Intro music - Victor Herbert Orchestra, "Chinese Dance of the Mirillitons from the Nutcracker 1913"
Body music - Podington Bear's "AlgoRhythmNatural"
Special thanks to Thinkery Austin

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Go to http://Raceforretirement.com and see how the action gap affects you.
Tweet this video ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBStraf Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBStrafFB
↓ More info and sources below ↓

CGP Grey "The Simple Solution to Traffic" https://youtu.be/iHzzSao6ypE
ASAPscience "How Not To Get Stuck In Traffic" https://youtu.be/APkpiO0QQ_k

Book recommendation! "Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do" by Tom Vanderbilt http://amzn.to/2durlGP

References:
INRIX 2015 traffic stats: http://inrix.com/scorecard/key-findings-us/

Couzin, Iain D., and Nigel R. Franks. "Self-organized lane formation and optimized traffic flow in army ants." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 270.1511 (2003): 139-146.

Fourcassié, Vincent, Audrey Dussutour, and Jean-Louis Deneubourg. "Ant traffic rules." Journal of Experimental Biology 213.14 (2010): 2357-2363.

Hönicke, C., P. Bliss, and R. F. A. Moritz. "Effect of density on traffic and velocity on trunk trails of Formica pratensis." The Science of Nature 102.3-4 (2015): 1-9.

Larson, Richard C. "There's More to a Line than its Wait." Technology Review 91.5 (1988): 60-67.

Maister, David H. The psychology of waiting lines. Harvard Business School, 1984.

Perna, Andrea, et al. "Individual rules for trail pattern formation in Argentine ants (Linepithema humile)." PLoS Comput Biol 8.7 (2012): e1002592.

----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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Dire wolves are back—sort of. Colossal Biosciences seems to have resurrected this extinct predator, but it's not quite as simple as that. Joe talks with their scientists to explore the truth, tech, and ethics of “de-extinction.”

Learn more about Colossal Biosciences @Colossal : https://www.youtube.com/@Colossal
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Chapters:
0:00 Help Protect Public Media
0:28 Intro - The first de-extinction?
2:38 Are these ACTUALLY dire wolves?
4:15 Functional de-extinction and "proxy" species
7:58 What IS a species anyway?
10:48 But wait, isn't their ecosystem extinct too?
15:33 Will Colossal share this technology?
16:33 Artificial wombs and more
18:25 Should we solve other environmental problems first?
21:16 Could this be misused or abused?
23:42 Should we be doing this?
25:24 Conclusion



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You know you’ve wondered. Do fish actually pee? And what does that make the ocean… one big toilet?


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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Derek Borsheim and Sara Roma
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

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You asked for it, so here’s the follow-up!
Just because something is difficult doesn’t mean it’s impossible. Over the past centuries, archaeologists, historians, and engineers have reconstructed a great deal of the technology and science used to build the Egyptian pyramids. This week we look at ancient Egyptian mathematics, building techniques, tools, and culture to reconstruct the Great Pyramid’s construction.

REFERENCES:

Fall, Abdoulaye, et al. "Sliding friction on wet and dry sand." Physical review letters 112.17 (2014): 175502.

Lehner, M. (1997). The complete pyramids. Thames and Hudson.

Parry, D. (2005). Engineering the pyramids. The History Press.

Smith, Craig B., Zahi Hawass, and Mark Lehner. How the great pyramid was built. Harper Collins, 2006.

Verner, M. (2003). The pyramids: their archaeology and history. Atlantic.

Verner, M. (2007). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove/Atlantic, Inc..


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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Orsak
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

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Twitter: @okaytobesmart @jtotheizzoe Instagram: @jtotheizzoe
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Will artificial intelligence ever surpass human intelligence? And if that happens, will AI be good or bad? Is evil AI like we see in Avengers: Age of Ultron… inevitable?

READ THIS FOR MORE:
Wait But Why: The Road To Superintelligence
Part 1: http://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/....artificial-intellige
Part 2: http://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/....artificial-intellige

The smiley face thought experiment is my take on the famous "paperclip maximizer", read more about it here: http://wiki.lesswrong.com/wiki/Paperclip_maximizer

Special thanks to Jake from Vsauce3!

