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The biggest (and most mysterious!) migration in the world happens every night in the ocean as 10 billion tons of zooplankton swim to the surface to feed. This undersea journey is known as Diel vertical migration, and it occurs in every ocean in the world. By learning more about why this happens, science can unlock the secrets behind other phenomena, like our biological clocks…and even climate change.

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References: https://sites.google.com/view/....earths-greatest-migr

Check out Untold Earth and the PBS Earth Month Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BVHSUMAWR4&list=PLzkQfVIJun2J5q9CIXPAlL95FSb0tJul7&index=2

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The science of-- OH GOD IS THAT A SPIDER?!

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I'm scared of spiders. I'm not afraid to admit it. I love them in a scientific sense, or from a "let me look at you from way over here" sense, but that's as close as I get.

Here's a look at the science of why some of us are afraid of spiders, snakes, roaches, and other creepy crawlies. Did I evolve to be this way, or did I learn to be afraid of them? It seems to be an open question…

How dangerous ARE spiders? http://burkemuseum.blogspot.co....m/2010/09/q-how-dang

Humans may have evolved to pick out spiders and snakes from environment: http://www.apa.org/news/press/....releases/2001/09/sna

The overlapping worlds of fear conditioning from innate fear: http://instruct.uwo.ca/psychol....ogy/371g/Ohman2001.p

Doctor Who study suggests that spider fear may not be innate: http://www.wired.com/2014/01/d....octor-who-and-spider

Most common phobias: http://psychology.about.com/od..../phobias/p/commonpho

Adults and kids pick out creepy animals quicker than non-creepy animals: http://www.livescience.com/2348-fear-snakes.html

Children report spiders as a top fear: http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S

List of clips featured in this episode: http://bit.ly/1xFhdO9

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Stephen Bohls - Editing/Motion Graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Thumbnail photo: specnaz/Shutterstock

Stock images via Shutterstock

Music: "Two Boys and a Girl" - Podington Bear

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Have you ever noticed that warning about raw or undercooked seafood at the bottom of restaurant menus? Ever wondered why it’s there? Because fish carry a ton of parasites, and if they aren’t prepared correctly then those parasites can make it into your body. But it turns out, this fishy intersection with the wild world of parasites can teach us a lot about how these moochers help keep ecosystems healthy, and why we should protect them.

REFERENCES:

Parasite Evolution https://www.livescience.com/55483-wei...

The World’s Parasites Are Going Extinct. Here’s Why That’s a Bad Thing https://www.smithsonianmag.com/scienc...

History of Human Parisitology https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...

Parasites in Seattle Sushi http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/sea...

Dramatic evolution within human genome may have been caused by malaria parasite http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/0...

Parasite Rex by Carl Zimmer https://www.amazon.com/Parasite-Rex-B...

Interviews and conversations with:
Colin J. Carlson (National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center)
Chelsea L. Wood (University of Washington)


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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Here’s a thought: What IS a thought? I know it involves my brain, and my brain is made of neurons. And my brain’s neurons are listening to other neurons all over my body. But how do those neurons actually work? Maybe you’ve heard that it involves electricity, but does that mean you’ve got little zaps and lightning bolts running through your veins like Pikachu? Don’t worry, I’m here to set you straight on what a neuron is, what an action potential is, and how fast your nervous system really communicates.

Neuron spiker box from Backyard Brains (they didn’t sponsor this video in any way, but their kits are very educational!) https://backyardbrains.com/

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....galvani-nerve-brain/

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I feel like I've seen this video before…
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Most of us have felt it before, that strange sensation that you've been somewhere or seen something before, as if you already remembered what's happening. Are you psychic? Nope, that's just déjà vu. Why does déjà vu happen? Well, scientists aren't completely sure, but they've got a few good theories about it.

Great déjà vu explainer from Jordan Gaines Lewis: http://www.gainesonbrains.com/....2012/02/seeing-into-

Some theories of why déjà vu happens: http://theconversation.com/exp....lainer-what-is-deja-

And now for something completely different: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2eUopy9sd8

Special thanks to Austin's Corona Cafe!

Cast:
Waiter - Joe Nicolosi (he's also the director)
Sneezing girl - Kate Eads (she's also associate producer)
Guy spilling coffee - John Knudesn (he's also gaffer)

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!

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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM

Stock images from Shutterstock

-----------------

Last week's video:
5 Weird Involuntary Behaviors Explained: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZE8sRMZ5BCA

More videos:
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Why Did We Blow on NES Games? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Gf9mtXnJfM
The Science of Game of Thrones - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utu-LpJn3Is
There Was No First Human - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdWLhXi24Mo
How The Elements Got Their Names - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtg9p6A6xnY

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
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A summertime look at why we sweat, why we burn, and why our fingers wrinkle in the pool.

