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Vintage arcade footage courtesy of: http://patrickscottpatterson.com/
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References:
Thompson, Joseph J., Mark R. Blair, and Andrew J. Henrey. "Over the hill at 24: persistent age-related cognitive-motor decline in reaction times in an ecologically valid video game task begins in early adulthood." PloS one 9.4 (2014): e94215.
Thompson, Joseph J., et al. "Video game telemetry as a critical tool in the study of complex skill learning." PloS one 8.9 (2013): e75129.
Lewis, Joshua M., Patrick Trinh, and David Kirsh. "A corpus analysis of strategy video game play in starcraft: Brood war." Proceedings of the 33rd annual conference of the cognitive science society. 2011.
ESA Essential Facts About the Computer and Video Game Industry 2016 http://essentialfacts.theesa.com/
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is written and hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Plants eat sunlight and air to make life. But the key enzyme behind it all, called rubisco, isn’t actually all that great at its job. Let’s talk about how photosynthesis really works, why oxygen isn’t coming from where you think, and whether we can fix the biggest flaw in one of Earth’s most essential processes.
References and further reading: https://sites.google.com/view/....fixing-photosynthesi
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You asked for it, so here’s the follow-up!
Just because something is difficult doesn’t mean it’s impossible. Over the past centuries, archaeologists, historians, and engineers have reconstructed a great deal of the technology and science used to build the Egyptian pyramids. This week we look at ancient Egyptian mathematics, building techniques, tools, and culture to reconstruct the Great Pyramid’s construction.
REFERENCES:
Fall, Abdoulaye, et al. "Sliding friction on wet and dry sand." Physical review letters 112.17 (2014): 175502.
Lehner, M. (1997). The complete pyramids. Thames and Hudson.
Parry, D. (2005). Engineering the pyramids. The History Press.
Smith, Craig B., Zahi Hawass, and Mark Lehner. How the great pyramid was built. Harper Collins, 2006.
Verner, M. (2003). The pyramids: their archaeology and history. Atlantic.
Verner, M. (2007). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove/Atlantic, Inc..
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
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Writer: Joe Hanson
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Ready to untangle the branches of the human family tree?
Part 1 of our special series on Human Ancestry. Watch it all: http://bit.ly/OKTBSHuman
↓↓↓More info and sources below ↓↓↓
In part 1 of our special series on human ancestry, we tour through our family tree to meet our ancestors and distant cousins, and to find out what made us human along the way.
The story of human ancestry is not a simple progression from primitive apes to us, with all the ape/human intermediates in between. The real human story is much richer and more complex, full of branches, gaps, and shadowy parts. A century and a half of fossil finds tells us perhaps two dozen human species lived on Earth between now and the time when our ancestors split from chimpanzee ancestors. The new era of DNA and genetics is upending that story yet again.
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REFERENCES:
Stringer, Chris. “Lone survivors: How we came to be the only humans on earth.” Macmillan, 2012. http://amzn.to/2oIFg3q (Library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855581724)
Stringer, Chris, and Peter Andrews. “The complete world of human evolution.” London: Thames & Hudson, 2005. http://amzn.to/2opOrlN (Library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953422224)
Tattersall, Ian. “Masters of the planet: the search for our human origins.” Macmillan, 2012. http://amzn.to/2pOZrKS (Library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/733231407)
Walter, Chip. “Last ape standing: the seven-million-year story of how and why we survived.” Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2013. http://amzn.to/2pP2liy (Library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872121723)
“Evolution: The Human Saga.” Scientific American 311.3 (2014): 4-100.
Strait, David, Frederick E. Grine, and John G. Fleagle. "Analyzing Hominin Hominin Phylogeny: Cladistic Approach." Handbook of paleoanthropology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. 1989-2014.
Wood, Bernard, and Eve K Boyle. "Hominin taxic diversity: Fact or fantasy?." American journal of physical anthropology 159.S61 (2016): S37-S78.
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It’s Okay To Be Smart is hosted by Joe Hanson, Ph.D.
Director: Joe Nicolosi
Writer: Joe Hanson
Producer/editor/animator: Andrew Matthews
Producer: Stephanie Noone and Amanda Fox
Produced by PBS Digital Studios
Music via APM
Stock images from Shutterstock http://www.shutterstock.com
Artists have abandoned artworks for many reasons throughout history. Guest host John Green shares some of his favorite unfinished artworks and explains why they resonate with him so deeply. Featuring work by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Edgar Degas, Alice Neel, Kerry James Marshall, and very many presidential portraits.
