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Life, uh… finds a way
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What have we learned from exploring Earth’s harshest locations? That pretty everywhere we look for life, we find it. From smoking hot hydrothermal vents to icy deserts, up in clouds and inside rocks, extremophiles have found a way to survive. These survivors and adapters are not only teaching us about life on Earth, but expanding the possibilities of where life can exist elsewhere.
READ MORE:
Horikoshi, K., Antranikian, G., Bull, A. T., Robb, F. T., & Stetter, K. O. (Eds.). (2010). Extremophiles handbook. Springer Science & Business Media.
Schulze-Makuch, D., Airo, A., & Schirmack, J. (2017). The Adaptability of Life on Earth and the Diversity of Planetary Habitats. Frontiers in microbiology, 8, 2011.
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Who built the pyramids? The colossal geometric monuments found at Giza and elsewhere in Egypt are some of Earth’s most impressive constructions. Pyramids are truly wonders of the ancient and modern world.
But when the pyramids were built, the ancient Egyptians hadn’t invented the wheel, developed bronze tools, or discovered pi. How were they able to stack two million stone blocks, each weighing more than two tons, into precise geometric alignments that would survive more than 4,000 years and capture the imaginations of explorers throughout history? They did it the same way we always have: by trial and error. The true history of the pyramids is one of experimentation and science, not magic… or aliens.
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REFERENCES:
Lehner, M. (1997). The complete pyramids. Thames and Hudson.
Parry, D. (2005). Engineering the pyramids. The History Press.
Verner, M. (2003). The pyramids: their archaeology and history. Atlantic.
Verner, M. (2007). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove/Atlantic, Inc..
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
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Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox
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Check out Destin’s video on Smarter Every Day: “DEVIL FACIAL TUMOR DISEASE” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hol33ga9G_E
“The Vital Question” by Nick Lane: http://amzn.to/1SntUdG
Further reading:
Bonner, J. T. (1998), The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol., 1: 27–36.
Grosberg, Richard K., and Richard R. Strathmann. "The evolution of multicellularity: a minor major transition?." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics (2007): 621-654.
Parfrey, Laura Wegener, and Daniel JG Lahr. "Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes" Bioessays 35.4 (2013): 339-347.
Szathmary, Eors, and John Maynard Smith. "The major evolutionary transitions." NATURE 374 (1995): 16.
Szathmáry, Eörs. "Toward major evolutionary transitions theory 2.0."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112.33 (2015): 10104.
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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This video is so cool, it's ICE COLD
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Glacier ice is weird. It’s solid. Solid things aren’t supposed to flow. But glacier ice flows like a liquid, and it does that without melting! How is this possible? I traveled to Mendenhall Glacier in Juneau, Alaska to find out.
Special thanks to Josh Cassidy from KQED’s Deep Look for joining me in Alaska and shooting this episode! ► https://www.youtube.com/user/KQEDDeepLook
Filmed under a Special Use Permit on the Juneau Ranger District, Tongass National Forest
Archival glacier image: Glacier Photograph Collection - National Snow and Ice Data Center
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READ MORE:
Paterson, William Stanley Bryce. “The Physics of Glaciers.” Elsevier, 2016.
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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The dose makes the poison…
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CORRECTION: @2:14 we showed the wrong Paul Ehrlich (guy on the left). Instead of Paul Ehrlich the German doctor, we meant to show Paul Ehrlich the biologist: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich
Plants are the most important source of nutrients for pretty much all of Earth's animals, and many of the planet's bacteria and fungi too. Humans like them so much that we line them up in salad bars so we can feast upon their crunchy cronch by the plate full.