References/further reading:
Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands: https://www.inkling.com/read/d....ermatology-bolognia-

"Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?" M. Changizi et al, Brain Behav Evol 2011 http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/328223

(Not everyone agrees with the rain tread hypothesis, though: http://www.plosone.org/article..../info%3Adoi%2F10.137

Sunburn/UV light triggers immune response: http://www.nature.com/nm/journ....al/v18/n8/full/nm.28

UV-A rays and Unilateral Dermoheliosis (the truck driver's face) http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/1....0.1056/NEJMicm110405

DNA damage and repair and their role in carcinogenesis http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21554/

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Why do we build monuments? And what are they made of?

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I took a trip to Washington D.C. to check out some of our nation's most famous monuments. Where do they come from? From the depths of the Earth to the distant reaches of the cosmos, you'll never look at history the same way again.

Music
"Over the River and Through the River" - Father Sleep

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

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Meter? …or Metre?
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Why is a meter a meter? The meter is the world’s ultimate measure, but how did it become “the” meter? What is this measurement based on? The story of this revolution in measurement traces its roots to the French Revolution. Scientists decided that an equal and united people should have equal and united measures. So they sent a pair of young astronomers out to measure the world, and invent the meter. Little did they know they’d find nothing but war, deception, and strife along the way. As a result of this ill-fated mission, the meter carries an error that still persists today. Still think the metric system is so perfect?

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

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LEARN MORE:
This episode would not have been possible without one incredible book: “The Measure of All Things” by Ken Alder.
There’s so much more to this story that we couldn’t fit in the video, and this book has it all. War, madness, deception, shame, spies, the dawn of the Enlightenment, the birth of modern economics, lots more beheadings… Highly recommended!
Amazon: http://amzn.to/2lNuEyD
Public library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/893130606

MORE:
Interesting chronology of the meter: http://www.dozenalsociety.org.....uk/metrix/chronology

Calculating the length of a meridian arc: http://www.cantab.net/users/mi....chael.behrend/map_fo

Williams, Jeffrey H. “Quantifying Measurement: The Tyranny of Numbers.” Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2016

Murdin, Paul. “Full meridian of glory: perilous adventures in the competition to measure the Earth.” Springer Science & Business Media, 2008.

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Matthews
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

This episode is brought to you by Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/
Follow me to Gross Science: https://youtu.be/kRUt9pqMCSg and BrainCraft: https://youtu.be/Joalg73L_gw
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BOOK RECOMMENDATION: Barbara J. King "How Animals Grieve" http://amzn.to/1MD7Jz5

References:
Barbara J. King “When Animals Mourn” Scientific American http://www.nature.com/scientif....icamerican/journal/v



Jason G. Goldman “Death Rituals In The Animal Kingdom” http://www.bbc.com/future/stor....y/20120919-respect-t

Iain Douglas Hamilton “Behavioural reactions of elephants towards a dying and deceased matriarch” Applied Animal Behavior Science http://www.appliedanimalbehavi....our.com/article/S016

Chimpanzees mourning dead infants:
http://www.mpg.de/1071360/mourning_chimpanzee
http://www.cell.com/current-bi....ology/abstract/S0960
(video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nM9GLhuPDXA)


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
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For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Kate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: “Ouroboros” by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

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“Salt: A World History” by Mark Kurlansky http://amzn.to/29vj9m4

“Pepper: A History of the World’s Most Influential Spice” by Marjorie Shaffer http://amzn.to/29BORCW

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Music via APM
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Reading. You’re doing it right now. I bet you don’t even have to think about it. But have you ever wondered what’s happening in your brain to turn all these weird symbols into meaning? This video will teach you how to read all over again. What you’re doing right now is way more amazing than you ever realized.

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Since the days of Ancient Greece, philosophers and scientists have been wondering: What is space? Is the absence of things… a thing? These questions continued to fascinate physicists in the modern era, leading Isaac Newton, Ernst Mach, and Albert Einstein to wonder about the true nature of the fabric of the cosmos. The search for an answer led them to some of the greatest theories in physics. This week, we ask if space and time are really real, and how they come together to make “spacetime”!

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READ MORE:
“The Fabric of the Cosmos” by Brian Greene http://amzn.to/2tF9fZO (Public library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/681349969)

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Andrew Matthews
Writer: Andrew Matthews
Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Matthews
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
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This is a cool old movie from 1941 about how the eye works:
https://archive.org/details/05....86_How_the_Eye_Funct

Dive deeper into the physics of vision correction with Michel van Biezen:
https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLX2gX-ftPVX

Myopia boom in modern times:
http://www.nature.com/news/the-myopia-boom-1.17120

Limits to human vision:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11019869

----

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Music via APM
Stock images from SciencePhoto http://www.sciencephoto.com/ and Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
Stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted) http://www.videoblocks.com

Is beer the perfect beverage? Let's see what science says...

