The robots of our future may look nothing like humans at all. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Huge thanks to Dr. Elliot Hawkes for giving us the updates on his robots, and for showing them to us over the years!

Our videos in this supercut:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qevIIQHrJZg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=daaDuC1kbds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMQbHMgK2rw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97t7Xj_iBv0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=058hRtaCWC0

0:00 - Intro
2:04 - Unstoppable Vine Robot
15:13 - Update on Vine Robot!
20:24 - Highest Jumping Robot
32:15 - Update on the Jumper!
38:26 - Micromouse Competition
1:02:15 - Benefit of non-humanoid robots
1:02:48 - Brilliant
1:04:24 - Bendy Machines
1:16:26 - Soft Robots
1:25:55 - Conclusion

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee, and Yar

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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Images & Video:
All New Atlas via Boston Dynamics on YouTube - https://ve42.co/NewAtlas
Farewell to HD Atlas via Boston Dynamics on YouTube - https://ve42.co/HDAtlas
C-3PO via Cinemax on YouTube - https://ve42.co/C3PO
I, Robot via Movieclips on YouTube - https://ve42.co/iRobot
I, Robot No via ukery on YouTube - https://ve42.co/iRobotNo
Big Hero 6 via Flick Society on YouTube - https://ve42.co/BH6
Big Hero 6 via 茶茶君 on YouTube - https://ve42.co/2ndBH6
Roomba via iRobot on YouTube - https://ve42.co/Roomba

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Filmed by Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver and Peter Nelson
Produced by Emily Zhang, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, and Emily Taylor
Thumbnail contributions by Ignat Berbeci, Ren Hurley, and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound

LSD-fiend, surfer, maverick — Kary Mullis might be the weirdest person ever to win the Nobel Prize. Get a little smarter every day with Brilliant. Visit https://brilliant.org/veritasium to get 20% off your annual premium subscription.

A massive thank you to Tom White, Hudson Freeze, and Henry Erlich for their time and expertise on the subject.

A huge thank you to Eleni Kleanthous, Jan Novoselec, Kieran Sparkes, Andrew Garcia, and UCSD’s Pride Lab for reviewing the science.

For great coverage of the PCR story, check out ‘Making PCR’ by Paul Rabinow - https://ve42.co/Rabinow1996

For exclusive behind-the-scenes content on the making of this video, join us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/posts/119438561

00:00 DNA under a microscope
01:17 Kary Mullis at Berkeley
02:50 Cetus and early biotech
04:16 How to detect sickle cell anemia
09:12 Kary Mullis at Cetus
10:39 Infinite DNA glitch explained
15:29 Kary Mullis struggles
18:10 Thermus Aquaticus to the rescue
23:53 Going public
26:59 The quirky genius, Kary Mullis

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Farbod Mansorian, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, I. H., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, and wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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References:
Mullis, K. (1968). Cosmological Significance of Time Reversal. Nature - https://ve42.co/Mullis1968
Mullis, K. (1997). Dancing Naked in the Mind Field. Vintage - https://ve42.co/Mullis1997
McDonald, C. (2019). Intolerable Genius. Cal Alumni Association - https://ve42.co/McDonald2019
Conner, B. J. et al. (1983). Detection of sickle cell beta S-globin allele by hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - https://ve42.co/Conner1983
Human Beta-globin gene via UniProt - https://ve42.co/BetaGlobin
Saiki, R. K. et al. (1985). Enzymatic Amplification of β-Globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia. Science - https://ve42.co/Saiki1985
Mullis, K. B. (1990). The Unusual Origin of the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Scientific American - https://ve42.co/Mullis1990
Kary B. Mullis via The Nobel Prize - https://ve42.co/Nobel1993
Restriction Enzymes via The Nobel Prize - https://ve42.co/Nobel1978
Saiki, R. K. et al. (1988). Primer-Directed Enzymatic Amplification of DNA with a Thermostable DNA Polymerase. Science - https://ve42.co/Saiki1988
Smith, T. C. (2024). HIV Denial in the COVID Era. AIDS and Behavior. - https://ve42.co/Smith2024
Mullis, K. B., Faloona, F. A. (1987). Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. Methods in Enzymology - https://ve42.co/Mullis1987
Dr. Kary Mullis about LSD via RadioIciMaintenant Rim - https://ve42.co/MullisLSD
Brock, T. D., & Freeze, H. (1969). Thermus aquaticus gen. n. and sp. n., a Nonsporulating Extreme Thermophile. Journal of Bacteriology - https://ve42.co/Brock1969
Rediscovering Yellowstone via UW-Madison - https://ve42.co/Madison2017
Presidential Aids Advisory Panel Report via gov.za - https://ve42.co/Mbeki2001
Nattrass, N. (2008). AIDS and the Scientific Governance of Medicine in Post-Apartheid South Africa. African Affairs - https://ve42.co/Nattrass2008
Chigwedere, P. et al. (2008). Estimating the Lost Benefits of Antiretroviral Drug Use in South Africa. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes - https://ve42.co/Chigwedere2008