But plants don't always want to be eaten, ya know? Here's a look at some of our favorite plant flavors and how they are actually a form of chemical warfare
We owe caterpillars for spicy mustard:
http://www.pnas.org/content/ea....rly/2015/06/17/15039
http://munews.missouri.edu/new....s-releases/2015/0622
Overview of plant chemical defenses and what we use them for in the kitchen: http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter..../intropp/topics/Page
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It's Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.DFollow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Theme music: "Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod
Other music via APM
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More videos:
Why Does February Have 28 Days? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgKaHTh-_Gs
Why Vaccines Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aNhzLUL2ys
Why Are Some People Left-Handed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPvMUpcxPSA
Where Does the Smell of Rain Come From? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGcE5x8s0B8
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People who live near the equator use more spices per recipe than people who live far from the equator. But that isn't for the reason you think. Spices and other plant ingredients have special powers that make them a truly magical superfood!
REFERENCES:
Billing, J., & Sherman, P. W. (1998). Antimicrobial functions of spices: why some like it hot. The Quarterly review of biology, 73(1), 3-49.
Juneja, V. K., Dwivedi, H. P., & Yan, X. (2012). Novel natural food antimicrobials. Annual review of food science and technology, 3, 381-403.
Sherman, P. W., & Billing, J. (1999). Darwinian gastronomy: why we use spices: spices taste good because they are good for us. BioScience, 49(6), 453-463.
Li, Z., Henning, S. M., Zhang, Y., Zerlin, A., Li, L., Gao, K., ... & Heber, D. (2010). Antioxidant-rich spice added to hamburger meat during cooking results in reduced meat, plasma, and urine malondialdehyde concentrations–. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 91(5), 1180-1184.
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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“In Our Nature” is a NEW special limited series on It’s Okay To Be Smart!
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Seemingly distant ecosystems, even half a world apart, are connected in surprising ways. In this special limited series, Emily Graslie and Trace Dominguez join me as we explore the universal rules of life that tie together Earth’s living systems. In episode 6, we investigate a mystery. Millennia ago, while much of the Earth was covered in ice, enormous animals lived on every continent except Antarctica. Species like ground sloths, mammoths, gomphotheres, sabertooth cats, even wombats the size of cars! Today, Africa is the only continent where these megafaunas still exist. Why? What happened to the rest of Earth’s giants?
In Our Nature is a special miniseries produced by It’s Okay To Be Smart for PBS. Stay tuned for more episodes coming this summer, here on our YouTube channel!
Original Production Funding provided by: Anne Ray Foundation, a Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropy
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Axolotls are special salamanders. Not only to they stay in their juvenile form their whole lives, they can regenerate entire limbs! Studying how they do it could change the way we treat human limb injuries.
Special thanks to the Dallas Zoo!
References: http://bit.ly/2Gkoihd
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Part 4 of our special series on Human Ancestry. Watch it all ►► http://bit.ly/OKTBSHuman
Watch Mutant Menu on BrainCraft: https://youtu.be/NrDM6Ic2xMM
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In part 4 of our special series on human ancestry and evolution, we look into the future. Now that genetic engineering tools like CRISPR allow us to edit our genes, how will that impact human evolution going forward? Are designer babies or eugenics around the corner? Welcome to a world of nonrandom mutation and unnatural selection.
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REFERENCES:
WHO fact sheet on obesity risks and death vs underweight: http://www.who.int/mediacentre..../factsheets/fs311/en
Jinek, M., Chylinski, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2012). A programmable dual-RNA–guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science, 337(6096), 816-821.
Knoepfler, P. (2015). GMO Sapiens: the life-changing science of designer babies. World Scientific.
Enriquez, J., & Gullans, S. (2015). Evolving Ourselves. Oneworld Publications.
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
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Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox
Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Try Lynda.com: http://lynda.com/okay
Best experienced in 240p or lower
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Check out Stanford’s “Raw Data” podcast:
https://soundcloud.com/rawdatapodcast
https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/r...
Most numbers in the video are from this book:
Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think - Viktor Mayer-Schönberger and Kenneth Cukier
http://amzn.to/1Vhc3Ei
Sources:
DNA Storage: http://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i35/Sc...
Square kilometer array (and other data scales): http://highscalability.com/blog/2012/...
How much data does ___ store? http://techexpectations.org/2015/03/2...
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigita...
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)
Remove your personal information from the web at http://joindeleteme.com/BESMART and use code BESMART for 20% off
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Follow us over to the PBS App or PBS.org to watch Walking with Dinosaurs!