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Big thank you to Jester King Brewery in Austin, TX: http://jesterkingbrewery.com/

The chemistry of beer flavors: http://www.compoundchem.com/20....14/07/10/beerchemica

Uncorking the past, a history of alcoholic beverages: http://www.economist.com/node/883706

Domestication of grain in near east: http://www.nature.com/nrg/jour....nal/v3/n6/abs/nrg817

Alcohol and social complexity in ancient western Asia: http://alexanderjoffe.net/alcohol.pdf

Finally, a weird Dutch Heineken ad from the 1950's about sending beer to the moon: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I03AxY5gA8I

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen
Post-production intern - Dalton Allen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

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How scientifically accurate is your favorite sci-fi space battle?

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Joseph Shoer has several extensive, in-depth articles on the physics of space warfare:
http://josephshoer.com/blog/20....09/12/thoughts-on-sp
http://josephshoer.com/blog/20....10/07/projecting-spa

Space warfare: Almost everything you know is probably wrong http://www.escapistmagazine.co....m/forums/read/18.100

Is space warfare really practical? http://www.escapistmagazine.co....m/forums/read/18.846

Zero-g dogfighting for dummies: http://www.citizenstarnews.com..../news/zero-g-dogfigh

Projectile weapons vs. directed energy weapons: http://forum.gateworld.net/thr....eads/17263-Projectil

Nukes in space: http://www.projectrho.com/publ....ic_html/rocket/space

Effects of radiation weapons in space: http://www.projectrho.com/publ....ic_html/rocket/radia

Could the Death Star really destroy a planet? http://www.universetoday.com/9....2746/could-a-death-s

"Sir Isaac Newton is the deadliest son of a b***h in space" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLpgxry542M

Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews/Kirby Conn
Gaffers - John Knudsen/Philip Sheldon
Post-production intern - Dalton Allen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

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-We’d like to thank these folks-

Special thanks to Dr. Lorna Gibson of MIT for her woodpecker biomechanics expertise

Three-dimensional reconstructions based on CT data courtesy of DigiMorph.org

Pileated woodpecker slo-mo footage courtesy of Dr. Robert Shadwick/University of British Columbia

-References/Learn More-

Daneshvar, Daniel H., et al. "The epidemiology of sport-related concussion." Clinics in sports medicine 30.1 (2011): 1-17.

Gibson, L. J. "Woodpecker pecking: how woodpeckers avoid brain injury." Journal of Zoology 270.3 (2006): 462-465.

Haldane, John BS. "On being the right size." Harper’s Magazine 152 (1926): 424-427.

Maroon, Joseph C., et al. "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in contact sports: a systematic review of all reported pathological cases." PloS one 10.2 (2015): e0117338.

May, Philip RA, et al. "Woodpecker drilling behavior: an endorsement of the rotational theory of impact brain injury." Archives of Neurology 36.6 (1979): 370-373.

Schwab, Ivan R. "Cure for a headache." British Journal of Ophthalmology86.8 (2002): 843-843.

Wang, Lizhen, et al. "Why do woodpeckers resist head impact injury: a biomechanical investigation." PloS one 6.10 (2011): e26490.

----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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Humans have a hard time with really big numbers, especially when it comes to DEEP TIME. The history of the Earth took a lot longer than you think, trust me. But I’m here to help you put it in perspective. With some string.

REFERENCES:
http://bit.ly/DeepTimeRefs

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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Researcher: Sarah Jenevein
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editors/animators: Derek Borsheim
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

We're taking the week off while we work on some special episodes for the next few weeks. In the meantime, here's me messing up. A lot.

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Subscribe to It's Okay To Be Smart: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Editing/Motion Graphics - Arts + Labor
Gaffer - John Knudsen

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Special thanks to Dr. Rob Plowes from the University of Texas at Austin fire ant research lab for letting us come film their ants and phorid flies: http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/fire....ant/Research%20Progr

If you want to learn everything there is to know about fire ants, read "The Fire Ants" by Walter R. Tschinkel http://amzn.to/1U8jz1S
Check your local library! https://www.worldcat.org/title..../fire-ants/oclc/6437

Rachel Carson - "Silent Spring" http://amzn.to/20QwWbM

Fire ant raft - Matt Bennett https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FA-e65i3bDs

Fire ant escape rafts - Company of biologists https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UxjT99l0mqw
----

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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Music via APM
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