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Dan Silver - Production Assistant
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks

-----------------

Last week's video:
Superbugs: The Empire Strikes Bacteria https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyRyZ1zKtyA

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

You can learn more at https://curiositystream.com/smart
Go check out Sound Field! http://bit.ly/2HH9sG1
SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

More people have food allergies than ever before. Peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, eggs, and even milk… the list of possibly dangerous foods seems to get longer every day. But why do some people’s bodies have deadly reactions food? And why are food allergies on the rise? In this video we explain what food allergies really are, and what the difference is between food allergy and food intolerance. Some fellow YouTubers tell us their stories of what it’s like to live with food allergies, and we bring you the best current science on how to prevent food allergies in kids and adults. It’s a tough nut to crack. #FoodAllergy #Allergies #FoodScience

Special thanks to WheezyWaiter and Emily Graslie for sharing their food allergy stories with us!
https://www.youtube.com/user/wheezywaiter
https://www.youtube.com/user/thebrainscoop

Want to learn more about allergies? Watch this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqrnShjM4II

-----------
REFERENCES:
Anagnostou, Katherine, and Andrew Clark. "Oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy." Annual review of medicine 67 (2016): 375-385.

Sathe, S. K., Liu, C., & Zaffran, V. D. (2016). "Food allergy." Annual review of food science and technology, 7, 191-220.

Tyagi, Nidhi, et al. "Comparisons of allergenic and metazoan parasite proteins: allergy the price of immunity." PLoS computational biology 11.10 (2015): e1004546.

Willits, Erin K., et al. "Food Allergy: A Comprehensive Population-Based Cohort Study." Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Vol. 93. No. 10. Elsevier, 2018.

Wong, L., Huang, C. H., & Lee, B. W. (2016). "Shellfish and house dust mite allergies: is the link tropomyosin?." Allergy, asthma & immunology research, 8(2), 101-106.

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Behold the COSMOTRON 5000!!!

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How to build your own cloud chamber particle detector and test relativity at home: http://www.fromquarkstoquasars.....com/make-a-cosmic-r

Carl Sagan discusses cosmic radiation and the origin of life in "Cosmic Connection": http://amzn.to/1wiHIsu

Learn about muons, time dilation, and relativity: http://cosmic.lbl.gov/SKliewer..../Cosmic_Rays/Muons.h

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
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Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

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Is the science of Orphan Black realistic? Could we clone humans, or engineer them to have customized traits? We take a look at today's genetic engineering technologies to find out if designer babies and human cloning is, or should be, a reality
BOOKS! For more on the modern science of cloning and genetic modification, read the book "Frankenstein's Cat" by Emily Anthes: http://amzn.to/1zsVizw

Chinese scientists have edited the genome of human embryos (sadly this news came out after we had filmed):
http://www.theverge.com/2015/4..../23/8477491/human-ge
How CRISPRs work: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pp17E4E-O8
Scientists call for a moratorium on human gene editing: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03..../20/science/biologis
Three-parent babies: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06..../29/magazine/the-bra


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks

-----------------

Last week's video:
Is Ultron Inevitable? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Irmtk5QG8s

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
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There’s a lot of confusion out there about what is and isn’t a dinosaur. And you’d be forgiven for being kinda confused. Maybe paleontologists are just messing with us. Or… maybe the question of what is and isn’t a dinosaur goes deeper than we think? Well, like an intrepid fossil hunter, I set out to dig up an answer, and what I found teaches us a lesson about how hard it is to build a picture of the past when you only have a few puzzle pieces and a lot about why we classify things the way we do.

"The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs" by Dr. Steve Brusatte https://amzn.to/2Nndyoj

"Scrotum Humanum" comes from Brookes, R. (Richard). (1763). A new and accurate system of natural history ... London: Printed for J. Newbery.
https://archive.org/details/ne....waccuratesyste05broo

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Check out Antarctic Extremes on @pbsterra : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvRAuy1ZmTc
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The first thing a baby giraffe experiences after being born is a 2 meter fall straight down to the ground. But within an hour, it’s standing, walking, and nursing on its own. And a blue whale calf, after nearly a year growing inside mom, can swim to the surface moments after being born. Human babies on the other hand? We’re born unable to move or eat on our own, we can’t communicate or fully sense our world, and we leak EVERYWHERE. If humans are so smart, why are our babies so… un-smart? You may think it’s all about head size, but the real science is more complex.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....why-babies-helpless-

Note: In videos like this one, we use the terms male and female to refer to biological sex and typical secondary characteristics seen across the human population.

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Here's why you aren't built like a lobster.

Our bodies are mirror images of lobsters and other arthropods from back to belly. We've know since the early 19th century that our guts and nervous systems are inverted from theirs, but only recently has molecular biology shown us why. Here's the evolutionary tale about a worm doing the backstroke and why your guts are on your front.

This is part 2 of 3 in my series about how our bodies evolved to look like they do. Check out the others:
Part 1 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdNE4WygyAk
Part 3 - Coming Friday!

