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By the time WWI came around in 1914, communications technologies had advanced to the point where the competing armies were able to use telegraphs and field telephones to send long range messages.
But it was often the case that the only possible way to get a message through was to send a human runner.

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Created by Daniel Turner

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History has shown some strange deaths.
Let's look at some of the most unfortunate and bizarre famous deaths from the 20th century.

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Hangin' with the Worms, Hon Kyoku, -Doug Maxwell/Media Right Productions

Action Time - Biz Baz Studio
Nail Biter - Riot

Magical Dirt - Sir Cubworth

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Located near the town of Meppen in Lower Saxony, Germany, is one of the largest weapons testing sites in Europe, Wehrtechnische Dienststelle 91 - the WTD-91.
Its total area is 19,200 hectares and it is 19 miles long and 3 to 4 miles wide.
Equipped with high-tech measuring devices, the WTD-91 is the leading testing site of the German Bundeswehr, where extensive testing of tanks and self-propelled howitzers are conducted.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
Script: Dejan Milivojevic
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At the turn from the Middle Ages to Modern History, the Army of the Ottoman Empire was the most dominant military force in the World.
Entire Empires and Kingdoms disappeared on their marching route.
From the Middle East to Central Europe, no one could match the bravery and excellence of the Ottoman soldiers.
The best and most reputable among them were Janissaries.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner
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Music Credit:
Dhaka by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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Eastern Thought by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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Sources:
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Undoubtedly, the jungle terrain was a tremendous obstacle for the Americans in fighting the war. For that reason, they fought it by all means possible.
The best, but also the most controversial weapon in their arsenal were chemical defoliants such as ‘Agent Orange’.

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Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
Script: Dejan Milivojevic
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Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/

Music Credit:

Drums of the Deep by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Sources:
Wilcox, Fred A. Scorched Earth: Legacies of Chemical Warfare in Vietnam. Seven Stories Press, 2011.
Tucker, Spencer. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO, 2011.
Wiest, Andrew. The Vietnam War 1956-1975 Andrew Wiest. Osprey, 2002.
Buckingham, William A. Jr. "Operation Ranch Hand: The Air Force and Herbicides in Southeast Asia, 1961-1971." The SHAFR Guide Online. doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim170170073.
Stellman, Jeanne Mager, et al. “The Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam.” Nature, vol. 422, no. 6933, 2003, pp. 681–687., doi:10.1038/nature01537.

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Inhumane Punishments in History
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Weapons manufacturing is the backbone of each country’s defense system. Having a domestic defense industry provides a country with the capability of defending its territory and interests independently. Production of weapons, even if they are small arms, is an expensive and complex business however. It takes a lot of time, expert knowledge, and money to design the weapon, test it, and finally put it into production. That is why many countries resort to the license-production of firearms. It is far cheaper and more efficient to produce a weapon that another country has developed. it can however come at the price of political and diplomatic strain. It is not uncommon to find that some countries resort to unlicensed weapon production. Weapon blueprints can be obtained through various methods, usually by industrial espionage, and used to make copycat weapons. Some of these weapons have only a couple of so-called “borrowed” features, while others are complete clones of the originals.


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Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
Script: Dejan Milivojevic
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While the Italian Army tank crews of World War II were undoubtedly brave in combat, they lacked decent, modern day equipment and were hampered by extremely poor leadership.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
Script: Conan White
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Bryan 'Lazlo' Beauregard

Animation: Maja Djokic

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Vortex, Crossing the Chasm, - Scoring Action by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Sources:

Books
Italian Medium Tanks 1939-45 by F. Cappellano & P.P. Battistelli
Copyright 2012 Osprey Publishing Ltd.

Italian Light Tanks 1919-45 by F Cappellano & P.P. Battistelli Copyright 2012 Osprey Publishing Ltd.

The Italian Army in North Africa by Walter S. Zapotoczny Copyright 2018

Iron Arm - The Mechanization of Mussolini’s Army 1920-1940 by John Joseph Timothy Sweet Copyright 1980

The Italian Army 1940-45 : Africa 1940-43 by Philip Jowett
Publisher Bloomsbury USA 2001

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Heinrich Severloh became known as the “Beast of Omaha” a title given to him after the casualties he inflicted on U.S. soldiers at Omaha Beach on D-day June 6th, 1944.


