Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

…or how I learned to study physics and start fearing the bomb
Don’t miss our next video! SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

Nuclear weapons represent the darker side of E=mc^2. Science has given us the ability to understand what will happen if these weapons are ever used again… and what will happen if they are *never* used again.

Atomic test footage from the archives of the Department of Energy, the United States Air Force, the United States Army, and the Nevada Nuclear Testing Archive:
https://archive.org
https://www.nnss.gov/pages/res....ources/NuclearTestin

Turco, R. P., Toon, O. B., Ackerman, T. P., Pollack, J. B., & Sagan, C. (1983). Nuclear winter: global consequences of multiple nuclear explosions. Science, 222.

Oh look, an easter egg: https://youtu.be/xtyU78RHWAo

-----------
FOLLOW US:

Merch: https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter: @okaytobesmart @DrJoeHanson
Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
Snapchat: YoDrJoe
-----------

It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Editor/animator: Andrew Orsak
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
-----------

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Arrow of Time FAQ: http://preposterousuniverse.co....m/eternitytohere/faq

Arrow of Time wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

Sean Carroll's TED talk on time and the multiverse: http://www.ted.com/talks/sean_....carroll_distant_time

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Andrew Matthews - Editor and motion graphics
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Stock video via Videoblocks

Music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Thank you for The Great Courses Plus for supporting PBS. To learn more click http://ow.ly/3fCw30qmlF1
We’re on PATREON now! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

If the sun instantly switched off like a light bulb–which can’t happen, by the way–then we wouldn’t know for almost 8 and a half minutes. Light travels at the fastest speed there is, but it still takes almost 500 seconds to get to Earth. That’s how long it would take before we knew the sun went dark. But the most amazing thing about the sunlight we see is it’s actually really old. SUPER old. AMAZINGLY OLD! Tens of thousands of years old. How is that possible? Because of the physics and mathematics of random walks.

References: https://sites.google.com/view/....how-old-is-sunlight-

Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
AlecZero
Bob Rosset
Brent M.
Diego Lombeida
George Gladding
Ron Kakar
vincbis

-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Thank you to Nord VPN for supporting PBS. For more information go to: https://nordvpn.com/iotbs and use code: iotbs

We’re on PATREON now! Join the community ►► https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

I’m guessing you’re pretty familiar with ice. We use it in our drinks, slip on it, skate on it, worry about climate change melting it. But have you ever stopped to really think about this stuff? The freezing and melting of water affects so much of our world. It’s ice crystals in thunderclouds that create lightning. Ice is powerful enough crack boulders, float stones, and alter entire landscapes. Ice is such a common substance, you'd think we'd know everything about it by now. But it has some secrets and weird properties we’ve only just begun to figure out. One question about ice that's, still not totally answered, is one of the most obvious: why is ice slippery? It's a more complicated answer than it seems!


References: https://sites.google.com/view/....why-is-ice-slippery-

Special thanks to our Brain Trust Patrons:
AlecZero
Bob Rosset
Brent M.
Diego Lombeida
Ron Kakar


-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Science is delicious!

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

SUBSCRIBE, it's FREE! http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Franklin BBQ: https://franklinbarbecue.com/

Basic BBQ science:
http://bbq.tamu.edu/bbq-science/
http://amazingribs.com/tips_an....d_technique/meat_sci

Chemistry smoke ring:
http://amazingribs.com/tips_an....d_technique/mythbust

Thermodynamics of BBQ cooking
http://amazingribs.com/tips_an....d_technique/thermody

The dreaded "stall":
http://amazingribs.com/tips_an....d_technique/the_stal

Does BBQ smoke contain carcinogens?:
http://chemistry.about.com/b/2....013/05/05/barbeque-c

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Edited by Arts + Labor: http://arts-and-labor.com/

Music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Stock images via Shutterstock

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Scientists have found amino acids (the building blocks of life) inside the Bennu asteroid samples, hinting that the ingredients for life on Earth's may not be so unique in the universe after all!