More info:

Dorsoventral inversion: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I....nversion_(evolutiona

Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%....C3%89tienne_Geoffroy

Common animal body plan between protostomes and deuterostomes: http://www.hhmi.ucla.edu/derob....ertis/EDR_MS/Evo-Dev

How we know that our body plan came later: http://scienceblogs.com/pharyn....gula/2006/01/12/hemi

Step by step along the evolutionary tree:
http://tolweb.org/Bilateria/2459
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterostome
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostome
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urochordata
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalochordata
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata

Evolutionary timeline of vertebrates: http://www.utexas.edu/news/2008/03/03/tree/

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editor and motion graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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Explore the DESI universe map here: https://newscenter.lbl.gov/202....4/04/04/desi-first-r

Another YouTube #shorts from Dr. Joe! Subscribe for more fun science stories.

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You’d have to be nuts not to love this video!
Special thanks to Jason Goldman (@jgold85) for help with this episode!

References:
Jacobs, Lucia F., and Emily R. Liman. "Grey squirrels remember the locations of buried nuts." Animal Behaviour 41.1 (1991): 103-110.

Delgado, Mikel M., et al. "Fox squirrels match food assessment and cache effort to value and scarcity." PloS one 9.3 (2014): e92892.

Raby, Caroline R., et al. "Planning for the future by western scrub-jays."Nature 445.7130 (2007): 919-921.

Dally, Joanna M., Nathan J. Emery, and Nicola S. Clayton. "Food-caching western scrub-jays keep track of who was watching when." Science312.5780 (2006): 1662-1665.

Clayton, Nicola S., Joanna M. Dally, and Nathan J. Emery. "Social cognition by food-caching corvids. The western scrub-jay as a natural psychologist."Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 362.1480 (2007): 507-522.

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A brief history of time…
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How did we come up with our system of telling time? Why do we divide the day into 24 hours of 60 minutes each, and put 60 seconds in each minute? Where does the definition of a second come from? And who decides what clock shows the correct time? There’s clearly a lot of questions when it comes to time.

READ MORE:

“Galileo’s Pendulum” - Roger Newton http://amzn.to/2yQri5E

“Revolution in Time” - David Landes http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/890167780

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Heroes on the half shell… Oyster power?
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When people picture New York City they see skyscrapers, subways, and a concrete jungle. But the Big Apple is really a seaside city built on an archipelago. In the wake of a century of industrial pollution and climate change-fueled superstorms like Hurricane Sandy, New York’s waterways need help. Learn how Billion Oyster Project is working to restore one of the world’s greatest lost ecosystems in order to clean up New York’s water and protect it from an uncertain climate future.

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Vintage Project Echo footage from “The Big Bounce” (1960): https://archive.org/details/BigBounc1960

Listen to the original static signal captured by Penzias and Wilson at Bell Labs: https://media-bell-labs-com.s3.....amazonaws.com/pages

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Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Learn more about your personal DNA story by going to https://23andMe.com/okay
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What’s the largest river on Earth? If you said “the Amazon”… you’re only half right. Scientists have discovered an even bigger river in South America, and it’s in the sky above the Amazon rainforest. Turns out, this sky river is the reason there’s a rainforest at all…

REFERENCES:

Dr. Scot T. Martin, Gordon McKay Professor of Environmental Science and Engineering and Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University.

Dr. Antonio Donato Nobre, National Institute for Space Research, Brazil. Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre

TED Talk: “The Magic of the Amazon, a river that flows invisibly all around us.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01jYiXbpnoE

“The Future Climate of Amazon.” Scientific Assessment Report. Articulación Regional Amazônica (2014). Sao Jose dos Campos – SP Edition ARA, CCST-INPE e INPA

Andreae et al. “Biogeochemical cycling of carbon, water, energy, trace gases, and aerosols in Amazonia: The LBA‐EUSTACH experiments.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2002). https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000524

Dettinger, M. D., Ralph, F. M., Das, T., Neiman, P. J., & Cayan, D. R. (2011). Atmospheric rivers, floods and the water resources of California. Water, 3(2), 445-478.

Pöhlker, C., Wiedemann, K. T., Sinha, B., Shiraiwa, M., Gunthe, S. S., Smith, M., ... & Elbert, W. (2012). Biogenic potassium salt particles as seeds for secondary organic aerosol in the Amazon. Science, 337(6098), 1075-1078.
https://authors.library.caltec....h.edu/34067/2/Pohlke

Ter Steege, H., Pitman, N. C., Sabatier, D., Baraloto, C., Salomão, R. P., Guevara, J. E., ... & Monteagudo, A. (2013). Hyperdominance in the Amazonian tree flora. Science, 342(6156), 1243092.

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Do you feel lucky?
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Is luck real? It might feel like a mystical force tugging us toward good or bad fortune, but it turns out luck is really where probability runs into the human mind. That’s right, there’s a scientific side to luck, and if you study a few principles of math and psychology, you might even be able to create your own good fortune.

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LEARN MORE:

“The Luck Factor” - Richard Wiseman http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/440674912

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Sports Illustrated cover jinx study: http://bit.ly/cover-jinx

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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