In which John compares and contrasts Greek civilization and the Persian Empire. Of course, we're glad that Greek civilization spawned modern western civilization, right? Maybe not. From Socrates and Plato to Darius and Xerxes, John explains two of the great powers of the ancient world, all WITHOUT the use of footage from 300.

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
The Persian Empire 0:39
An Open Letter to Aristophanes 3:33
Ionian Greek City-States 5:04
The Persian Wars 5:44
The Peloponnesian War 7:21
Did the Right Side Win the Persian Wars? 9:09
Credits 11:09

Resources:
The Histories of Herodotus: http://goo.gl/I1TM9u
Plato: http://goo.gl/GEcfWX
Plays of Aristophanes: http://goo.gl/xzb9Ff

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In the aftermath of the revolutions and upheaval in 18th and early 19th century Europe, there was a hunger for reform across the continent. Reformers like Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and Auguste Comte proposed radical new ideas, and at the same time, regular people began to stand up and ask for greater equality, and a louder voice in how they were governed. Results were mixed, but a lot of the ideas that emerged during this time are still echoing in our world today.

Sources

-Hosking, Geoffrey. Russia: People and Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
-Hunt, Lynn et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.
-Judson, Pieter M. The Hapsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
-Kent, Susan Kingsley. A New History of Britain: Four Nations and an Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
-Sperber, Jonathan. Revolutionary Europe 1780-1850. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2017.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Indika Siriwardena, Avi Yashchin, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haixiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Tim Curwick, David Noe, Shawn Arnold, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

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#crashcourse #history #europeanhistory

In which John Green teaches you about the (English) colonies in what is now the United States. He covers the first permanent English colony at Jamestown, Virginia, the various theocracies in Massachusetts, the feudal kingdom in Maryland, and even a bit about the spooky lost colony at Roanoke Island. What were the English doing in America, anyway? Lots of stuff. In Virginia, the colonists were largely there to make money. In Maryland, the idea was to create a colony for Catholics who wanted to be serfs of the Lords Baltimore. In Massachusetts, the Pilgrims and Puritans came to America to find a place where they could freely persecute those who didn't share their beliefs. But there was a healthy profit motive in Massachusetts as well. Profits were thin at first, and so were the colonists. Trouble growing food and trouble with the Natives kept the early colonies from success. Before long though, the colonists started cultivating tobacco, which was a win for everyone involved if you ignore the lung cancer angle. So kick back, light up a smoke, and learn how America became profitable. DON'T SMOKE, THOUGH! THAT WAS A JOKE!

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Modern Native Americans have varied perspectives on Thanksgiving and the start of European colonization in America. Chuck Larsen's Plymouth Thanksgiving Story reveals a new native and anthropological take on the famous first Thanksgiving meal: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/the-plymouth-thank

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Jamestown, Virginia: The First Successful English Colony 0:43
The Headright System, Indentured Servants, and Slavery in Jamestown 2:20
Tobacco Plantations in the Virginia Colony 3:10
Class Structure in the Virginia Colony 3:54
The Maryland Colony 4:38
The Massachusetts Bay Colony 5:07
Pilgrims, the Mayflower, and the First Thanksgiving 5:27
Governance in the Massachusetts Bay Colony 7:25
Mystery Document 8:01
"City on a Hill" 9:20
Equality and Representation in the Massachusetts Bay Colony 9:50
Credits 11:53

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Dihydrogen monoxide (better known as water) is the key to nearly everything. It falls from the sky, makes up 60% of our bodies, and just about every chemical process related to life takes place with it or in it. Without it, none of the chemical reactions that keep us alive would happen - none of the reactions that sustain any life form on earth would happen - and the majority of inorganic chemical reactions that shape the surface of the earth would not happen either. Every one of us uses water for all kinds of chemistry every day - our body chemistry, our food chemistry, and our laundry chemistry all take place in water.

In today's Crash Course Chemistry, we use Hank's actual dirty laundry (ew) to learn about some of the properties of water that make it so special - its polarity and dielectric property; how electrolytes can be used to classify solutions; and we discover how to calculate a solution's molarity as well as how to dilute a solution using the dilution equation.