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How did dinosaurs become birds—and what good is half a wing? Join Joe and a few brave chickens as they recreate a brilliant experiment that helps solve one of evolution’s greatest mysteries: the origin of feathered flight.
Thank you to Dr. Jingmai O'Connor from Chicago's Field Museum for helpful discussions and background research
Sources: https://sites.google.com/view/....from-feathers-to-fli
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I used #badDNA once in this video. Can you find it?
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If you see #badDna, be sure to show me on Twitter! @DrJoeHanson @okaytobesmart
Biology textbooks are full of drawings of DNA, but none of those show what DNA actually looks like. Sure, they’re good models for understanding how DNA works, but inside of real cells, it’s a whole lot more interesting. Learn why we can’t look directly at DNA, and find out how DNA is actually packed inside cells.
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READ MORE:
Best electron microscope image of DNA: http://theatln.tc/2xLBb0Y
Atomic force microscopy (the tiny needle): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Atomic_force_microsc
Visualizing the 3-D genome: http://bit.ly/2eHud8k
Stevens, Tim J., et al. "3D structures of individual mammalian genomes studied by single-cell Hi-C." Nature 544.7648 (2017): 59-64.
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Editor/animator: Evan Wright
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox
Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
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Tweet this ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSmc Share on FB ⇒ http://bit.ly/OKTBSmcFB
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Check out Destin’s video on Smarter Every Day: “DEVIL FACIAL TUMOR DISEASE” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hol33ga9G_E
“The Vital Question” by Nick Lane: http://amzn.to/1SntUdG
Further reading:
Bonner, J. T. (1998), The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol., 1: 27–36.
Grosberg, Richard K., and Richard R. Strathmann. "The evolution of multicellularity: a minor major transition?." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics (2007): 621-654.
Parfrey, Laura Wegener, and Daniel JG Lahr. "Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes" Bioessays 35.4 (2013): 339-347.
Szathmary, Eors, and John Maynard Smith. "The major evolutionary transitions." NATURE 374 (1995): 16.
Szathmáry, Eörs. "Toward major evolutionary transitions theory 2.0."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112.33 (2015): 10104.
----
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
Stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted) http://www.videoblocks.com
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/PBSDSDonate
This episode is brought to you by Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/
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Gravitational field of a cubic planet:
Chappell, James Michael, et al. "The gravity field of a cube." Physics International 3.2 (2012): 50.
http://search.proquest.com/ope....nview/6c982d4a364d8b
More:
http://www.askamathematician.c....om/2011/05/q-what-wo
https://possiblywrong.wordpres....s.com/2011/09/09/if-
1884 claim of cubic planet discovery:
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/a....bstract.html?res=940
Hats off to the Minecraft wiki community at Gamepedia for collecting stats about the Minecraft world!
http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Minecraft_Wiki
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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-----------------
It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Follow me on Twitter: @jtotheizzoe
Email me: itsokaytobesmart AT gmail DOT com
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/itsokaytobesmart
For more awesome science, check out: http://www.itsokaytobesmart.com
Produced by PBS Digital Studios: http://www.youtube.com/user/pbsdigitalstudios
Joe Hanson - Creator/Host/Writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen Inc.
Kate Eads - Producer
Andrew Matthews - Editing/Motion Graphics/Animation
Katie Graham - Camera
John Knudsen - Gaffer
Theme music: “Ouroboros” by Kevin MacLeod
Other music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock, stock footage from Videoblocks (unless otherwise noted)
To learn more about Brilliant, check out https://brilliant.org/BeSmart/
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Why do we cry? It’s weird. Humans leak water out of their faces when they get sad. Are we the only animals that do this? What does it mean? What is it for? Here’s the science of human tears!
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References: http://bit.ly/2NMz5Wo
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Creative Director: David Schulte
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Producers: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox
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What is ”egg-shaped” even? I used to think it was the shape of a chicken egg. Then one day I saw a collection of eggs from lots of different bird species, and I realized just how many different kind of egg shapes there really are! I had to know why. And it turns out a couple teams of scientists had wondered the same thing. Here’s what science says about why eggs are egg-shaped, if that's even a thing, which I’ve learned it might not be. Evolution of bird eggs, go!