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Your winter isn't everyone's winter
Don’t miss our next video! SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Sources:
Trenberth, Kevin E. "What are the seasons?." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 64.11 (1983): 1276-1282.
http://climate.envsci.rutgers.....edu/climdyn2014/Tren

http://nautil.us/blog/dont-bel....ieve-the-hype-winter



Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Snapchat: YoDrJoe

-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
Head to BrainCraft for more doggy science! http://youtu.be/OBy3idLwwYM
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Do you ever talk to your dog? Do they ever talk back? Humans and dogs have a truly amazing relationship, developed along an evolutionary journey that goes back nearly 10,000 years. Do they really understand what we say, think, and feel? Recent research suggests dogs know more about our language and emotions than you might think
CORRECTION: Chaser is a she. Oops!

Meet Chaser the border collie: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/18/science/18dog.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&
See Chaser in action: https://www.youtube.com/user/pilleyjw

Dogs can process words' emotion separate from meaning: http://www.cell.com/current-bi....ology/pdf/S0960-9822

Left-gaze bias in dogs and humans: http://www.plosone.org/article..../info%3Adoi%2F10.137

Charles Darwin's "Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals" https://archive.org/details/ex....pressionofemot1872da

Decoding dog barks: http://www.apa.org/monitor/may05/dogs.aspx

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment below!

-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced for PBS Digital Studios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Oliver Hanson - Dog
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Dalton Allen - Post-Production Intern

Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

-----------------

Last week's video:
Is Santa Real? (A Scientific Analysis): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCOf6Su0Yvw

More videos:
Building Curiosity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__tPaFaPCHo
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Why Did We Blow on NES Games? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Gf9mtXnJfM
The Science of Game of Thrones - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utu-LpJn3Is
There Was No First Human - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdWLhXi24Mo
How The Elements Got Their Names - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtg9p6A6xnY

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Epigenetic inheritance is really weird, but is it real?
Tweet this ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSepi Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSepiFB
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Crash Course Physics with Dr. Shini Somara: https://www.youtube.com/user/crashcourse

Want more on epigenetic inheritance? Start here:
Univ. of Utah’s Learn Genetics: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu..../content/epigenetics
Virginia Hughes - “Epigenetics: The Sins of the Father” http://www.nature.com/news/epi....genetics-the-sins-of

Dig deeper:

Szyf, Moshe. "Nongenetic inheritance and transgenerational epigenetics."Trends in molecular medicine 21.2 (2015): 134-144.
Sharma, Abhay. "Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance requires a much deeper analysis." Trends in molecular medicine 21.5 (2015): 269-270.
Heard, Edith, and Robert A. Martienssen. "Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: myths and mechanisms." Cell 157.1 (2014): 95-109.
Rando, Oliver J. "Daddy issues: paternal effects on phenotype." Cell 151.4 (2012): 702-708.
Jablonka, Eva, and Gal Raz. "Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: prevalence, mechanisms, and implications for the study of heredity and evolution." The Quarterly review of biology 84.2 (2009): 131-176.
Heijmans, Bastiaan T., et al. "Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105.44 (2008): 17046-17049.
Pembrey, Marcus, et al. "Human transgenerational responses to early-life experience: potential impact on development, health and biomedical research." Journal of medical genetics (2014): jmedgenet-2014.


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Like us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Snapchat: YoDrJoe

-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
Stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted) http://www.videoblocks.com

AKA "The Brazil Nut Effect" but brazil nuts are blah
You can learn more at https://curiositystream.com/smart
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

The bottom of the cereal box is a disappointing place. But at least now you know why. Where do you see the Brazil Nut Effect around you?

SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
Fyfluiddynamics: https://www.youtube.com/user/fyfluiddynamics
Origin of Everything: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCiB8h9jD2Mlxx96ZF

REFERENCES:


-----------
FOLLOW US:

Twitter: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
Merch: https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart

SEND US STUFF:

It’s Okay To Be Smart
PO Box 303356
Austin, TX 78703
USA

BOOKS WE’VE FEATURED:
http://smart-books.tumblr.com/

-----------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Derek Borsheim and Sara Roma
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Slime molds are intelligent, but they are single-celled creatures with no brains.
How is that possible?
↓ More info and sources below ↓

I really hope you guys check out Deep Look, it’s one of my favorite channels, full of great 4K, micro-world goodness! http://goo.gl/8NwXqt

Many thanks to Prof. Andy Adamatzky (UWE Bristol) for slime mold culturing advice.

Special thanks to the following for providing Dictyostelium microscope footage:
Prof. John Bonner (Princeton)
Prof. David Knecht (Univ. of Connecticut)
Prof. Richard Firtel (UCSD)
Prof. Jeremy Pickett-Heaps (Univ. of Melbourne)

References/further reading:
“Intelligence in Nature” by Jeremy Narby http://amzn.to/23HvtKG
“The Social Amoebae - The Biology of Cellular Slime Molds” by John Bonner http://amzn.to/1MEmmCR

Nakagaki, Toshiyuki. "Smart behavior of true slime mold in a labyrinth."Research in Microbiology 152.9 (2001): 767-770.
Nakagaki, Toshiyuki, Hiroyasu Yamada, and Masahiko Hara. "Smart network solutions in an amoeboid organism." Biophysical chemistry 107.1 (2004): 1-5.
Adamatzky, Andrew. Physarum machines: computers from slime mould. Vol. 74. World Scientific, 2010.

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Like us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Snapchat: YoDrJoe

-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
Stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted) http://www.videoblocks.com

Valar more-curious!

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

SUBSCRIBE, it's FREE! http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓ More info and sources below ↓

WINTER:
Seasons of Westeros and the 3-body problem: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1304.0445v1.pdf
Other possible explanations for the seasons: http://io9.com/5906300/5-scien....tific-explanations-f
Why those other reasons are wrong:
http://bit.ly/1hYuRDJ
http://boingboing.net/2012/05/....14/great-moments-in-
http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles

NOTE ON MOONS AND STABILIZATION: I'm adding this comment after the video goes up: In retrospect I should have said that a moon doesn't *necessarily* have to be present to stabilize a planet. While our moon does cancel out some tugging from the other planets in the solar system, here's a recent paper shows that moonless planets can orbit with great stability even without the influence of a moon. Basically moons aren't required for stability: http://barnesos.net/publicatio....ns/papers/2012.01.Ic

Even more reasons for the seasons: http://www.tor.com/blogs/2011/....05/how-seasons-qwork

GEOLOGY:
Generation Anthropocene's AMAZING geologic history of Westeros and Essos: http://www.stanford.edu/group/....anthropocene/cgi-bin

VALYRIAN STEEL:
Damascus steel: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_steel

DRAGON FIRE:
Kyle Hill's explanation for real-life dragon fire: http://blogs.scientificamerica....n.com/but-not-simple

DRAGON FLIGHT:
Dragon-sized birds are biologically impossible: http://wapo.st/1lBV2RE

WILDFIRE:
Greek fire: http://www.sciforums.com/what-....is-greek-fire-t-6854
Trimethyl borate flame by hkparker: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6OrisgbsRmg

MILK OF POPPY:
Opates: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium

THE WALL:
Compression melting of ice: http://www.reddit.com/r/asksci....ence/comments/1qkdl0

DIRE WOLVES:
Canis dirus: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_wolf

REAL-LIFE CHARACTERS:
Abandon all productivity ye who click here: http://history-behind-game-of-thrones.com
Stark/Lannister feud in real life tapestry: http://history-behind-game-of-thrones.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/porte_saint_denis170-753x1024.jpg

Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
Edited by Stephanie Noone and Kirby Conn from Arts & Labor
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Stop and smell the flowers… and watch this video
Subscribe: http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub Twitter: @jtotheizzoe @okaytobesmart
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Bees and flowers have an amazingly close relationship. Flowers need bees in order to reproduce, and bees need flowers to feed their colonies. Take away one, and the other would disappear too. It begs the question: When it comes to evolution, which came first, the bees or the flowers?