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
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Table of Contents
Polarity 02:40
Dielectric Property 04:13
Electrolytes 04:29
Molarity 08:46
Dilution 10:56

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Today we're going to learn about perhaps the best-known leader in the Civil Rights Era, Martin Luther King, Jr. From his rise to notoriety during the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955, his leadership of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the March on Washington in 1963, his work toward the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts of the mid-1960s, and his assassination in 1968, Dr. King is very broadly known. But maybe he isn't that well understood. Like many extremely famous people, Martin Luther King can sometimes be drawn as a bit of a flat character, and his ideas can be reduced to platitudes. Today we'll try to give you a fuller picture of the man and leader he was.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

SOURCES:
Rustin, “Montgomery Diary,” Liberation (April 1956): 7–10.
D’Emilio, Lost Prophet, 2003.
King to Edward P. Gotlieb, 18 March 1960, in Papers 5:390–391.


Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Lisa Owen, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Alexis B, Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguson, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
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World War I was a total war for millions of people in Europe. Many men were enlisted in the fighting, but the war work had implications for the daily lives of a huge number of Europeans. Women entered the workforce in huge numbers, and for a lot of people, the battles raged through their towns, cities, and even their homes.

In addition to learning about the homefronts of the war, we're going to look at how the war ended, and how the Paris Peace Conference and the treaties that resulted did little to heal the societal wounds of the war, and in many ways set the stage for the next big war.

Sources

-Akin, Yigit. “War, Women, and the State: The Politics of Sacrifice in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War,” Journal of Women’s History. Vol. 26, No. 3 (Fall 2014).
-Gerwarth, Robert. The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2016.
-Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 5th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2016.
-McMeekin, Sean. The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution, and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908-1923. New York: Penguin, 2015.
-Sanborn, Joshua A. Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Efrain R. Pedroza, Matthew Curls, Indika Siriwardena, Avi Yashchin, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haixiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, David Noe, Shawn Arnold, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

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#crashcourse #europeanhistory #worldwarI

In which John Green teaches you where American politicians come from. In the beginning, soon after the US constitution was adopted, politics were pretty non-existent. George Washington was elected president with no opposition, everything was new and exciting, and everyone just got along. For several months. Then the contentious debate about the nature of the United States began, and it continues to this day. Washington and his lackey/handler Alexander Hamilton pursued an elitist program of federalism. They attempted to strengthen the central government, create a strong nation-state, and leave less of the governance to the states, They wanted to create debt, encourage manufacturing, and really modernize the new nation/ The opposition, creatively known as the anti-federalists, wanted to build some kind of agrarian pseudo-paradise where every (white) man could have his own farm, and live a free, self-reliant life. The founding father who epitomized this view was Thomas Jefferson. By the time Adams became president, the anti-federalists had gotten the memo about how alienating a name like anti-federalist can be. It's so much more appealing to voters if your party is for something rather than being defined by what you're against, you know? In any case, Jefferson and his acolytes changed their name to the Democratic-Republican Party, which covered a lot of bases, and proceeded to protest nearly everything Adams did. Lest you think this week is all boring politics, you'll be thrilled to hear this episode has a Whiskey Rebellion, a Quasi-War, anti-French sentiment, some controversial treaties, and something called the XYZ Affair, which sounds very exciting. Learn all about it this week with John Green.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Much of America's politics came from debates between democratic republican Thomas Jefferson and federalist Alexander Hamilton: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/alexander-hamilton
While Jefferson would go on to become president, Hamilton heavily influenced President George Washington who set many American political ideals in his farewell address that Hamilton helped craft: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/washington-s-farew

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
Alexander Hamilton's Vision for America 0:26
Thomas Jefferson's Vision for America 2:10
Democratic-Republicans vs. Federalists 3:32
George Washington and the First U.S. Presidential Election 4:33
Hamilton's Five-Point Plan 5:04
Republican Opposition to Hamilton's Economic Plan 6:20
The Whiskey Rebellion 7:02
Early U.S. Foreign Affairs 7:31
The End of Washington's Presidency 8:36
Mystery Document 9:21
John Adams' Presidency 10:48
The Alien and Sedition Acts 11:56
Credits 13:24
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Many organizations have made it their mission to expand the rights of Black Americans. The NAACP and the Urban League are examples of influential organizations with long histories. But a long history or extensive membership isn't always necessary to have an impact. Today, we'll learn about the Black Panthers. They were a relatively small, relatively short-lived political party that had an outsized impact on US history.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/books/how....-the-word-is-passed-

Sources and References
Peniel E. Joseph, Waiting ’ Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America (New York: Henry Holt, 2006).
Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, With the assistance of Alex Haley (New York: Ballantine, 1992).
Manning Marable, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention (New York: Viking Press, 2011).
Ilyasah Shabazz, Growing up X: A Memoir by the Mother of Malcolm X (Penguin, 2003).
Robyn Spencer, The Revolution Has Come: Black Power, Gender, and the Black Panther Party in Oakland (Duke University Press, 2016).

Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App!
Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
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Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Justin Snyder, April Frazier, Dave Freeman, Hasan Jamal, DL Singfield, Jeremy Mysliwiec, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie (Stacey J), Burt Humburg, Aziz Y, Shanta, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Breanna Bosso, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Jirat, Katie Dean, Avi Yashchin, NileMatotle, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Justin, Mark, Caleb Weeks
__

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In which John Green teaches you about American involvement in World War I, which at the time was called the Great War. They didn't know there was going to be a second one, though they probably should have guessed, 'cause this one didn't wrap up very neatly. So, the United States stayed out of World War I at first, because Americans were in an isolationist mood in the early 20th century. That didn't last though, as the affronts piled up and drew the US into the war. Spoiler alert: the Lusitania was sunk two years before we joined the war, so that wasn't the sole cause for our jumping in. It was part of it though, as was the Zimmerman telegram, unrestricted submarine warfare, and our affinity for the Brits. You'll learn the war's effects on the home front, some of Woodrow Wilson's XIV Points, and just how the war ended up expanding the power of the government in Americans' lives.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The complex secret alliances of Europe led to World War I: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/a-mad-dash-to-disa
It took several years before Americans joined the war: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/to-the-front-lines
After the war, President Woodrow Wilson wanted to prevent a future World War, and promoted creating a League of Nations, established following the Treaty of Versailles: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/the-treaty-of-vers

Chapters:
Introduction 00:00
American Involvement in WWI 0:41
The Sinking of the Lusitania 1:53
Why did the U.S. join WWI? 2:42
Mystery Document 3:22
America's Contributions to WWI 5:06
Pro-War Progressives 5:48
How WWI Expanded the U.S. Government's Power 6:08
Propaganda, Public Opinion, and the CPI 7:10
The Espionage Act of 1917 7:57
The Sedition Act 8:34
"Americanization" 9:55
Suppression of Free Speech 10:40
Positive Outcomes of WWI 11:18
The End of WWI 12:17
Credits 13:06

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The end of the Napoleonic Wars left the great powers of Europe shaken. Judging from the destruction that had been wrought across the continent, it seemed to the powers that be that the Enlightenment had liberated the people, and led to disaster. So, everybody got together in Vienna to have a Congress, and to try to put Europe "right" again. By "right" I mean they wanted to go back to the old days of kings, queens, and nobles running the show. But this new yearning for the past pervaded the continent. Roomanticism arose at the same time, looking back at (imagined) golden age of Medieval Times. Today we'll talk about the Congress of Vienna, The Holy Alliance, and the Romantic movement across the arts.

Sources

-Blanning, Tim. The Romantic Revolution: A History. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2011.
-Hunt, Lynn. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford St Martin’s, 2019.
-Vick, Brian E. Congress of Vienna: Power and Politics after Napoleon. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Indika Siriwardena, Avi Yashchin, Timothy J Kwist, Brian Thomas Gossett, Haixiang N/A Liu, Jonathan Zbikowski, Siobhan Sabino, Zach Van Stanley, Jennifer Killen, Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Erika & Alexa Saur, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, David Noe, Shawn Arnold, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
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#Crashcourse #history #europeanhistory

The early 1900s was an amazing time for Western science, as Albert Einstein was developing his theories of relativity and psychology was born, as Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis took over the scientific mainstream. Karl Popper observed these developments firsthand and came to draw a distinction between what he referred to as science and pseudoscience, which might best be summarized as science disconfirms, while pseudoscience confirms. While the way we describe these disciplines has changed in the intervening years, Popper’s ideas speak to the heart of how we arrive at knowledge.
--

Wanted: Santa Clause by Kevin Dooley https://www.flickr.com/photos/....pagedooley/312444309 licensed under CC BY 2.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer copyright Rankin/Bass Productions & DreamWorks Classics
Other images and video via VideoBlocks or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons by 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

--

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Today's Crash Course Chemistry takes a historical perspective on the creation of the science, which didn't really exist until a super-smart, super-wealthy Frenchman put the puzzle pieces together - Hank tells the story of how we went from alchemists to chemists, who understood the law of conservation of mass as proposed by a decapitated aristocrat, and explains how we came to have a greater understanding of how chemical compounds work and eventually a complete understanding of what atoms and molecules are.