#egg #biophysics #eggvolution
References: https://sites.google.com/view/....why-are-eggs-egg-sha
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Come see me on Molly’s channel! https://youtu.be/MOmRQb7h5lw
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I met Molly Burke a few months ago. She’s awesome. I absolutely love what she’s done on YouTube to bring awareness to living with disability, and turning it into ability. And her guide dog Gallop is awesome too! When Molly and I first met, we started talking about how she navigates the world, because I’m a nerd and I always steer the conversation toward science. I was not prepared for what she told me. She said she uses echolocation! Molly’s brain has adapted to listen to sounds in her environment in ways that most of us sighted people can’t even imagine. I went to meet her in LA and brought a special surprise, to see if my brain could learn what hers has.
#echolocation #blind
For audio descriptions, go to Settings - Audio Track - English Descriptive.
Special thanks to Brian Bushway, Daniel Kish, Molly Burke and Gallop!
Learn more about Brian Bushway and echolocation at https://visioneers.org
Descriptive Audio & Captions provided by The Described and Captioned Media Program
References: https://sites.google.com/view/....echolcation-molly-bu
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Plants can do some amazing things.
But how do they respond to their environment with no brain?
↓ More info and sources below ↓
Learn more/references:
“What a Plant Knows” by Daniel Chamovitz http://amzn.to/2bfvdOg
“The Secret Life of Plants” by Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird http://amzn.to/2bczCTf (this book is full of bad science mumbo jumbo, but it’s where the Cleve Backster story comes from)
Galil, J. "An ancient technique for ripening sycomore fruit in east-mediterranean countries." Economic Botany 22.2 (1968): 178-190.
Kost, C., & Heil, M. (2008). The Defensive Role of Volatile Emission and Extrafloral Nectar Secretion for Lima Bean in Nature. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 34(1), 2–13. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-007-9404-0
Gerbode, Sharon J., et al. "How the cucumber tendril coils and overwinds."Science 337.6098 (2012): 1087-1091.
Darwin’s writings on vines and climbing plants: http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F836&viewtype=text&pageseq=1
Darwin’s writings on plant movement: http://darwin-online.org.uk/Ed....itorialIntroductions
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Have an idea for an episode or an amazing science question you want answered? Leave a comment or check us out at the links below!
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Produced by PBS Digital Studios
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Follow this link to more shark science videos by your favorite YouTubers!! http://bit.ly/1sugd0z
Sharks killed per hour infographic: http://bit.ly/1oXYT0Y
An estimated 100 million sharks are killed per year: http://bit.ly/1oE7uRS
Palau sharks are worth $2 million: http://nyti.ms/1kX4fua
Effect of shark overfishing on reefs: http://bit.ly/1opLhwF
Overfishing sharks led to scallop fishery collapse: https://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5820/1846.short?related-urls=yes&legid=sci;315/5820/1846
Joe Hanson - Host and writer
Joe Nicolosi - Director
Amanda Fox - Producer, Spotzen IncKate Eads - Associate Producer
Katie Graham - Camera
Editing/Motion Graphics - Andrew Matthews
Gaffer - John Knudsen
Theme music:
"Ouroboros" by Kevin MacLeod
Stock images via Shutterstock
Produced for PBS Digital Studios
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Earth has seasons, but what about the rest of the planets in the solar system? Let’s take a tour from Mercury to Pluto and see what seasons would be like on all our planetary neighbors. Bring a sweater!
LEARN MORE:
NASA Planet Fact Sheet:
https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/
Winds of Mars:
http://bit.ly/2wvlH3p
Lakes of Titan:
https://sites.google.com/site/....alexanderghayes/Rese
http://www.nature.com/nature/j....ournal/v481/n7379/fu
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Matt Caplan, PhD
Editor/animator: Sean Lane/Joe Nicolosi
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox
Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