Book recommendation:
"A Sting in the Tale" by Dave Goulson, a great scientific and cultural history of bees http://amzn.to/1BcytS5

Special thanks to the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center in Austin, TX for letting us hang out with their bees and flowers! https://www.wildflower.org/

More info/sources:
http://www.scientificamerican.....com/article/the-begu

http://www.the-scientist.com/?....articles.view/articl

http://www.bbc.com/earth/story..../20141017-how-flower

http://science.nationalgeograp....hic.com/science/preh


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Follow on Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Follow on Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe

-----------------
It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Google+ https://plus.google.com/+itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Director of Photography
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks


-----------------

Last week's video:
The Energy Series! https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLsmqeqKj7M-

More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8

SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

2023 was a wild year with everything from scorching temperatures to massive wildfires. Even with more renewable energy than ever, 2023’s climate data still seems really bad. So how should we think about climate change today? And what can we do about it? Learn what climate scientists think about 2023’s climate milestones, what the models tell us about the future of Earth’s climate, and how we can tackle climate doomerism.

Join our Patreon community: https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

-----------

High fives to all our Brain Trust Patrons:

Ed Eyden
Jennifer Burton
Charles Horton, Jr
Holly, Brett, and Ashe Bullion
Jaap Westera
Mehdi Damou
Barbora Bei
Burt Humburg
dani bowman
David Johnston
Baerbel Winkler
Eric Meer
Karen Haskell

Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Check out “Venomous” by Christie Wilcox: http://bit.ly/VenomousBook
Help us translate this video! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_video?ref=share&v=Qd92MuVZXik
↓ More info and sources below ↓

Get yourself an awesome IOTBS shirt! http://dftba.com/besmart

Learn more:
LD50’s of various venomous snakes: http://snakedatabase.org/pages/LD50.php

Lynne Isbell’s “The Fruit, the Tree, and the Serpent” http://amzn.to/2afXQ91

Fry, Bryan G., et al. "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes." Nature 439.7076 (2006): 584-588. http://www.nature.com/nature/j....ournal/v439/n7076/ab

Reyes-Velasco, Jacobo, et al. "Expression of venom gene homologs in diverse python tissues suggests a new model for the evolution of snake venom." Molecular biology and evolution 32.1 (2015): 173-183. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/....content/32/1/173.sho

Drabeck, Danielle H., Antony M. Dean, and Sharon A. Jansa. "Why the honey badger don't care: Convergent evolution of venom-targeted nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mammals that survive venomous snake bites."Toxicon 99 (2015): 68-72. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S

Opossum venom resistance: https://www.acs.org/content/ac....s/en/pressroom/newsr

Reddit AMA with Steve Ludwin, a snake venom self-immunizer: https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/....comments/17hzhk/iama

Van Le, Quan, et al. "Pulvinar neurons reveal neurobiological evidence of past selection for rapid detection of snakes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110.47 (2013): 19000-19005. http://www.pnas.org/content/110/47/19000.short

Thrasher, Cat, and Vanessa LoBue. "Do infants find snakes aversive? Infants’ physiological responses to “fear-relevant” stimuli." Journal of experimental child psychology 142 (2016): 382-390. http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S

----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter: http://twitter.com/okaytobesmart
http://twitter.com/jtotheizzoe
Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Instagram: http://instagram.com/jtotheizzoe
Snapchat: YoDrJoe

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from SciencePhoto http://www.sciencephoto.com/ and Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
Stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted) http://www.videoblocks.com

You can learn more at https://curiositystream.com/smart
Don’t miss our next video! SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

**We said 30 days free, but CuriosityStream is feeling extra generous and is giving our viewers the first 60 days free!!**

Do you remember having a cold in 5th grade? Or the flu a couple years ago? Your immune system does. Our bodies hold many levels of immune defense.Physical barriers like skin, the innate immune system, and our body’s most powerful defender, the adaptive immune system. Millions of B cells and T cells and antibodies are constantly on patrol for germs and antigen invaders. As scientists learn more about how this system works and how to engineer it, could we ever actually be immune to everything?