Images & Video:
Available here - https://ve42.co/PCRVisuals

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Directed by Gregor Čavlović and Latif Nasser
Written by Gregor Čavlović, Latif Nasser, and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Ivy Tello, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli, Andrew Neet, and Alex Drakoulis
Illustrated by Emma Wright, Maria Gusakovich, and Jakub Misiek,
Filmed by Derek Muller, Alex Gorosh, and Gregor Čavlović
Additional research by Geeta Thakur and Gabriel Strong
Produced by Derek Muller, Latif Nasser, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, James Horsley, Luke Lewis, Matthew Cavanagh, Barbara Abraul, Henry Van Dyck, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius

Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Maria Gusakovich, Emma Wright, Jakub Misiek, and Tommy Steven

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

The 100 Prisoners Riddle feels completely impossible even once you know the answer. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.

Special thanks to Destin of Smarter Every Day (https://ve42.co/SED), Toby of Tibees (https://ve42.co/Tibees), and Jabril of Jabrils (https://ve42.co/Jabrils) for taking the time to think about this mind bending riddle.

Huge thanks to Luke West for building plots and for his help with the math.
Huge thanks to Dr. Eugene Curtin and Dr. Max Warshauer for their great article on the problem and taking the time to help us understand it: https://ve42.co/CurtinWarshauer
Thanks to Dr. John Baez for his help with finding alternate ways to do the calculations.
Thanks to Simon Pampena for his input and analysis.

Other 100 Prisoners Riddle videos:
minutephysics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5-I0bAuEUE
Vsauce2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kOnEEeHZp94
Stand-up Maths: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1DUUnhk3uE
TED-Ed: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIdStMTgNl0

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References:
Original paper: Gál, A., & Miltersen, P.B. (2003). The Cell Probe Complexity of Succinct Data Structures. BRICS, Department of Computer Science, University of Aarhus. All rights reserved. – https://ve42.co/GalMiltersen
Winkler, P. (2006). Seven Puzzles You Think You Must Not Have Heard Correctly. – https://ve42.co/Winkler2006
The 100 Prisoners Problem – https://ve42.co/100PWiki
Golomb, S. & Gaal, P. (1998). On the Number of Permutations on n Objects with Greatest Cycle Length k. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 20(1), 98-107. – https://ve42.co/Golomb1998
Lamb, E. (2012). Puzzling Prisoners Presented to Promote North America's Only Museum of Math. Observations, Scientific American. – https://ve42.co/Lamb2012
Permutations – https://ve42.co/PermutationsWiki
Probability that a random permutation of n elements has a cycle of length k greater than n/2, Math SE. – https://ve42.co/BaezProbSE
Counting Cycle Structures in Sn, Math SE. – https://ve42.co/CountCyclesSE
What is the distribution of cycle lengths in derangements? In particular, expected longest cycle, Math SE. – https://ve42.co/JorikiSE
The Manim Community Developers. (2021). Manim - Mathematical Animation Framework (Version v0.13.1). – https://www.manim.community/

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

▀▀▀
Written by Derek Muller and Emily Zhang
Filmed by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev
Animation by Ivy Tello and Jesús Rascón
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman
Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang

Simple rules of geometry meant that 5-fold symmetry was impossible as were crystals without a periodic structure. This turns out to be wrong. Thanks to LastPass for sponsoring a portion of this video. Click here to start using LastPass: https://ve42.co/LPs

Huge thanks to Prof. Paul Steinhardt for the interview on this topic. Check out his book ‘The Second Kind of Impossible’

If you'd like to learn more about Penrose tilings, go check out "Penrose Tiles to Trapdoor Ciphers" by Martin Gardener, which helped my research for this video.

Filmed by Gene Nagata (Potato Jet on YouTube)
Animations by Ivy Tello and Jonny Hyman
Editing, Coloring, Music & Audio mastering by Jonny Hyman

Prague scenes filmed in 2012.
Special thanks to Raquel Nuno for helping with the tilings!