Thanks to our Grandmasters of the Arts Divide By Zero Collection and David Golden, and to all of our patrons, especially Anthony Chivetta, Rich Clarey, Iain Eudailey, Tom Forwood, Patrick Hanna, Andrew Huynh, Eve Leonard, Audrey Mak Tung, David Moore, Jane Quale, Gabriel Civita Ramirez, Andrew Sheeler, Boris Silantiev, Josh Thomas, Constance Urist, and Roberta Zaphiriou.
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Subscribe for new episodes of The Art Assignment every other Thursday.
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We introduce you to the talented and amazing JooYoung Choi, who shares tales of her fictional realm The Cosmic Womb and beckons us to create our own IMAGINARY FRIEND.
INSTRUCTIONS - Imaginary Friend
1. Make an imaginary friend using any medium you like
2. Introduce that friend to others
3. Share your friend with us using #theartassignment
4. Fame and glory (your work might be in a future episode)
Learn more about JooYoung's work:
http://www.anyatishgallery.com..../content/jooyoung-ch
Find out more about The Art Assignment and how to submit your response: http://theartassignment.com/
Dorothea Lange captured this iconic photo known as Migrant Mother in 1936. But who was the woman pictured? And how did she and her family feel about its existence in the world? Guest host John Green introduces you to Florence Owens Thompson, her family, and her story. #migrantmother #dorothealange #photography
Thanks to our Grandmasters of the Arts Vincent Apa and Ernest Wolfe, and all of our patrons, especially Iain Eudaily, Patrick Hanna, Nichole Hicks, Eve Leonard, David Moore, Frame Monster Design Laboratory, Jane Quale, Constance Urist, and Nicholas Xu. To support our channel, visit: http://www.patreon.com/artassignment.
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The Art Assignment travels to New Orleans to meet with Tameka Norris, who makes art in a variety of media and often uses her body in her work. She challenges YOU to become someone else.
Sarah then highlights Adrian Piper, who created an altar ego for herself (The Mythic Being) and performed this ego both in private and in public.
INSTRUCTIONS - Become Someone Else
1. Take a selfie
2. Change one thing about you
3. Go out into the world
4. Take another selfie
5. Upload both photos using #theartassignment
6. Fame and glory (your work might be in a future episode)
Find out more about The Art Assignment and how to submit your response: http://theartassignment.com/
Pre-order our book YOU ARE AN ARTIST (which includes new assignments!) here: http://bit.ly/2kplj2h
David Rathman’s paintings pair atmospheric landscapes with carefully selected phrases, playing with the relationship between text and image. This week, he created a painting for you to caption.
INSTRUCTIONS - CAPTION CONTEST
1. Add text, preferably handwritten, to Rathman's painting
2. Print out the image below and write on it, or create your writing separately, scan it and add it to the image digitally
3. Document your text and image combination and share it with us using #theartassignment
4. Fame and glory (your work might be in a future episode)
Save the painting for the caption here: http://www.theartassignment.co....m/assignments/captio
Find out more about The Art Assignment and how to submit your response: http://theartassignment.com/
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Ham with Jam? - ABCmouse.com Beginning Reader Series
Introducing the --am word family!
Pam likes jam and dislikes ham, while Sam likes ham and dislikes jam. This quirky story about a sister and brother who find an unlikely compromise is based on the book, 'Ham with Jam?' which is part of ABCmouse.com's Beginning Reader Series. This animated video introduces young learners to words in the --am word family (a word family is a group of words with the same ending sound and letters, such as Pam, Sam, and jam).
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ABCmouse.com is an award-winning website that uses a variety of activities, including these songs, to help children build a strong foundation for future academic success. ABCmouse.com Early Learning Academy provides a full online curriculum from preschool through 2nd grade, with more than 10,000 interactive learning activities that teach the subjects of reading, math, science, social studies, art, and music.
Parents, learn more about ABCmouse.com at https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube
Website: https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube
YouTube Channel: http://youtube.com/ABCmouse
© Age of Learning, Inc. All rights reserved.
https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube
Ham with Jam? - ABCmouse.com Beginning Reader Series
Introducing the --am word family!
Pam likes jam and dislikes ham, while Sam likes ham and dislikes jam. This quirky story about a sister and brother who find an unlikely compromise is based on the book, 'Ham with Jam?' which is part of ABCmouse.com's Beginning Reader Series. This animated video introduces young learners to words in the --am word family (a word family is a group of words with the same ending sound and letters, such as Pam, Sam, and jam).