Watch this video in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel here: https://youtu.be/HxDjcseTj6s

Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App!
Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo
Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ

Table of Contents
Alchemists to Chemists 01:07
Law of Conservation of Mass 03:25
Decapitated Aristocrat 04:11
Chemical Compounds 05:44
Atoms and Molecules 06:07:1

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I'm sure you've all heard about Isaac Newton and that apple that fell on his head and how that was a huge deal to our understanding of gravity. Well... let's talk about that. In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini sits down to talk about the realities of the apple story and how Newtonian Gravity is more than a little important.

***

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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In which John Green teaches you the history of Christianity, from the beginnings of Judaism and the development of monotheism, right up to Paul and how Christianity stormed the Roman Empire in just a few hundred years. Along the way, John will cover Abram/Abraham, the Covenant, the Roman Occupation of Judea, and the birth, life, death, and legacy of Jesus of Nazareth. No flame wars! Let's keep the commentary civil.

Chapters:
Introduction: The Son of God 00:00
Understanding the Jewish Tradition 0:33
Herod and Herod - Roman Rulers 3:32
Jesus of Nazareth 4:27
Why did people believe Jesus was the Messiah? 5:56
Why was Jesus so influential? 7:39
Saul / Paul of Tarsus 8:38
An Open Letter to The Fish (Ichthys) 9:16
How Christianity Survived 10:13
Credits 11:06

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Active galaxies pour out lots of energy, due to their central supermassive black holes gobbling down matter. Galaxies tend not to be loners but instead exist in smaller groups and larger clusters. Our Milky Way is part of the Local Group, and will one day collide with the Andromeda galaxy. Clusters of galaxies also clump together to form superclusters, the largest structures in the Universe. In total, there are hundreds of billions of galaxies in the Universe.

Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

--
Chapters:
Introduction: Active Galaxies 00:00
Active Galaxy Structure: Central Black Hole 2:26
Active Galaxy Structure: Accretion Disks 3:42
The Milky Way's Supermassive Black Hole 5:38
The Local Group 6:45
Miklomeda: Andromeda and the Milky Way Collide! 7:29
Galaxy Clusters 9:47
Superclusters 11:19
How Many Galaxies Are There? 12:32
Review 14:25
--

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Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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--

PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Galactic Wreckage in Stephan's Quintet http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ [credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team]
Best image of bright quasar 3C 273 http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1346a/ [credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA]
Nearby Quasar 3C 273 http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ [credit: NASA, M. Clampin (STScI), H. Ford (JHU), G. Illingworth (UCO/Lick Observatory), J. Krist (STScI), D. Ardila (JHU), D. Golimowski (JHU), the ACS Science Team, J. Bahcall (IAS) and ESA]
Gamma Rays http://chandra.harvard.edu/pho....to/2014/archives/arc [credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO, Optical: NASA/STScI, Radio: NSF/NRAO/VLA]
Black hole (artist's impression) http://www.spacetelescope.org/....videos/hst15_black_h [credit: ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen)]
Matter accreting around a supermassive black hole (artist's impression) http://www.spacetelescope.org/....videos/hubblecast43c [credit: ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser)]
Artist’s animation of galaxy with jets from a supermassive black hole http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1511a/ [credit: ESA/Hubble, L. Calçada (ESO)]
NASA's Swift Finds 'Missing' Active Galaxies https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-....bin/details.cgi?aid= [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center]
Sagittarius A*: NASA's Chandra Detects Record-Breaking Outburst from Milky Way's Black Hole http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2015/sgra/ [credit: NASA/CXC/Amherst College/D.Haggard et al]
NASA Hubble Sees Sparring Antennae Galaxies https://www.nasa.gov/content/g....oddard/nasa-hubble-s [credit: Hubble/European Space Agency]
A New Dawn http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA, ESA, G. Besla (Columbia University) and R. van der Marel (STScI)]
Galaxy Sky http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....010000/a011000/a0110 [credit: NASA, ESA, Z. Levay and R. van der Marel (STScI) T. Hallas, and A. Mellinger]
Virgo Cluster http://deepskycolors.com/astro..../2015/06/RBA_VirgoCl [credit: Rogelio Bernal Andreo]
Cosmic Clumps http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio]
Laniakea: Our Home Supercluster of Galaxies http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap140910.html [credit: R. Brent Tully (U. Hawaii) et al., SDvision, DP, CEA/Saclay]
Webb Science Simulations http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....010000/a010600/a0106 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and the Advanced Visualization Laboratoy at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications]
Hubble Deep Field https://upload.wikimedia.org/w....ikipedia/commons/5/5 [credit: R. Williams (STScI), the Hubble Deep Field Team and NASA]
Hubble Ultra Deep Field 2014 http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ [credit: NASA, ESA, H. Teplitz and M. Rafelski (IPAC/Caltech), A. Koekemoer (STScI), R. Windhorst (Arizona State University), and Z. Levay (STScI)]