Additional Music from Epidemic Sound

Explanations for http://youtu.be/1Xp_imnO6WE
Follow me on twitter: http://bit.ly/VeTwitter
or Instagram: http://bit.ly/VeInsta
or Facebook: http://bit.ly/FBVeritasium
For more on deflecting polar streams with electric fields, see:
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed077p1520


I'm in Hobart for a live show on Friday at UTAS followed by gigs in Sydney and Canberra next weekend.

Fritz Haber is the scientist who arguably most transformed the world. Part of this video is sponsored by Wren. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: ​https://www.wren.co/start/veritasium1. For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription!

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A huge thanks to Dan Charles for writing a fantastic biography of Fritz Haber, for taking the time to talk to us about it, and providing valuable feedback. This video would not be what it is without his contributions. http://site.danielcharles.us https://ve42.co/Charles

Thanks to Tom de Prinse from Explosions and Fire for helping us with the chemistry of explosives. If you like explosions and/or fire, you will love his channel. https://www.youtube.com/c/ExplosionsFire2

Thanks to Michael Kuiper of CSIRO for the animation of the composition of air - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9JvX58aRfg

Special thanks to Sonya Pemberton, Karl Kruszelnicki, Mary Dobbie, Olivia McRae, and the patreon supporters for giving us feedback on the earlier version of this video.

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References:

The primary reference used is Vaclav Smil’s excellent book, Enriching The Earth –
Smil, V. (2004). Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. MIT press. – https://ve42.co/Smil

Mastermind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare, by Dan Charles – https://ve42.co/Charles

Stoltzenberg, D. (2004). Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Chemical Heritage Foundation. – https://ve42.co/Stoltzenberg

Postgate, J. R. (1982). The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. CUP Archive. – https://ve42.co/postgate

Miles, A. G. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation. – https://ve42.co/Miles

Friedrich, B., & Hoffmann, D. (2017). Clara Immerwahr: A life in the shadow of Fritz Haber. In One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences(pp. 45-67). Springer, Cham. – https://ve42.co/Friedrich2017

Da Silva, G. (2020). What is ammonium nitrate, the chemical that exploded in Beirut. Sci Am, 5. – https://ve42.co/Silva

Rodrigues, P., & Micael, J. (2021). The importance of guano birds to the Inca Empire and the first conservation measures implemented by humans. – https://ve42.co/rodrigues

Allison, F. E. (1957). Nitrogen and soil fertility. Soil, the, 85-94. – https://ve42.co/Allison

Crookes, W. (1898). Address of the President before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, 1898. Science, 8(200), 561-575. – https://ve42.co/Crookes

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

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Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson and Kovi Rose
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animation by Jakub Mistek, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Alex Drakoulis, Nils Ramses Kullack, and Charlie Davies
SFX by Shaun Clifford
Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno
Photo of nitrogen deficiency in rice from https://ve42.co/rice
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound: https://ve42.co/music

The most elegant interpretation of quantum mechanics is the universe is constantly splitting
A portion of this video was sponsored by Norton. Get up to 60% off the first year (annually billed) here: https://bit.ly/32SM0yd or use promo code VERITASIUM

Special thanks to:
Prof. Sean Carroll https://www.preposterousuniverse.com
His book, a major source for this video is 'Something Deeply Hidden: Quantum Worlds and The Emergence of Spacetime'

Code for solving the Schrödinger equation by Jonny Hyman available here: https://github.com/jonnyhyman/QuantumWaves

I learned quantum mechanics the traditional 'Copenhagen Interpretation' way. We can use the Schrödinger equation to solve for and evolve wave functions. Then we invoke wave-particle duality, in essence things we detect as particles can behave as waves when they aren't interacting with anything. But when there is a measurement, the wave function collapses leaving us with a definite particle detection. If we repeat the experiment many times, we find the statistics of these results mirror the amplitude of the wave function squared. Hence the Born rule came into being, saying the wave function should be interpreted statistically, that our universe at the most fundamental scale is probabilistic rather than deterministic. This did not sit well with scientists like Einstein and Schrödinger who believed there must be more going on, perhaps 'hidden variables'.