About Us:
ABCmouse.com is an award-winning website that uses a variety of activities, including these songs, to help children build a strong foundation for future academic success. ABCmouse.com Early Learning Academy provides a full online curriculum from preschool through 2nd grade, with more than 10,000 interactive learning activities that teach the subjects of reading, math, science, social studies, art, and music.
Parents, learn more about ABCmouse.com at https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube
Website: https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube
YouTube Channel: http://youtube.com/ABCmouse
© Age of Learning, Inc. All rights reserved.
Visit https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube to learn more about our award-winning online learning program for children 2-8!
🎉🍰 Join Violet the Paintbrush on a magical adventure as she saves the day with her creative cake drawing! When Pink forgets the party essentials, Violet steps in to help by drawing plates, sandwiches, and a perfect cake to bring the celebration to life. This fun-filled video teaches kids about problem-solving, creativity, and the joy of art. Perfect for preschoolers who love to draw and imagine! 🎂🎨
👉 Discover more fun learning songs and educational videos by subscribing to our YouTube channel at https://YouTube.com/ABCmouse.
And visit https://www.abcmouse.com/learn/youtube to find out more about our award-winning online learning program for children 2–8!
© Age of Learning, Inc. All rights reserved.
Modern life would be impossible without plastic – but we have long since lost control over our invention. Why has plastic turned into a problem and what do we know about its dangers?
This video is a collaboration with UN Environment and their Clean Seas campaign, If you want to take action to turn the tide on plastics, go to http://www.cleanseas.org and make your pledge.
We also partnered with askscience on reddit – on https://bit.ly/2tVU68d you can talk to experts and ask questions about about plastic pollution today!
Sources used in the video: https://sites.google.com/view/....sourcesplasticpollut
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In nearly every corner of the Earth, ants wage war against each other. Their weapons are what nature gave them. Some have strong armour, deadly stingers or sharp mandibles. And then there is this tiny, and not very impressive ant. But it rules the biggest empire any ant has ever built. A colony spanning continents and fighting wars that leave millions of casualties. Let’s take a look at this unlikely warrioress: Linepithema humile, the Argentine ant.
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Go ‘beyond the nutshell’ at https://brilliant.org/nutshell/ and dive deeper into these topics and more with a free 30-day trial!
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Sources & further reading:
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You are cells. Your muscles, organs, skin and hair. They are in your blood and in your bones.
Cells are biological robots. They don’t want anything, they don’t feel anything. They are never sad or happy. They just are, right here, right now. They are as conscious as a stone or a chair or a neutron star. Cells just follow their programming that has been evolving and changing for billions of years, molded by natural selection.
They are impossible machines and yet, here they are, driven entirely by the fundamental forces of the universe. The smallest unit of life, right at the border where physics becomes biology.
Sometimes, to get a truer understanding of how amazing something is, you need to hold your breath and dive in really deep. So, what are cells and how do they work?
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If you want to help us caption this video, please send subtitles to subtitle@kurzgesagt.org
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Can we survive the heat death of the universe? One day, the last star will die, galaxies will dissolve, and black holes will evaporate. The universe becomes a cold, empty void where nothing happens.
Forever. But there might be a loophole that lets life keep going.
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Are GMOs bad for your health? Or is this fear unfounded?
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SOURCES
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#What is natural:
GM insulin:
http://bit.ly/2ncHaW5
Genetic engineering for thousands of years:
http://bit.ly/2eCHKfi
http://bit.ly/2mLCvPm
CRISPR:
http://bit.ly/2ncI2uN
# Are GMOs bad for your health
GMOs and gene flow:
http://bit.ly/2bKauBe
terminator seeds:
http://n.pr/2o0ADSZ
http://bit.ly/2obZ9NS
Plants that are destined to be eaten are evaluated by different agencies
http://bit.ly/2mLbU5g
http://bit.ly/2nGPtNy
http://bit.ly/2ncMXf0
GMOs are safe– various studies and reports by respected authorities:
National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine:
http://bit.ly/2o0IT55
An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research:
http://bit.ly/2ot8tfH
Letter of 110 Nobel laureates vouching for GMOs:
http://bit.ly/295Nvg1
WHO:
http://bit.ly/1slbfSV
Various others:
http://bit.ly/1pEOq9T
http://bit.ly/1xq9iGn
http://bit.ly/14XU8yl
http://pewrsr.ch/1LqMLAe
http://bit.ly/2nduCOV
http://bit.ly/20BHOsU
Bt crops:
http://bit.ly/2nd9rg8
herbicide-resistant crops:
http://bit.ly/2o5kdJk
http://bit.ly/2o5nSGQ
# What good GMOs can do
Bt eggplants:
http://bit.ly/2nHbdsW
http://bit.ly/2nvmg89
Gm papaya:
http://bit.ly/2nbN0ab
http://bit.ly/2nvl6cz
http://bit.ly/2ndxPy0
# Look in the crystal ball:
drought-resistant crops:
http://bit.ly/2mLmnxf
plants that produce more nutrients:
http://bbc.in/1WxsfnJ
vitamin-fortified banana:
http://bit.ly/1MKS0sJ
nitrogen-fixing crops:
http://bit.ly/2mLN9Wn
http://bit.ly/2nc9mrZ
Chestnut tree:
http://bit.ly/1VqkL2D
Potential for landsparing:
http://go.nature.com/2oc18Sp
http://bit.ly/1T1J2NX
# Further reading:
Bt cotton in India:
http://bit.ly/2nH5AdZ
http://bit.ly/1JQKG1u
Article on popular science:
http://bit.ly/2o5oVqp
Blog series on GMOs:
http://bit.ly/2o18w5X
Ecomodernist manifesto:
http://bit.ly/1PSVE6n
Help us caption & translate this video!