The American Civil War is one of the deadliest in US History, and let's just get this out of the way: it was about slavery. In the more than 150 years since the end of the Civil War, there have been many attempts to litigate the reasons for the war, but the reality is that the root of the division was slavery. As such, Black Americans experience in that war is particularly interesting. Today, we'll learn about how Black people fought and participated in the war, the Emancipation Proclamation, and lots more.

Clint's book, How the Word is Passed is available now! https://bookshop.org/a/3859/9780316492935

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Sources and References

-Deborah Gray White, Mia Bay, and Waldo E. Martin, Freedom on My Mind : A History of African Americans, with Documents Second edition. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2017)
-Kevin Levin, Searching for Black Confederates: The Civil War’s Most Persistent Myth (UNC Press, 2019).
-Ira Berlin et. al., Slaves No More: Three Essays on Emancipation and the Civil War (Cambridge University Press, 1992).


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#crashcourse #blackhistory #civilwar

In 1789, the French Monarchy's habit of supporting democratic popular revolutions in North America backfired. Today, we're talking about the French Revolution. Across the world, people were rising up to throw off monarchies, and Louis didn't see the writing on the wall until it was too late. Today we'll talk about how the French Revolution unfolded, and what (if anything) was really accomplished. You'll learn about stuff like the National Assembly, the Tennis Court Oath, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, the guillotine, Robespierre, and a bunch of other kind of unbelievable details.

Hatian Revolutions - CC World History: https://youtu.be/5A_o-nU5s2U

Sources
Hunt, Lynn et al. Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.


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#crashcourse #history #europeanhistory

There is no denying the effect that our environment has on us. Things like water and air pollution are detrimental to our health. In this episode of Crash Course Public Health, we’ll take a look at some of the ways our environment impacts us, why marginalized and low-income populations are disproportionately exposed to environmental pollution, and what we can do about it.

Check out our shared playlist with APHA: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLDjqc55aK3k

Vanessa’s channel: https://www.youtube.com/braincraft

Sources: https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/1OHJiQ1njj5jWJC

Chapters:
Introduction: The Environment and Your Health 00:00
Defining our Environment 2:09
Air Pollution 3:43
Water Pollution 6:27
The Neighborhood Factor 8:11
Environmental Justice 11:59
Climate Change 12:11
Review & Credits 13:28

***
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Subscribe to Sound Field! https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCvMLMyKPomE6kTTL9
Today we’re going to talk about recommender systems which form the backbone of so much of the content we see online from video recommendations on YouTube and Netflix to ads we see on Facebook, Twitter, and well, everywhere else. We’ll talk about their types of systems - content-based, social, and personalized recommendations - and take a closer look at what they're good at, but also why they often fail.

Crash Course is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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#CrashCourse #MachineLearning #ArtificialIntelligence

Today, we're going to talk about one of the earliest animal senses, one that every life form we've ever found seems to have -- chemosensation -- or our sense of taste and smell. We'll discuss how animals use these senses to explore their environment and communicate, and how that pair of nostrils of yours is an example of convergent evolution. Also, before we wrap up our discussion of animal senses we're going to talk about a couple so specialized that seem straight from the pages of comic books -- the ability to sense electric and magnetic fields!

🦔🐒🐝🐛🐘🐍🐀🐠 🐢🐋🐅🦓🦇🦜🐜🪱🦑 🦀🐊

Learn more about Rae here! https://www.raewynngrant.com​​
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