In the 1950's Hugh Everett proposed the Many Worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. It is so logical in hindsight but with a bias towards the classical world, experiments and measurements to guide their thinking, it's understandable why the founders of quantum theory didn't come up with it. Rather than proposing different dynamics for measurement, Everett suggests that measurement is something that happens naturally in the course of quantum particles interacting with each other. The conclusion is inescapable. There is nothing special about measurement, it is just the observer becoming entangled with a wave function in a superposition. Since one observer can experience only their own branch, it appears as if the other possibilities have disappeared but in reality there is no reason why they could not still exist and just fail to interact with the other branches. This is caused by environmental decoherence.

Schrodinger's cat animation by Ivy Tello
Wave functions, double slit and entanglement animation by Jonny Hyman
Filming of opening sequence by Casey Rentz

Special thanks to Mithuna Y, Raquel Nuno and Dianna Cowern for feedback on the script

Music from https://epidemicsound.com "Experimental 1" "Serene Story 2" "Seaweed" "Colorful Animation 4"

Mosquitoes are attracted to me and it's likely due to my genes.
This video is sponsored by 23andMe https://23andme.com/veritasium
Huge thanks to Prof. Immo Hansen and team: http://ve42.co/hansen

References:
Genome Wide Association Study for self-reported mosquito attractiveness:
http://ve42.co/MossieGWAS

The twin study showing correlated attractiveness is stronger for identical twins:
http://ve42.co/MossieTwins

Some things we know make mosquitoes more attracted to you:
Exercising, higher metabolism, higher body temperature, more body odor, being pregnant, type O blood, infrequent bathing, lactic acid, ammonia, acetone.

There are a number of folk remedies people believe protect them from mosquito bites like drinking alcohol, eating garlic, or taking vitamin B. These do not appear to provide any benefit in lab studies and in fact drinking alcohol is associated with increased mosquito activity because it causes blood vessels near the surface of the skin to dilate.

And apparently some of your attractiveness to mosquitos is simply genetic. This may be mediated through your immune system, which is what a lot of the genes identified were associated with.

Molecular models are microSnatoms: http://snatoms.com

Filming in New Mexico by Raquel Nuno
Animations by Jacqui Robertson

The opinions and conclusions drawn in this video are those of Veritasium and not 23andMe.

YES, THIS IS A REUPLOAD. The original was age-restricted and demonetized. To support the channel directly, you can buy Snatoms: https://ve42.co/snatoms1 https://ve42.co/amzn or support on Patreon: https://ve42.co/p

Fritz Haber is the scientist who arguably most transformed the world.
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A huge thanks to Dan Charles for writing a fantastic biography of Fritz Haber, for taking the time to talk to us about it, and providing valuable feedback. This video would not be what it is without his contributions. http://site.danielcharles.us https://ve42.co/Charles

Thanks to Tom de Prinse from Explosions and Fire for helping us with the chemistry of explosives. If you like explosions and/or fire, you will love his channel. https://www.youtube.com/c/ExplosionsFire2

Thanks to Michael Kuiper of CSIRO for the animation of the composition of air - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9JvX58aRfg

Special thanks to Sonya Pemberton, Karl Kruszelnicki, Mary Dobbie, Olivia McRae, and the patreon supporters for giving us feedback on the earlier version of this video.

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References:

The primary reference used is Vaclav Smil’s excellent book, Enriching The Earth –
Smil, V. (2004). Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. MIT press. – https://ve42.co/Smil

Mastermind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare, by Dan Charles – https://ve42.co/Charles

Stoltzenberg, D. (2004). Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Chemical Heritage Foundation. – https://ve42.co/Stoltzenberg

Postgate, J. R. (1982). The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. CUP Archive. – https://ve42.co/postgate

Miles, A. G. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation. – https://ve42.co/Miles

Friedrich, B., & Hoffmann, D. (2017). Clara Immerwahr: A life in the shadow of Fritz Haber. In One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences(pp. 45-67). Springer, Cham. – https://ve42.co/Friedrich2017

Da Silva, G. (2020). What is ammonium nitrate, the chemical that exploded in Beirut. Sci Am, 5. – https://ve42.co/Silva

Rodrigues, P., & Micael, J. (2021). The importance of guano birds to the Inca Empire and the first conservation measures implemented by humans. – https://ve42.co/rodrigues

Allison, F. E. (1957). Nitrogen and soil fertility. Soil, the, 85-94. – https://ve42.co/Allison

Crookes, W. (1898). Address of the President before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, 1898. Science, 8(200), 561-575. – https://ve42.co/Crookes

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

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Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson and Kovi Rose
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animation by Jakub Mistek, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Alex Drakoulis, Nils Ramses Kullack, and Charlie Davies
SFX by Shaun Clifford
Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno
Photo of nitrogen deficiency in rice from https://ve42.co/rice
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound: https://ve42.co/music

Your genetic code is probably already in a database, without you ever giving a sample or permission. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.