Special thanks to Dr. James Crowe (Vanderbilt University) http://www.crowelab.com/

-----------
FOLLOW US:

Merch: https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
Twitter: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
Tumblr: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson

-----------

It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Karl Boettcher and Derek Borsheim
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

We all breathe the same air. Literally.
Click here to SUBSCRIBE, it's FREE! -- http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub

Take a deep breath. Smell that? It could be a little eau de Einstein. Or maybe a whiff of Cleopatra. Here's an amazing thought: every time you breathe, you could be sharing air with everyone who's ever lived. A few million of the same air molecules that enter your lungs in a lifetime also entered Albert Einstein or Marie Curie's lungs! That's some smart air.

Earth's atmosphere is big, but not as big as many people think. All the air that keeps us alive is just a thin candy shell around our planet. In this episode, echoing the words of John F. Kennedy, I'll show you the science of how we all share the same air. So let's be careful about what we're putting in it!

References for this episode: http://dft.ba/-5AuU

Read about John F. Kennedy's American University speech: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A....merican_University_s

Earth's atmosphere illustrated by Adam Nieman: http://adamnieman.posterous.com/

Written and hosted by Joe Hanson
Produced by Painted On Productions (http://www.paintedon.com/)

Music: Johnny Ripper (with Ekoda) - Speak
-----------
Join us on Patreon!
https://patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart

Twitter
http://www.twitter.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.twitter.com/okaytobesmart

Instagram
http://www.instagram.com/DrJoeHanson
http://www.instagram.com/okaytobesmart

Merch
https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be

Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmartpbs/

Check out Two Cents! https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCL8w_A8p8P1HWI3k6
SUBSCRIBE so you don’t miss a video! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓↓↓ More info and sources below ↓↓↓

The flu might feel like some minor illness that you don’t need to worry about much, but tens of thousands of people still die from it every year. And back in 1918, Flu killed up to 5% of the world’s population. Could a flu that bad happen again?

REFERENCES:
https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/121YpoKjQvYp2FK

-----------
FOLLOW US:

Twitter: @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
Merch: https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/its-okay-to-be
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart

-----------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Sarah Keartes
Creative Director: David Schulte
Editor/animator: Sara Roma
Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox

Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate

Check out Squarespace: http://squarespace.com/itsokaytobesmart
Don’t miss our next video! SUBSCRIBE! ►► http://bit.ly/iotbs_sub
↓ More info and sources below ↓

The ABSOLUTE best place to learn more about atmospheric optics: http://www.atoptics.co.uk/

Excellent resource on ice crystal physics: http://www.snowcrystals.com/

Video showing “5 suns” over Cambodia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejM6MJVVSFI
(actually two sun dogs, a parhelic circle, and two 120˚ parhelions!)

The coolest sky picture I’ve ever seen: https://www.facebook.com/NWSAmarillo/photos/a.376992752312629.94660.208741279137778/940978792580686/?type=3&theater

Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!

-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Instagram: @DrJoeHanson
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Music via APM

Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)

Thumbnail image by Фтещт Нфтлщмнш CC BY-SA 4.0

PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. Support your local station at: http://to.pbs.org/DonateOKAY
↓ More info and sources below ↓

In case you have a strange new desire to get an IOTBS shirt: http://store.dftba.com/collect....ions/its-okay-to-be-

See if you share a famous birthday (I got Tom Hiddleston): http://www.buzzfeed.com/kimber....leydadds/which-celeb

Explore the math behind Birthday Paradox #1: https://www.khanacademy.org/ma....th/probability/proba

Explore Birthday Paradox #2: http://www.trans4mind.com/pers....onal_development/mat

The “Facebook Birthday Problem” is a variant of the Coupon Collector’s Problem: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Coupon_collector%27s


Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!

Follow on Twitter: @okaytobesmart @drjoehanson
http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Follow on Instagram: @okaytobesmart @drjoehanson

-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios

Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer

Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)