http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q&tab=2
Are GMOs Good or Bad? Genetic Engineering & Our Food
Nuclear Energy Explained: How does it work?
Nuclear Energy is a controversial subject. The pro- and anti-nuclear lobbies fight furiously, and it's difficult to decide who is right. So we're trying to clear up the issue - in this video we discuss how we got to where we are today, as the basis for discussion. Next week we'll be looking at the arguments for and against nuclear power in detail.
To get a free audiobook and support our channel, go to audible.com/nutshell - thanks! : )
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Nuclear Energy Explained: How does it work?
Help us caption & translate this video!
http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q&tab=2
The robots of our future may look nothing like humans at all. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
Huge thanks to Dr. Elliot Hawkes for giving us the updates on his robots, and for showing them to us over the years!
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97t7Xj_iBv0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=058hRtaCWC0
0:00 - Intro
2:04 - Unstoppable Vine Robot
15:13 - Update on Vine Robot!
20:24 - Highest Jumping Robot
32:15 - Update on the Jumper!
38:26 - Micromouse Competition
1:02:15 - Benefit of non-humanoid robots
1:02:48 - Brilliant
1:04:24 - Bendy Machines
1:16:26 - Soft Robots
1:25:55 - Conclusion
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If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV
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Music from Epidemic Sound
Electric cars are now ready to take over thanks to advances in battery technology and their inherent benefits: torque, handling, maintenance. This video was sponsored by BMW: https://www.bmwusa.com/
Full disclosure: I drive an #electric #car. I think electric cars are the future, not mainly because they're better for the environment (which they are if you drive the car for any reasonable length of time) but because they are just better cars. The have better torque and acceleration, better handling, they're more efficient, quieter, they don't smell, they're cheaper to run and best of all you never have to visit a gas station - this appeals to me. I never have to worry about being low on gas because every morning my car is charged and ready to go - just like my phone and laptop. And if you're worried about range, don't. Almost all trips can already be done in an electric car with modest battery pack. And fast chargers along the way make it possible to do longer road trips if necessary. You have to make rest stops anyway, just time them with the charging. And consider that battery tech is getting dramatically cheaper, smaller, lighter. All these reasons are why I see the #future of cars as electric.
Writing & Research
Derek Muller
Jonny Hyman
Matthew Shribman https://ve42.co/sciencebath
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Jonny Hyman
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Raquel Nuno
Jonny Hyman
1890s Music "National fantasie" by William Paris Chambers, archived in Library of Congress
#BMWUSA #NEXTGen #BMWPartner #ad
You are not a visual learner — learning styles are a stubborn myth. Part of this video is sponsored by Google Search.
Special thanks to Prof. Daniel Willingham for the interview and being part of this video.
Special thanks to Dr Helen Georigou for reviewing the script and helping with the scientific literature.
Special thanks to Jennifer Borgioli Binis for consulting on the script.