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A huge thanks to Paul Holes, Billy Jensen, Brett Williams, Dr Connie Bormans and Dr Doc Edge for being part of this video. Thanks to Verogen and Family Tree DNA for giving me access to film.

Thanks to Sonya Pemberton, Joe Hanson, Raquel Nuno, CGP Grey, and numerous Patreon supporters for helpful feedback on an earlier version of this video.

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References:
Phillips, C. (2018). The Golden State Killer investigation and the nascent field of forensic genealogy. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 36, 186-188. -- https://ve42.co/Phillips2018

Guerrini, C. J., Robinson, J. O., Petersen, D., & McGuire, A. L. (2018). Should police have access to genetic genealogy databases? Capturing the Golden State Killer and other criminals using a controversial new forensic technique. PLoS biology, 16(10), e2006906. -- https://ve42.co/Guerrini

Ram, N., Guerrini, C. J., & McGuire, A. L. (2018). Genealogy databases and the future of criminal investigation. Science, 360(6393), 1078-1079. -- https://ve42.co/Ram2019

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Andrew, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, MJP, Gnare, Nick DiCandilo, Dave Kircher, Edward Larsen, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, Big Badaboom, Ludovic Robillard, Jim buckmaster, fanime96, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Alfred Wallace, Clayton Greenwell, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal


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Executive Producer: Derek Muller
Writer: Derek Muller
Animators: Ivy Tello, Another Angle 3D Visuals
SFX: Shaun Clifford
Camerapeople: Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, Shirley Dutoit, Emily Zhang
Editor: Derek Muller
Producers: Derek Muller, Casey Rentz, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang
Additional video supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound https://epidemicsound.com
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Cave dwelling is an ancient way of life that's still practiced, but it is becoming increasingly rare. Nat Geo Explorer Tamara Merino, and writer John Bartlett are exploring the societies of some of the world's last cave dwellers and documenting the people who are keeping this time-honored human tradition alive.

Learn more about cave living: https://on.natgeo.com/46H6qLI

Explore the World with National Geographic subscriptions: https://natgeo.com/ytngmagazine

➡ Subscribe: https://on.natgeo.com/4p5A0D6
➡ Get more Nat Geo Full Episodes: https://on.natgeo.com/3V5ZfHI
➡ Get wild with Nat Geo Animals Full Episodes: https://on.natgeo.com/3V2EOLO

And check out more National Geographic series and specials here:
➡ Disney Plus: https://on.natgeo.com/3q6on5p
➡ Hulu: https://on.natgeo.com/3Qor0Ko
➡ NGTV: https://natgeo.com/tv
➡ ABC: https://abc.com

#NationalGeographic #Caves #Exploration

About National Geographic:
National Geographic is the world's premium destination for critically acclaimed storytelling around science and exploration. Discover amazing wildlife, ancient civilizations, hidden worlds, and the incredible wonders of our Earth. Through world-class scientists, photographers, journalists, and filmmakers, Nat Geo inspires fans of all ages to connect with, explore, and care about the world.

Get More National Geographic:
Official Site: https://nationalgeographic.com
Instagram: https://instagram.com/natgeo
Facebook: https://facebook.com/natgeo
Threads: https://threads.com/@natgeo
X: https://x.com/NatGeo
LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/company/national-geographic
TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@natgeo
Reddit: https://reddit.com/user/nationalgeographic
Pinterest: https://pinterest.com/natgeo

While increasingly rare, cave dwelling is an ancient way of life still practiced 📸 #NatGeo
https://youtube.com/shorts/GbRFI5MFDRQ

National Geographic
youtube.com/natgeo

Least Common Multiple: Basic Method
Learn More at mathantics.com
Visit http://www.mathantics.com for more Free math videos and additional subscription based content!

Nine is performing at the Numberblocks theatre, but he worries that the Numberblobs are bored with his act. With the help of his friends he finds new ways to add numbers, leading to an epic finale.