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Created by Daniel Turner

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Sources:
WN 62: A German Soldier's Memories of the Defense of Omaha Beach, Normandy, June 6, 1944
by Hein Severloh

The Germans in Normandy
By Richard Hargreaves

The Dead and Those About to Die: D-Day: The Big Red One at Omaha Beach
By John C. McManus

The Fury of Battle: A D-Day Landing As It Happened
By Robert Kershaw

Landing on the Edge of Eternity: Twenty-Four Hours at Omaha Beach
By Robert Kershaw

MG 34 and MG 42 Machine Guns
By Chris McNab

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With World War II rapidly approaching, there was a call for the Volksdeutsche, - people of German heritage outside the Reich to return home to the Fatherland and help defend it.

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Created by Daniel Turner
Script: Conan White
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Music Credit:
Decline by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/r....oyalty-free/index.ht
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Books and articles
MacDonald, C. A., The United States, Britain and Appeasement 1936-1939, MacMillan Press, 1981
Hawgood, John A., The Evolution of Germany, Routledge, 2019
Sondhaus, Lawrence, World War One: The Global Revolution, Cambridge University Press, 2011
Sussna, Stephen, Defeat and Triumph: The Story of a Controversial Allied Invasion and French Rebirth, Xlibris Corporation, 2008
Weinberg, Gerhard L., Hitler’s Image of the US”, The American Historical Review, Volume 69, Number 4, July 1964, p. 1021

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The most BRUTAL punishment in history
Life in the Roman army was brutal, even when not actively fighting bloodthirsty Carthaginians or rebellious gladiators.
Military discipline was strict and punishments were often harsh.

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Created by Daniel Turner

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Music Credit:

Hero's Theme by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://www.twinmusicom.org/song/280/heros-theme
Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org

Achilles - Strings by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/r....oyalty-free/index.ht
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Mighty and Meek by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100500
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Sources:

Appian. The Civil Wars. I. 18-19. Loeb Classics Edition. 1913

Lendon, J. E. 2005. Soldiers & Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity. New Haven: Yale UP

Phang, S. E. 2008. Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.


Goldberg, C. 2016. Decimation in the Roman Republic. The Classical Journal, 111(2), 141-164.

The Cruelty of Roman Military Punishments: Decimation in Practice. By Karan L. Pickford


G. R. Watson, The Roman Soldier(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1969),

Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate by Sara Elise Phang

The Roman Soldier
By George Ronald Watson



The Spartacus War
By Barry Strauss

Spartacus
By Howard Fast

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Shuriken, which literally means “hand-hidden blade,” was one of the hidden weapons that the samurai used as a supplement to other weapons, such as bows and arrows and swords.

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Sources:
Cunningham, Don. Samurai Weapons: Tools of the Warrior. Clarendon: Tuttle Publishing, 2016

Farivar, Michel. Ninja Tools and Weapons. Livonia, Michigan: White Cat Publications, 2013.

Fletcher, Daniel. Japanese Throwing Weapons: Mastering Shuriken Throwing Techniques. Kanagawa: Tuttle Publishing, 2012.

Ramsey, Syed. Tools of War: History of Weapons in Medieval Times. Alpha Editions, 2016.

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Script:

Watch some of history's scariest stories..

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👑 They may have been the Rulers of England but they sure were Rotten! 🤢 👑
Warning contains excessive farts, burps and nose picking

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)

Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/

Music Credit:

Agnus Dei X - Bitter Suite by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Source: http://www.amazon.com/Agnus-Dei-X/dp/B00QGC7W3Y

Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Lord of the Land by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1400022

Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Chanter - Vadodara by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100571

Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Renaissance by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Journey in the New World by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Source: http://www.twinmusicom.org/son....g/258/journey-in-the

Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org

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Whichever form the ballgame best served the society in which it was played, ōllamaliztli and pitz made up a huge part of Meso-American political and cultural life.
With the Spanish conquest, the game’s widespread adoption suffered a gradual decline, in part because the new masters saw it as barbaric.

Sacrificial victims have been documented, including defeated noble players, coaches, and sometimes entire teams!


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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)

Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/

Music Credit:

Expeditionary by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Source: http://incompetech.com/music/r....oyalty-free/index.ht

Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Running Waters Full Band by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Artist: http://audionautix.com/

Sources:

Sports, Games, and Gambling in the Aztec World By Martin Wasserman
Mayan, Incan, and Aztec Civilizations, Grades 5 - 8 By Michael Kramme
The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of New Mexico By Charles Gibson
"Ulama", the Survival of the Mesoamerican Ballgame Ullamaliztli
Ted J. J. Leyenaar

You might think anyone would have stolen from the Nazis if given the opportunity. Anyone would have pilfered from the Nazis what was absurdly overpriced and was only elsewhere available on the black market. Those mountain stores of fresh butter, that chance to not eat stale bread for once, and those barrels of alcohol that could be warmed during the coming bitter winter. You would have been the one who shared the plunder with your starving friends and family.