MinutePhysics video on a better way to picture atoms -- https://ve42.co/Atom
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References:
Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., & Bjork, R. (2008). Learning styles: Concepts and evidence. Psychological science in the public interest, 9(3), 105-119. — https://ve42.co/Pashler2008
Willingham, D. T., Hughes, E. M., & Dobolyi, D. G. (2015). The scientific status of learning styles theories. Teaching of Psychology, 42(3), 266-271. — https://ve42.co/Willingham
Massa, L. J., & Mayer, R. E. (2006). Testing the ATI hypothesis: Should multimedia instruction accommodate verbalizer-visualizer cognitive style?. Learning and Individual Differences, 16(4), 321-335. — https://ve42.co/Massa2006
Riener, C., & Willingham, D. (2010). The myth of learning styles. Change: The magazine of higher learning, 42(5), 32-35.— https://ve42.co/Riener2010
Husmann, P. R., & O'Loughlin, V. D. (2019). Another nail in the coffin for learning styles? Disparities among undergraduate anatomy students’ study strategies, class performance, and reported VARK learning styles. Anatomical sciences education, 12(1), 6-19. — https://ve42.co/Husmann2019
Snider, V. E., & Roehl, R. (2007). Teachers’ beliefs about pedagogy and related issues. Psychology in the Schools, 44, 873–886. doi:10.1002/pits.20272 — https://ve42.co/Snider2007
Fleming, N., & Baume, D. (2006). Learning Styles Again: VARKing up the right tree!. Educational developments, 7(4), 4. — https://ve42.co/Fleming2006
Rogowsky, B. A., Calhoun, B. M., & Tallal, P. (2015). Matching learning style to instructional method: Effects on comprehension. Journal of educational psychology, 107(1), 64. — https://ve42.co/Rogowskyetal
Coffield, Frank; Moseley, David; Hall, Elaine; Ecclestone, Kathryn (2004). — https://ve42.co/Coffield2004
Furey, W. (2020). THE STUBBORN MYTH OF LEARNING STYLES. Education Next, 20(3), 8-13. — https://ve42.co/Furey2020
Dunn, R., Beaudry, J. S., & Klavas, A. (2002). Survey of research on learning styles. California Journal of Science Education II (2). — https://ve42.co/Dunn2002
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Research and Writing by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev
Animation by Ivy Tello
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The misconception is that electrons carry potential energy around a complete conducting loop, transferring their energy to the load. This video was sponsored by Caséta by Lutron. Learn more at https://Lutron.com/veritasium
Further analysis of the large circuit is available here: https://ve42.co/bigcircuit
Special thanks to Dr Geraint Lewis for bringing up this question in the first place and discussing it with us. Check out his and Dr Chris Ferrie’s new book here: https://ve42.co/Universe2021
Special thanks to Dr Robert Olsen for his expertise. He quite literally wrote the book on transmission lines, which you can find here: https://ve42.co/Olsen2018
Special thanks to Dr Richard Abbott for running a real-life experiment to test the model.
Huge thanks to all of the experts we talked to for this video -- Dr Karl Berggren, Dr Bruce Hunt, Dr Paul Stanley, Dr Joe Steinmeyer, Ian Sefton, and Dr David G Vallancourt.
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References:
A great video about the Poynting vector by the Science Asylum: https://youtu.be/C7tQJ42nGno
Sefton, I. M. (2002). Understanding electricity and circuits: What the text books don’t tell you. In Science Teachers’ Workshop. -- https://ve42.co/Sefton
Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., & Sands, M. (1965). The feynman lectures on physics; vol. Ii, chapter 27. American Journal of Physics, 33(9), 750-752. -- https://ve42.co/Feynman27
Hunt, B. J. (2005). The Maxwellians. Cornell University Press.
Müller, R. (2012). A semiquantitative treatment of surface charges in DC circuits. American Journal of Physics, 80(9), 782-788. -- https://ve42.co/Muller2012
Galili, I., & Goihbarg, E. (2005). Energy transfer in electrical circuits: A qualitative account. American journal of physics, 73(2), 141-144. -- https://ve42.co/Galili2004
Deno, D. W. (1976). Transmission line fields. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 95(5), 1600-1611. -- https://ve42.co/Deno76
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How a feud in Russia led to modern prediction algorithms.
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A huge thank you to Brian Hayes, David Aldous, Geoff Engelstein, Jeffrey Rosenthal, Jimmy He, Mark Priestley, Michael Choi, Peter Norvig, Sam Power, and Thomas Haigh for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video.
And a special thank you to Madeline Johnson for her excellent fact-checking.
▀▀▀
0:00 The Law of Large Numbers
4:37 What is a Markov Chain?
9:43 Ulam and Solitaire
12:21 Nuclear Fission
15:46 The Monte Carlo Method
16:32 The first search engines
19:07 Google is born
25:16 How does predictive text work?
27:10 Are Markov chains memoryless?
29:41 How to perfectly shuffle a deck of cards
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References:
https://ve42.co/RefsMarkov
Images & Video:
https://ve42.co/7Z
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
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Writers: Kaela Albert, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
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