For more, download the official Numberblocks apps;
Meet the Numberblocks - https://onelink.to/spzumk
Numberblocks Card Fun - https://onelink.to/wz9er9
Numberblocks World - https://onelink.to/8fzh7d
Numberblocks Hide and Seek - https://onelink.to/dy7jjp
NB Bedtime Stories - https://onelink.to/3w7nmk

Official website;
https://www.learningblocks.tv/numberblocks/home

As seen on CBeebies! Watch Numberblocks full episodes on BBC iPlayer: https://bbc.in/2ZHvNtl
Subscribe for more Numberblocks: https://goo.gl/rF32S8
Visit the Numberblocks on;
Twitter: @numberblocks
Facebook: facebook.com/numberblocks/
Instagram: @numberblocks

We are the Numberblocks! Little blocks with big ideas, having a ton of number fun. Learn how to add, subtract and count the fun and educational way! In this educational CBeebies cartoon for kids, children can learn how to count with basic maths sums, using addition and subtraction with singular blocks that join together to make increasingly bigger numbers.

#Numberblocks #LearnToCount #season8

The Numberland Rescue team have come together to sort out problems for their Numberblob friends. One of the Numberblobs needs help getting to sleep, whilst some of the other Numberblobs have missed the circus. The Numberblocks pair up to help solve these worries, and put things right. Just when they think all the rescues have been completed they get one final alert - a Numberblob, in urgent need of a birthday party. How will Three and Seven save the day?


For more, download the official Numberblocks apps;
Meet the Numberblocks - https://onelink.to/spzumk
Numberblocks Card Fun - https://onelink.to/wz9er9
Numberblocks World - https://onelink.to/8fzh7d
Numberblocks Hide and Seek - https://onelink.to/dy7jjp
NB Bedtime Stories - https://onelink.to/3w7nmk

Official website;
https://www.learningblocks.tv/numberblocks/home

As seen on CBeebies! Watch Numberblocks full episodes on BBC iPlayer: https://bbc.in/2ZHvNtl
Subscribe for more Numberblocks: https://goo.gl/rF32S8
Visit the Numberblocks on;
Twitter: @numberblocks
Facebook: facebook.com/numberblocks/
Instagram: @numberblocks

We are the Numberblocks! Little blocks with big ideas, having a ton of number fun. Learn how to add, subtract and count the fun and educational way! In this educational CBeebies cartoon for kids, children can learn how to count with basic maths sums, using addition and subtraction with singular blocks that join together to make increasingly bigger numbers.

#Numberblocks #LearnToCount #season8

In this musical episode, Numberblocks Six, Seven, Eight, Nine and Ten sing about parts and wholes and the numbers that they have inside them.

For more, download the official Numberblocks apps;
Meet the Numberblocks - https://onelink.to/spzumk
Numberblocks Card Fun - https://onelink.to/wz9er9
Numberblocks World - https://onelink.to/8fzh7d
Numberblocks Hide and Seek - https://onelink.to/dy7jjp
NB Bedtime Stories - https://onelink.to/3w7nmk

Official website;
https://www.learningblocks.tv/numberblocks/home

As seen on CBeebies! Watch Numberblocks full episodes on BBC iPlayer: https://bbc.in/2ZHvNtl
Subscribe for more Numberblocks: https://goo.gl/rF32S8
Visit the Numberblocks on;
Twitter: @numberblocks
Facebook: facebook.com/numberblocks/
Instagram: @numberblocks

We are the Numberblocks! Little blocks with big ideas, having a ton of number fun. Learn how to add, subtract and count the fun and educational way! In this educational CBeebies cartoon for kids, children can learn how to count with basic maths sums, using addition and subtraction with singular blocks that join together to make increasingly bigger numbers.

#Numberblocks #LearnToCount #season8 #kids

It's time for the ultimate Times Tables Challenge! Level 10: The 10 Times Tables!

For more, download the official Numberblocks apps;
Meet the Numberblocks - https://onelink.to/spzumk
Numberblocks Card Fun - https://onelink.to/wz9er9
Numberblocks World - https://onelink.to/8fzh7d
Numberblocks Hide and Seek - https://onelink.to/dy7jjp
NB Bedtime Stories - https://onelink.to/3w7nmk

Official website;
https://www.learningblocks.tv/numberblocks/home

As seen on CBeebies! Watch Numberblocks full episodes on BBC iPlayer: https://bbc.in/2ZHvNtl
Subscribe for more Numberblocks: https://goo.gl/rF32S8
Visit the Numberblocks on;
Twitter: @numberblocks
Facebook: facebook.com/numberblocks/
Instagram: @numberblocks

We are the Numberblocks! Little blocks with big ideas, having a ton of number fun. Learn how to add, subtract and count the fun and educational way! In this educational CBeebies cartoon for kids, children can learn how to count with basic maths sums, using addition and subtraction with singular blocks that join together to make increasingly bigger numbers.