And yet, would you have stolen from the Nazis if your life was on the line? If being caught meant being beaten and humiliated, made to admit that you had also stolen from your friends? That you could be thrown into labour camps abroad, forced to help the Nazis by building them train tracks? Forever disgraced by your neighbours?

The Robin Hood Guernsey policemen certainly knew the risks but took them anyway.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
Script Writer: Natasha Martell
Narrator:


Bryan 'Lazlo' Beauregard


Clahane, Patrick. "The 'Robin Hood' policemen who stole from the Nazis." BBC News, November 29, 2020.

Carr, Gilly. "Search People." Frank Falla Archive. Accessed August 16, 2022.

Carr, Gilly. Nazi Prisons in the British Isles Political Prisoners during the German Occupation of Jersey and Guernsey, 1940–1945. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2020.

Carr, Gilly. "Resistance Trail Guernsey." Frank Falla Archive. Accessed August 16, 2022.

Evans, Alice. Guernsey Under Occupation: The Second World War Diaries of Violet Carey. Stroud: The History Press, 2016.

Guernsey Police. '"History of Guernsey Police." Accessed August 16, 2022.

Jorgensen-Earp, Cheryl R. Discourse and Defiance under Nazi Occupation: Guernsey, Channel Islands, 1940–1945. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2013.

Lamy, Albert Peter. "Policing During the Occupation
1940 - 1945." Accessed August 16, 2022.

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Credit:
Show Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
Script:
Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/

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On the evening of the 10th May 1933 a crowd of 40,000 Germans gathered in Berlin’s Opera Square to listen to a speech by one of Hitler’s closest advisors, Germany’s Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda: Joseph Goebbels..


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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)

Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/

sources:
Evans, R. J. 2005. The coming of the Third Reich. London, Penguin.

Evans, R. J. 2009. The Third Reich at War: how the Nazis led Germany from conquest to disaster. London, Penguin Books.

Jones, D. 2015. Censorship: a world encyclopedia. Volume 1-4 Volume 1-4. http://site.ebrary.com/id/11058165.

Lewy, Guenter. 2020. Harmful and Undesirable: Book Censorship in Nazi Germany. S.l.: Oxford University Press US

Longerich, P. 2016. Goebbels: a biography. London, Vintage.

Manvell, R., & Fraenkel, H. 2010. Doctor Goebbels: his life and death. Barnsley, Frontline.

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From the outbreak of the Second World War, the US Armed forces started to actively prepare for what they saw as their inevitable entry into the conflict. Nevertheless, they were still relatively ill prepared when they were finally drawn into the war on December 7th 1941, following the surprise attack by the Japanese on the US naval base at Pearl harbour.

Here we will see how the American G.I. was equipped by the time of 1944 on D-Day.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
Script: Conan White
Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/



Books
GI Ingenuity by James J. Carafano copyright 2006

United States vs German Equipment 1945 by Stackpole books Copyright 2013

Infantry Equipment manual 1914

WW11 US Army Combat Equipments by Gordon L. Rottman

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The United States invasion of Panama in late 1989 was an intervention carried out with the aim to maintain Washington's dominance in Latin America. Among other countries in the region, Panama was of particular importance to the United States. It was primarily because of the Panama Canal that connects the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean and was significant for both American military and economic interests.

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Credit:
Show Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)

Narrator: Bryan 'Lazlo' Beauregard

sources https://pastebin.com/vbVWAmjW

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With the outbreak of the First World War, the idea of creating an armored fighting vehicle was born as a solution to the static nature of trench warfare.
It was the beginning of the Age of Tanks.
These first tanks, even though unwieldy and capricious, paved the way towards the tanks that would become a dominant force on the battlefield.
On the other hand, in these early days of tank development, there were also concepts completely different to tanks that we know today.
One such model was the Russian Tsar Tank - an armored vehicle whose name did not live up to its awkward design.

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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner
Script: Dejan Milivojevic
Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/

Music Credit:

Five Armies Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

sources:
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There was a tendency to make big, strong and heavy shields that could protect a soldier’s entire body. It also had to be able to be moved around the battlefield. The only solution was to put wheels on them. These were to be known as mobile shields.
Their purpose was to provide cover to one or several soldiers that were advancing across the field or no-man's land. The idea of shields on wheels was actually born a few decades earlier, during the Cuban War, when US troops used the first movable shields.

The idea was adopted by the British and French armies and brought into service during WW1. Even though all designs included heavy steel plates that were capable of withstanding small arms fire, their use was questionable in reality.


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Credit:
Created by Daniel Turner (B.A. (Hons) in History, University College London)
Script: Dejan Milivojevic
Narrator:

Chris Kane
https://vocalforge.com/