#Numberblocks #LearnToCount #numberblocks #countingforkids #countingforpreschool #countingforkindergarten #mathforkindergarten #mathsforpreschool #12345 #1to10 #1to5 #1to20 #fivestimestbales #multiplication #timestableschallenge #multiplication #kidsvideo

https://www.patreon.com/homeschoolpop See just how easy and fun multiplication is with this basic math lesson! This is a remastered version of the multiplication video I created last year. I hope you enjoy!!

00:00 What is multiplication?
0:33 Multiplying times 2
1:07 Multiplying times 3
4:34 Multiplying times 1
5:49 Multiplying times 0
6:40 More multiplication practice
8:09 Order doesn't matter with multiplication
9:15 What is "the product" in multiplication
9:58 Final multiplication problems

❤️ Homeschool Pop? Join my team and get tattoos here: http://homeschoolpop.com

Music credits:

New Friendly, Paradise Found, Hotrock, Tech Live, Pinball Spring, Tyrant, Equatorial Complex, Bit Quest, Screen Saver, Chipper Doodle, Ouroboros, Mellowtron, Aerosol of my Love, Pamgaea, Vibing Over Venus, Severe Tire Damage, Street Party, Tabuk, Galactic Rap, Off To Osaka, Digital Lemonade by Kevin MacLeod
Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Thanks for watching!
I hope to see you next video!

Daniel
"Homeschool Pop"

In this biography video for kids learn about Martin Luther King Jr, his life and his legacy as the most prominent leader of the Civil Rights Movement. We think you are going to enjoy it!

00:00 Introduction
0:26 Who was Dr. King?
1:02 His early life
2:59 Growing up in the King home
4:13 High School
4:58 Discrimination and segregation
6:08 College and getting his PhD
7:21 Fighting for equality
10:58 Winning the Nobel Peace Prize
11:25 His death and legacy


❤️ Homeschool Pop? Join our team and get tattoos here: http://homeschoolpop.com

Thanks for learning with us today! We hope to see you next video!

Homeschool Pop Team

Herzlich Willkommen zurück! In diesem Video zeige ich dir, wie du in Google Sheets den Binomialkoeffizient berechnen kannst.

Leo Office Tutorials - Docs - Sheets - Slides - Word - Excel - PowerPoint - Apps Script

Artikel zum Video: https://leoofficetutorials.com/sheets/2024/587

Kapitelmarken
0:00 Begrüßung & Intro
0:28 Binomialkoeffizient berechnen
1:15 Benannte Funktion erstellen
3:05 COMBINA vs. Kombinationen Funktion
4:30 Fazit & Schluss

Kanalmitglied werden und exklusive Vorteile erhalten:
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Google Sheets: https://bit.ly/2vP3gbo
Apps Script: https://bit.ly/3wcRDV8
Google Slides: https://bit.ly/2Jvq6IB
Word Online: https://bit.ly/3aqGB4c
Excel Online: https://bit.ly/3bw0xD6
Power Point Online: https://bit.ly/2KIs6Ry
Word: https://bit.ly/3408AFP

Meine YouTube Shorts: https://bit.ly/3dZgRAv

Word Online: https://www.office.com/launch/word
Excel Online: https://www.office.com/launch/excel
PowerPoint Online: https://www.office.com/launch/powerpoint

Google Docs: https://docs.google.com
Google Sheets: https://sheets.google.com
Google Slides: https://slides.google.com

Für Vorschläge oder Videowünsche schreibt mir bitte auf Instagram.

Intro Musik: Cat Shat in the Box - josh pan
https://www.youtube.com/c/joshpan89

Endcard Musik: JPB & MYRNE - Feels Right (ft. Yung Fusion)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXYFK-jEr8Y

Kanal: https://youtube.com/Leoofficetutorials

#tutorial #googlesheets #sheets #statistik

Herzlich Willkommen zurück! In diesem Video zeige ich dir in Google Sheets, wie du die Varianz berechnen kannst.

Leo Office Tutorials - Docs - Sheets - Slides - Word - Excel - PowerPoint - Apps Script

Artikel zum Video: https://leoofficetutorials.com..../sheets/statistik/49

Kapitelmarken
0:00 Begrüßung & Intro
0:25 Varianz Funktion
1:10 Eigene Benannte Funktion
3:30 Warum du die Varianz Funktion von Sheets verwenden solltest
4:10 Fazit & Schluss

Kanalmitglied werden und exklusive Vorteile erhalten:
https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCZM2U4pbqvSia_-kE

Hat dir das Video gefallen? Zeige es mir mit einem Like!

TWITTER: https://twitter.com/LeoTutorials
INSTAGRAM: https://instagram.com/leo_officetutorials
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LINKEDIN: https://bit.ly/3EdhzEZ
FACEBOOK: https://bit.ly/3Ecqw1t

Abonnieren nicht vergessen ;)

Hast du Fragen? Ab damit in die Kommentare!

Meine Playlist!
Alle Tutorials: https://bit.ly/3bxPVUm
Google Docs: https://bit.ly/2wJq9h1
Google Sheets: https://bit.ly/2vP3gbo
Apps Script: https://bit.ly/3wcRDV8
Google Slides: https://bit.ly/2Jvq6IB
Word Online: https://bit.ly/3aqGB4c
Excel Online: https://bit.ly/3bw0xD6
Power Point Online: https://bit.ly/2KIs6Ry
Word: https://bit.ly/3408AFP

Meine YouTube Shorts: https://bit.ly/3dZgRAv

Word Online: https://www.office.com/launch/word
Excel Online: https://www.office.com/launch/excel
PowerPoint Online: https://www.office.com/launch/powerpoint

Google Docs: https://docs.google.com
Google Sheets: https://sheets.google.com
Google Slides: https://slides.google.com

Für Vorschläge oder Videowünsche schreibt mir bitte auf Instagram.

Intro Musik: Cat Shat in the Box - josh pan
https://www.youtube.com/c/joshpan89

Endcard Musik: JPB & MYRNE - Feels Right (ft. Yung Fusion)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXYFK-jEr8Y

Kanal: https://youtube.com/Leoofficetutorials

#tutorial #googlesheets #sheets #statistik

Herzlich Willkommen zurück! In diesem Video zeige ich dir, wie du den Standardfehler in Google Sheets berechnen kannst.

Leo Office Tutorials - Docs - Sheets - Slides - Word - Excel - PowerPoint - Apps Script

Artikel zum Video: https://leoofficetutorials.com..../sheets/statistik/50

Kapitelmarken
0:00 Begrüßung & Intro
0:30 Standardfehler berechnen
2:00 Benannte Funktion erstellen
3:45 Fazit & Schluss

Kanalmitglied werden und exklusive Vorteile erhalten:
https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCZM2U4pbqvSia_-kE

Hat dir das Video gefallen? Zeige es mir mit einem Like!

TWITTER: https://twitter.com/LeoTutorials
INSTAGRAM: https://instagram.com/leo_officetutorials
TIKTOK: https://www.tiktok.com/@leoofficetutorials
LINKEDIN: https://bit.ly/3EdhzEZ
FACEBOOK: https://bit.ly/3Ecqw1t

Abonnieren nicht vergessen ;)

Hast du Fragen? Ab damit in die Kommentare!

Meine Playlist!
Alle Tutorials: https://bit.ly/3bxPVUm
Google Docs: https://bit.ly/2wJq9h1
Google Sheets: https://bit.ly/2vP3gbo
Apps Script: https://bit.ly/3wcRDV8
Google Slides: https://bit.ly/2Jvq6IB
Word Online: https://bit.ly/3aqGB4c
Excel Online: https://bit.ly/3bw0xD6
Power Point Online: https://bit.ly/2KIs6Ry
Word: https://bit.ly/3408AFP

Meine YouTube Shorts: https://bit.ly/3dZgRAv

Word Online: https://www.office.com/launch/word
Excel Online: https://www.office.com/launch/excel
PowerPoint Online: https://www.office.com/launch/powerpoint

Google Docs: https://docs.google.com
Google Sheets: https://sheets.google.com
Google Slides: https://slides.google.com

Für Vorschläge oder Videowünsche schreibt mir bitte auf Instagram.

Intro Musik: Cat Shat in the Box - josh pan
https://www.youtube.com/c/joshpan89

Endcard Musik: JPB & MYRNE - Feels Right (ft. Yung Fusion)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXYFK-jEr8Y

Kanal: https://youtube.com/Leoofficetutorials

#tutorial #googlesheets #sheets #statistik